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Orestias cuvieri és una espècie de peix de la família dels ciprinodòntids i de l'ordre dels ciprinodontiformes.
Els mascles poden assolir els 27 cm de longitud total.[2]
Es troba a Sud-amèrica: el llac Titicaca a Bolívia i el Perú.[3][4]
Orestias cuvieri és una espècie de peix de la família dels ciprinodòntids i de l'ordre dels ciprinodontiformes.
Der Raubkärpfling (Orestias cuvieri), span.: Amanto genannt, ist ein wahrscheinlich ausgestorbener Süßwasserfisch aus der Gattung der Andenkärpflinge (Orestias). Er war endemisch im Titicacasee.
Mit 22 Zentimeter war der Raubkärpfling der größte Vertreter der Andenkärpflinge[1]. Andere Quellen geben 26,5 Zentimeter als Höchstlänge an (Day 1981, Beacham 1997). Die erwachsenen Fische waren grünlich-gelb bis bernsteinfarben an der Oberseite. Der Unterkiefer war schwarz gefärbt und die Flossen waren schwarz gestreift. Die Schuppen waren auffallend hell in der Mitte. Die Schuppen der Jungen waren fleckig. Sein Maul war fast aufwärts gerichtet und verlieh dem flachen Kopf eine konkave Form. Die Kopflänge machte 40 % der gesamten Körperlänge aus.
Der Raubkärpfling bewohnte gewöhnlich die kalte Zone des Titicacasees bis zu einer Tiefe von 30 Meter. Seine Nahrung bestand aus Zooplankton. In der kalten Jahreszeit wanderten die Jungfische in die Tiefwasserzone.
Die Indios des Titicacasees fingen die Raubkärpflinge häufig während der saisonalen Wanderungen von der Flachwasser- in die Tiefwasserzone. 1937 wurde die Amerikanische Seeforelle (Salvelinus namaycush) in den Titicacasee ausgesetzt. Wegen des aggressiven Konkurrenzkampfes um Nahrung und Lebensraum nahmen die Bestände des Amantos dramatisch ab. 1937 wurde der Raubkärpfling zum letzten Mal gefangen. Ein genaues Aussterbejahr ist nicht bekannt. Vermutlich verschwand er während der 1940er[2] oder 1950er Jahre durch die Konkurrenz mit weiteren eingeführten Fischarten, wie der Regenbogenforelle (Oncorhynchus mykiss), der Bachforelle (Salmo trutta fario) oder dem La-Plata-Ährenfisch (Odontesthes bonariensis).[1] Eine Suchaktion im Jahre 1962 blieb ohne Ergebnis.
Das Museum Naturalis in Leiden besitzt mit sieben konservierten Exemplaren eine stattliche Sammlung dieser Art.
Der Raubkärpfling (Orestias cuvieri), span.: Amanto genannt, ist ein wahrscheinlich ausgestorbener Süßwasserfisch aus der Gattung der Andenkärpflinge (Orestias). Er war endemisch im Titicacasee.
The Titicaca orestias, Lake Titicaca orestias, or Lake Titicaca flat-headed fish (Orestias cuvieri), also known by its native name amanto, is a likely extinct freshwater killifish from Lake Titicaca in South America. It belongs in the pupfish genus Orestias, endemic to lakes, rivers and streams in the Andean highlands. With a total length of up to 27 cm (10.6 in), it was the largest member in that genus. In the hope that an undiscovered population remains, it is listed as Data Deficient by the IUCN. Despite its common name, it is not the only Orestias from Lake Titicaca.
Its mouth was nearly turned upwards, thereby giving the flat head a concave shape. The head took up nearly a third of the whole body length. The upperside was greenish-yellow to umber. The lower jaw was black. Its scales were oddly light coloured at their centre. The scales of the young were blotched.
The Titicaca orestias became extinct due to competition by introduced trout like the lake trout, brown trout, or the rainbow trout as well as Argentinian silverside from the 1930s to the 1950s. A survey in 1962 failed to find any Titicaca orestias.
Orestias cuvieri is a species of killfish that belongs in the genus Orestias. Other related species of Orestias live in the region, forming a species flock.[3]
The Titicaca orestias was characterized by a unique pattern of pores on the head. Large thick scales lined the median dorsal ridge and thinner smaller scales surrounded the ridge. Between these two areas of skin were patches with no scales. Unlike most other species of Orestias, the scales of the adult O. cuvieri were granulated.[3] The concave dish shape of its body and jaw further helped distinguish O. cuvieri from other species of Orestias. The anatomy of O. cuvieri closely resembled a species of trout which is now found in Lake Titicaca, a similarity which has led many researchers to hypothesize that competition between the two groups was the reason for the extinction of O. cuvieri.[3]
Each species of Orestias has varying size. The Titicaca orestias was the largest species in the genus.[4] The maximum recorded size is 22 cm (8.7 in) in standard length and 27 cm (10.6 in) in total length, which is considerably larger than most other species; only O. pentlandii at up to 20 cm (7.9 in) and 23.5 cm (9.3 in), respectively, comes close.[3][5][6]
With regard to the coloration of the amanto during their lifetime, specimens present black melanophores laterally as a band on the lateral line and as small groups on the upper lateral sides. Small melanophores cover the fins giving them a grayish color. The grayish color fades to white on the dorsum and belly; juvenile pigmentation pattern persists with little modification in adult males and females.[4] This information shows that the color of the Orestias in question depends on what part of the body is being considered.
Nothing has been published about the reproduction of the Titicaca orestias, but in other Orestias species of Lake Titicaca, the males become more orange or yellow in color when they are spawning. During their reproductive stage, the females lay somewhere between 50 and 400 eggs, each of which has a yellowish filament up to about 2.5 mm in diameter. As an adaptation to solar radiation, the eggs develop a black protective coat, derived from melanophores, around the embryo sac.[4]
The freshwater fish belonging to the genus Orestias are found in high-altitude isolated lakes in the Altiplano region of South America, ranging from Peru to Chile. Lake Titicaca, which is on the border of Peru and Bolivia, contains a wide variety of Orestias fish.[7] This large lake was once the home to Orestias cuvieri before their extinction.
At one time, there were as many as 30 native fish species in Lake Titicaca, of which 28 species belonged to the genus Orestias. In the middle of the 20th century, there were many attempts to introduce exotic species to the lake. Two of these introductions were successful: rainbow trout introduced in 1942 and silverside (Odontesthes bonariensis) in the early 1950s. The success of the silverside meant the decline of the Titicaca orestias, since the larger silversides were observed to eat them. As long as the silverside continued to flourish, it meant difficult times for the amanto. Fifty years ago, there was no sign of Orestias cuvieri in Lake Titicaca and the species was presumed to be extinct.
O. cuvieri mainly ate smaller fish.[4]
Since the Miocene era, species of Orestias have lived in relative isolation. Most of the aquatic regions in the Altiplano region are endorheic, meaning that they are closed off from drainage and do not let any water out.[7] Thus, species of Orestias have been confined to their respective basins. Each group of fish is specifically adapted to the unique basin in which it lives and any alteration to the dynamics of the body of water would greatly impact the fish. Human introduction of foreign fishes to the Altiplano basins predictably had negative consequences. The alien species created competition and preyed upon Orestias cuvieri, eventually leading to its extinction.[8]
Pollutants contaminate the water and traces of metals, such as zinc and copper, have been found in the tissues of fishes. In addition, runoff from fertilizers and pesticides used in agricultural lands has been extremely toxic to the fish. The water from the Altiplano region is also in high demand. People have constantly been taking water out of the basins and depleting the Orestias' habitats.[8] The compilation of the effects of human actions have harmfully affected the health and survival of different species of Orestias, in particular the species O. cuvieri. Thus, the extinction of the Titicaca orestias is largely anthropogenic.
With regard to law enforcement, major efforts are still needed to prevent pollution and illegal fishing. These efforts need to be made specifically on the area, between Peru and Bolivia, of Lake Titicaca. O cuvieri has likely already become extinct. Other native species, including the suche (Trichomycterus rivulatus), boga (O. pentlandii), yellow karachi (O. albus) and ispi (O. ispi), are threatened to various degrees, as a result of overfishing, predation by introduced species, and the impacts of intensive production in trout farms.[9] This idea of law enforcement is particularly challenging because of the immense body of water that would need patrolling. Actions to be on the lookout for by law enforcement should include long casting; where a long line (over 100 kilometers in some instances) is cast and other unintended fish are caught. Perhaps more importantly though is to be on the lookout, as an entity of law enforcement for pollution.
The National Museum of Natural History in the Netherlands, Naturalis, has several specimens. Two of these specimens were donated by the Zoological Museum at Heidelberg University in 1877 and one in 1880 from the Smithsonian Institution. In addition, four specimens, labeled "Orestias humboldi" were donated by the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in France.[2]
Scientists have determined that there are 43 species of the genus Orestias. These species were divided into four groups by the American ichthyologist Lynne R. Parenti in 1984. In 2003, Arne Lüssen researched the phylogeny, including the mtDNA sequence data of many species. The Lake Titicaca orestias, O. culvieri, is a member of the cuvieri species complex, which also includes O. forgeti, O. ispi and O. pentlandii.[2]
The Titicaca orestias, Lake Titicaca orestias, or Lake Titicaca flat-headed fish (Orestias cuvieri), also known by its native name amanto, is a likely extinct freshwater killifish from Lake Titicaca in South America. It belongs in the pupfish genus Orestias, endemic to lakes, rivers and streams in the Andean highlands. With a total length of up to 27 cm (10.6 in), it was the largest member in that genus. In the hope that an undiscovered population remains, it is listed as Data Deficient by the IUCN. Despite its common name, it is not the only Orestias from Lake Titicaca.
Its mouth was nearly turned upwards, thereby giving the flat head a concave shape. The head took up nearly a third of the whole body length. The upperside was greenish-yellow to umber. The lower jaw was black. Its scales were oddly light coloured at their centre. The scales of the young were blotched.
The Titicaca orestias became extinct due to competition by introduced trout like the lake trout, brown trout, or the rainbow trout as well as Argentinian silverside from the 1930s to the 1950s. A survey in 1962 failed to find any Titicaca orestias.
La boga del lago Titicaca (Orestias cuvieri)[3] es una especie de pez actinopeterigio de agua dulce,[4] de la familia de los ciprinodóntidos.[5]
Peces que pueden alcanzar un tamaño apreciable con una longitud máxima descrita de 27cm.[6] Es un pez carnívoro que se alimenta de plancton y de invertebrados de la zona de la orilla del lago.[4]
Se distribuye por aguas dulces de América del Sur, siendo un endemismo del lago Titicaca (Bolivia y Perú),[4] aunque se ha publicado que se encuentra extinguido al parecer por competir por la comida y el espacio con la especie introducida pejerrey de Argentina,[7] si bien los datos aportados son aún deficientes.[1]
La boga del lago Titicaca (Orestias cuvieri) es una especie de pez actinopeterigio de agua dulce, de la familia de los ciprinodóntidos.
Orestias cuvieri Orestias generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Cyprinodontidae familian sailkatzen da.
Orestias cuvieri Orestias generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Cyprinodontidae familian sailkatzen da.
Orestias cuvieri est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Cyprinodontidés. Elle est endémique du lac Titicaca, au Pérou et en Bolivie.
Orestias cuvieri est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Cyprinodontidés. Elle est endémique du lac Titicaca, au Pérou et en Bolivie.
Orestias cuvieri is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de eierleggende tandkarpers (Cyprinodontidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1839 door Valenciennes.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Orestias cuvieri Valenciennes, 1846
Охранный статус Исчезнувший вид
Orestias cuvieri (лат.) — вымерший вид пресноводных лучепёрых рыб семейства карпозубых. Эндемик озера Титикака.
Длина тела составляет 22 см[1]. Другие источники указывают на длину 26,5 см (Day 1981, Beacham 1997). Верхняя часть тела взрослых рыб от зеленовато-жёлтого до янтарного цвета. Нижняя челюсть окрашена в чёрный цвет, плавники с полосами чёрного цвета. Чешуя в середине необычно светлая. Чешуя молоди пятнистая. Пасть направлена почти кверху. Длина головы составляет 40 % всей длины.
Orestias cuvieri населял обычно холодную зону озера Титикака до глубины 30 м. Питание состояло из зоопланктона. В холодное время года мальки перемещались в глубоководную зону.
Индейцы, жившие у озера Титикака часто ловили рыбу во время сезонной миграции вида с мелководья в глубь озера. В 1937 году в озеро был выпущен озёрный голец-кристивомер (Salvelinus namaycush). Из-за агрессивной конкурентной борьбы за питание и среду обитания популяция Orestias cuvieri резко сократилась. В 1937 году была поймана последняя особь. Точное время вымирания не известно. Вероятно, вид исчез в 1940-е[2], или в 1950-е годы в результате конкуренции с другими интродуцированными видами рыб, такими как микижа (Oncorhynchus mykiss), кумжа (Salmo trutta fario) или аргентинский одонтест (Odontesthes bonariensis). Поиск в 1962 году остался без результата.
Музей «Натуралис» в Лейдене имеет в своей коллекции семь законсервированных экземпляров этого вида.
Orestias cuvieri (лат.) — вымерший вид пресноводных лучепёрых рыб семейства карпозубых. Эндемик озера Титикака.
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii 亜綱 : 新鰭亜綱 Neopterygii 上目 : 棘鰭上目 Acanthopterygii 目 : カダヤシ目 Cyprinodontiformes 亜目 : キュプリノドン亜目 Cyprinodontoidei 科 : キュプリノドン科 Cyprinodontidae 属 : オレスティアス属 Orestias 種 : チチカカオレスティア O. cuvieri 学名 Orestias cuvieriチチカカオレスティア（学名：Orestias cuvieri）は、カダヤシ目キュプリノドン科に所属する淡水魚の一種。ボリビアとペルーの国境に位置するチチカカ湖の固有種であったが、20世紀中盤までに絶滅したとみられている。
チチカカ湖とチリ北部から43種が知られる Orestias 属の魚類の中で、チチカカオレスティアは最大種であり、体長22-27cmにまで成長する[1]。湖底付近を遊泳する肉食性の底生魚で、主に水深30m付近に生息し、小型の無脊椎動物を捕食していた。腹部を除いて黄金色の鱗に覆われていた。頭部は大きく、全長の3分の1弱にも及ぶ。
1937年、アメリカ合衆国内務省・合衆国魚類野生生物局がチチカカ湖にレイクトラウトを放流したことが、絶滅のきっかけとなったと考えられている[2]。本種の生息水深はチチカカオレスティアと近く、生息域の競合、あるいは小型個体を捕食されたことにより急激に減少した。1950年頃にはほとんど姿が見られなくなり、1960年に実施された調査ではレイクトラウトや他のオレスティア類は多数確認されたが、チチカカオレスティアは1匹も発見できなかった。
この項目は、魚類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然/プロジェクト:生物）。 チチカカオレスティア（学名：Orestias cuvieri）は、カダヤシ目キュプリノドン科に所属する淡水魚の一種。ボリビアとペルーの国境に位置するチチカカ湖の固有種であったが、20世紀中盤までに絶滅したとみられている。
