Prochilodus nigricans Spix & Agassiz 1829

Occurs in streams and lakes (Ref. 9126) over mud, sand, clay and silt. Feeds primarily on plankton (Ref. 9084) and detritus (Ref. 28826). Has a strong muscular stomach and exploits a detritus rich in algal carbon (Ref. 28826).

Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial

Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz, 1829

Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1829:64, pl. 39 [type locality: Brasiliae mediae fluviis (= rivers of central Brazil), restricted herein to Brazil, Amazonia; neotype designated herein; neotype locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Lago Janauacá].—Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1850:80 [in part, Amazon, not cited specimen from Essequibo (River)].—Castelnau, 1855:63 [Río Tocantins].—Kner, 1859:148 [comparison with Prochilodus binotatus].—Günther, 1866:30 [Amazon]; 1868:229 [Peru, Xeberos].—Steindachner, 1874:532 [page 34 of reprint; comparison with P. vimboides]; 1881:132; 1883:12 [(Río) Huallaga].—Boulenger, 1898:5 [Ecuador, Río Santiago].—Eigenmann, 1910:424 [in part, not synonymy into Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus].—Pearson, 1924:29 [Bolivia, Tumupasa, Río Charquiti]; 1937a:90 [Peru, Paipay, Río Crisnejas].—LaMonte, 1935:7 [Brazil, Rios Purus and Jurua].—Fowler, 1940b:98 [Bolivia]; 1943:226 [Colombia, Florencia]; 1945:122 [in part, not cited occurrence of species in (Río de) La Plata basin]; 1950:221 [literature compilation, in part; not cited occurrence of species in eastern Brazil or Paraguay]; 1975:359 [literature compilation].—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:46 [Peru, Amazon basin, not cited presence of species in (Río de) La Plata basin].—Géry, 1964:35 [Peruvian Amazon]; 1977:218 [Amazon basin].—Ringuelet et al., 1967:204 [in part, not cited occurrence of species in Paraguay or Ceará, Brazil].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:47 [use of caudal-fin pigmentation to distinguish species groups].—Saul, 1975:112 [Ecuador, Napo (now Sucumbíos), Santa Cecilia; stomach contents].—Petrere, 1978:9 [importance of species in Amazonian fisheries]; 1985:7 [importance in Amazonian fisheries]; 1989:5 [importance in fish market at Manaus].—Goulding, 1980:244 [feeding habits].—Smith, 1981:21 [spawning period], 39 [migration in middle Rio Madeira].—Junk et al., 1983:406, table 3 [Brazil, Amazon; ecology].—Böhlke, 1984:148 [as possible senior synonym of P. cephalotes].—Lowe-McConnell, 1984:143 [economic importance]; 1987:128, table 6.1 [economic importance].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].—Pauls and Bertollo, 1984:787 [karyotype].—Santos et al., 1984:27 [Brazil, Rio Tocantins; commercial importance; life history].—Araújo-Lima, 1985:430 [comparisons with other central Amazonian prochilodontids].—Lauzanne and Loubens, 1985:47 [Bolivia, Río Mamore].—Bertollo et al., 1986:156, table 1 [karyotype].—Carvalho and Merona, 1986:595 [lower Rio Tocantins; migration patterns].—Lauzanne et al., 1986:11.—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peruvian Amazon].—Géry et al., 1987:438 [not a component of Río Paraguay ichthyofauna].—Mérona, 1987:120 [Brazil, lower Rio Tocantins; ecology].—Mérona et al., 1987:81 [Brazil, Rio Tocantins; effects of impoundment on overall condition of population of species].—Stewart et al., 1987:23 [Ecuador, Río Napo].—Bayley, 1988:131, table 2 [growth rates].—Braga, 1990:549, table 1 [Brazil, Rio Tocantins; feeding and reproduction].—Lauzanne et al., 1991:67, table 1 [Bolivia, Amazon basin].—Mochek et al., 1991:115 [Peru, Ucayali; daily activity patterns].—Petrere et al., 1991:126 [growth rates].—Menezes and Vazzoler, 1992:63 [reproductive characteristics].—Mérona and Bitencourt, 1993:448 [Brazil, central Amazon; commercial fishery].—Mérona and Gascuel, 1993:99 [central Amazon flood plain; economic importance].—Roberts, 1993:68, fig. 6e,f [scale morphology].—Loubens and Panfili, 1995:17 [Bolivia, Río Mamoré basin; biology].—Chang, 1998:24, table 1 [southeastern Peru].—Ferreira et al., 1998:39, fig. 14 [Brazil, Amazonas, region of Santarém; commercial importance].—Mojica-C., 1999:554 [Colombia, Río Amazonas, Río Puto-mayo, Río Caquetá].—Santos and Ferreira, 1999:353 [Amazon basin].—Saint-Paul et al., 2000:239, 241 [Brazil, Amazonas, Lago do Inácio; relative abundance; occurrence in white waters].—Ortega et al., 2001:148 [Peru, Río Urubamba basin, Atalaya, Sepahua, Camisea].—Sánchez-Botero and Araújo-Lima, 2001:441 [Brazil, Manaus region; occurrence in aquatic macrophytes].—Silvano et al., 2001:126, fig. [Brazil, Amazonas, upper Rio Jurua].—Sivasundar et al., 2001:414 [limited genetic divergence in geographically widely separated populations].—Stewart et al., 2002:342 [Ecuador, Río Napo basin].—[Not Kner, 1959:146; Weyenberg, 1877:5; Bertoni, 1914:10; 1939:54; Pearson, 1937b:109; Fowler, 1941:168; 1950:221 [citation of species from Paraguay]; Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:57 [citation from (Río de) La Plata basin]; Pozzi, 1945:258; Ringuelet et al., 1975:72; Nomura, 1984:54; Lopez et al., 1987:19.]

Pacu nigricans.—Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1829:64.—Müller and Troschel, 1844:84 [Brazil]; 1845:8, fig. 4. [Brazil].

Curimatus nigricans.—Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1850:90 [cited as synonym of Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz, 1829].

Prochilodus ortonianus Cope, 1878:685 [type locality: Nauta, Peru (= Peru, Loreto, Nauta, confluence of Ríos Maranon and Ucayali)].—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891:48 [in listing of South American fishes].—Fowler, 1906: 311 [redescription based upon holotype]; 1911:497 [comparison with Prochilodus stigmaturus]; 1940a:258 [Peru, Río Ucayali basin, Boca Chica]; 1945:121 [Peru, Nauta and Boca Chica]; 1950:222 [literature compilation]; 1975:359 [literature compilation.—Pellegrin, 1909a:148 [Brazil, Manaos (= Manaus), Rio Negro, Teffé, Tonantins, Tabatinga].—Eigenmann, 1910:424 [in listing of South American fishes].—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:46 [Peru, lower Río Marañon basin].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:47 [use of caudal-fin pigmentation to distinguish species groups].—Géry, 1977:218 [Amazon basin].—Böhlke, 1984:148 [holotype depository].—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peruvian Amazon].

Prochilodus cephalotes Cope, 1878:686 [type locality: Peruvian Amazon, restricted by Fowler (1950:217) to Nauta, Amazonas peruano (= Peru, Loreto, Nauta, confluence of Rios Marañon and Ucayali)].—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891:48 [in listing of South American fishes].—Fowler, 1906:312 [redescription based upon holotype]; 1911:497 [comparison with Prochilodus stigmaturus]; 1940a:287 [Peru, Río Ucayali basin]; 1945:121 [Peru]; 1950:217 [literature compilation]; 1975:358 [literature compilation].—Eigenmann, 1907b:768 [lateral-line scale count]; 1910:424 [in listing of South American fishes].—Eigenmann and Ogle, 1907:5 [cited similarity to P. beani].—Steindachner, 1907:152 [similarity to P. lacustris].—Pellegrin, 1909a:148 [Brazil, Tabatinga].—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:46 [Peru, lower Río Marañon basin].—Géry, 1972b:33 [comparison with Curimatus (=Prochilodus) tigris]; 1977:218 [P. cephalotes as possibly based upon juvenile of P. nigricans].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:47 [use of caudal-fin pigmentation to distinguish species groups].—Böhlke, 1984:148 [holotype depository].—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peruvian Amazon].

Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus [not of Jardine, 1841].—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891:48 [Peruvian Amazon].—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:46 [in listing of South American fishes; in part, specimens from upper Amazon].—Géry, 1964a:40 [Peruvian Amazon]; 1977:218 [in part, specimens from upper Amazon].—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peru, Amazon basin].—Stewart et al., 1987:23 [Ecuador, Río Napo].—Not Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:46.

Prochilodus reticulatus [not of Valenciennes].—Perugia, 1897:25 [Bolivia, upper Río Beni].—Eigenmann, 1910:424 [in part, Bolivia, Alto Beni (= upper Río Beni)].—Pearson, 1937b:109 [(Río) Beni-Mamoré basin].—Fowler, 1940b:98 [Bolivia]; 1950:222 [literature compilation, in part; citation of species from Amazon].

Prochilodus caudifasciatus Starks, 1906:773, fig. 5 [type locality: Río Perené at Perené (Huánuco), Peru].—Fowler, 1940a:287 [Peru, Río Ucayali basin]; 1945:122 [Peru]; 1950:217 [literature compilation]; 1975:358 [literature compilation].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:47 [use of caudal-fin pigmentation to distinguish species groups].–Géry, 1977:219 [Peru].—Lauzanne et al., 1986:11 [Bolivia, Trinidad, Yucumo, Madre de Dios, Río Itenez].—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peruvian Amazon, common name].—Vari and Howe, 1991:34 [holotype depository].

Prochilodus caudofasciatus.—Eigenmann, 1910:424 [unjustified emendation of species name].—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:48 [Peru, lower Río Ucayali basin].

Curimatus tigris Fowler, 1914:518, fig. 2 [type locality: tributaries of the Madeira River near Porto Velho, Brazil (= Brazil, Rondônia, Porto Velho, tributaries of Rio Madeira)].—Myers, 1929:621 [cited as possible Prochilodus species].—Géry, 1965:35; 1972b:33 [cited as probable synonym of Prochilodus cephalotes].—Böhlke, 1984:67, 148 [depository of holotype and paratypes; confirmed as member of Prochilodontidae].—Géry et al., 1987:438 [comparisons with juvenile of Prochilodus lineatus].—Vari and Howe, 1991:19 [paratype depository].

Prochilodus migricans.—Starks, 1913:15 [species name misspelled; Brazil, Pará and Rio Madeira].

Prochilodus beni Pearson, 1924:29, pl. 9: fig. 2 [type locality: Bolívia, Río Beni basin, Cachuela Esperanza]; 1937b:109 [Beni-Mamoré basin].—Fowler, 1940b:98 [Bolivia]; 1950:215 [literature compilation]; 1975:358 [literature compilation].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:47 [use of caudal pigmentation patterns to discriminate species groups].—Géry, 1977:218 [Bolivia].

Prochilodus humeralis [not of Gnther, 1859].—Ridoutt, 1939:69 [misidentification; included figure apparently based upon Eigenmann, 1922a, pl. 20].—Ringuelet, 1975:94 [citation apparently based upon Ridoutt, 1939].—[Not Fowler, 1945:124.]

Pacus nigricans.—Fowler, 1941:168 [in synonymy of Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz, 1829, generic name misspelled].

Curimata tigris.—Fowler, 1950:293, fig. 353 [literature compilation]. Ichthyoelephas maripicru [not of Eigenmann, 1912].—Ovchynnyk, 1971:105 [Ecuador, Napo, Río Jivino].

Prochilodus tigris.—Fowler, 1975:360 [literature compilation].

Prochilodus corimbata.—Lowe-McConnell, 1975:74 [importance in fish market at Manaus, Brazil; common name].

Ichthyoelephas humeralis [not of Günther, 1859].—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peruvian Amazon; based upon Ridoutt, 1939].

Prochilodus labeo Loubens et al., 1991:231 [type locality: Bolivia, Villa Tunari, Río Chaparé, bassin de Mamore (= Bolivia, Villa Tunari, Río Chaparé, Río Mamoré basin].

DIAGNOSIS.—The dark, irregular, wavy, bar-like patterns on the caudal-fin lobes in Prochilodus nigricans discriminate that species from P. argenteus, P. britskii, P. costatus, P. hartii, P. lineatus, P. magdalenae, P. reticulatus, and P. vimboides, which lack such caudal-fin pigmentation. Within the group of Prochilodus species with dark, irregular caudal-fin bars, P. nigricans differs from P. mariae in the number of scales along the lateral line (44 to 51, 48 most frequent, versus 52 to 64, 52 in only 2.5% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively); from P. brevis in the form of the scales (with complex pattern of variable subdivisions versus having only radial subdivisions), the modal number of scales along the lateral line (44 to 51 with 47 to 51 scales in 95.9% of the 170 specimens from which this count was taken, versus 41 to 48, 43 most frequent and 47 or 48 scales in only 3.25% of the specimens examined for this feature, respectively), and the pronounced modal differences in the number of vertebrae (40 to 45, 43 and 44 most frequent and 40 in only 2.0% of specimens examined for this feature, versus 40 to 42, 40 most frequent and 42 in only 7.1% specimens examined for this feature, respectively); from P. lacustris in the form of the scales (with complex pattern of variable subdivisions versus having only radial subdivisions), the number of horizontal rows of scales between the pelvic-fin insertion and the lateral line (7 to 9, 8 most frequent and 9 in only 11.8% of specimens examined for this feature, versus 8 to 11, 9 most frequent and 8 present in only 15.7% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively); from P. rubrotaeniatus in the number of horizontal rows of scales around the caudal peduncle (17 to 21 with 19 most frequent and 17 in only 2 of 208 specimens, versus 14 to 18 with 16 most frequent and 17 in only 10.8% of specimens, respectively; Figure 54), the number of horizontal rows of scales between the pelvic-fin insertion and the lateral line (7 to 9, 8 most frequent, versus 6 or 7, 6 most frequent, respectively; Figure 55), and the range and mode of lateral-line scales (44 to 51, 49 most frequent and 44 to 46 in only 3% of specimens, versus 44 to 48 with 45 most frequent and 47 and 48 in only 10% of specimens, respectively; Figure 56).

DESCRIPTION.—Morphometric and meristic data for Prochilodus nigricans presented in Table 14. Body comparatively high, transversely compressed. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head gently concave to straight. Predorsal profile of body convex. Body profile posteroventrally inclined along dorsal-fin base; straight from posterior of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Predorsal portion of body with moderate median ridge. Postdorsal portion of body obtusely rounded transversely. Ventral profile of body convex from tip of lower jaw to posterior of anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle concave. Prepelvic region transversely flattened proximate to pelvic-fin insertion. Moderately developed median keel present between pelvic-fin insertion and anus.

Head profile pointed. Mouth terminal. Snout length greater than horizontal width of orbit. Nares of each side of head close to each other; anterior nares circular, posterior nares crescent shaped. Adipose eyelid present but poorly developed; most developed anteriorly, but with greater part of eye uncovered. Lips fleshy, moderately developed relative to condition in some prochilodontids, and forming oral disk when protracted.

Functional teeth in two rows in each jaw. All teeth movably implanted in flesh that overlies jaws. All teeth of similar size, with exposed portions spoon shaped except when worn down. Inner tooth series in each jaw with 14 to 29 teeth on left side of upper jaw and 8 to 18 teeth on left side of lower jaw. Outer row of teeth in each jaw with approximately 111 teeth on each side of upper jaw and 76 teeth on each side of lower jaw in neotype. Upper and lower lips bordered by numerous globular, fleshy papillae.

Scales spinoid. Scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal fin and adipose-fin origin similar in form to those of adjoining regions of body. Lateral line with 44 to 51 (35.4% of specimens with 49) pored scales; 7 to 11 (47.8% of specimens with 9) horizontal rows of scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; 7 to 9 (51.1% of specimens with 8) horizontal rows of scales between pelvic-fin insertion and lateral line; 6 to 8 (56.9% of specimens with 7) horizontal rows of scales between anal-fin origin and lateral line; 13 to 20 (34.9% of specimens with 17) median predorsal scales; 14 to 20 (37.6% of specimens with 16) scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin; 17 to 21 (49.8% of specimens with 19) horizontal rows of scales around caudal peduncle.

Dorsal fin preceded by small, but well-developed, anteroventrally bifurcate, procumbent spine somewhat triangular in lateral view. Dorsal-fin rays (including procumbent spine) iii,9 to 11 (iii, 10 most frequent) [iii, 10]; anal-fin rays iii, 7 to 9, or ii,8 or 9 (iii,8 most frequent) [iii,8]; pectoral-fin rays i, 13 to 17 (i, 15 most frequent) [i, 15]; pelvic-fin rays i,8 or 9 (i,8 most frequent) [i,8]; principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 [10/9].

Vertebrae 40 to 45 (36.0% of specimens with 43).

Dorsal fin truncate, slightly pointed distally; posterior unbranched and anterior branched rays longest and subequal. Dorsal-fin origin located closer to tip of snout than to caudal-fin base. Greatest length of adipose fin approximately equal to horizontal width of orbit, its origin located along vertical that passes through posterior one-third of anal-fin base. Pectoral fin distally pointed. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin extending posteriorly to, or nearly to, pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic fin falcate. Pelvic-fin insertion located along vertical that passes approximately through middle of dorsal-fin base. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching approximately two-thirds to four-fifths of distance from pelvic-fin insertion to anus. Axillary scale present, its length approximately one-third of greatest length of pelvic fin. Posterior unbranched and anterior branched anal-fin rays longest and subequal. Caudal fin moderately bifurcate.

COLORATION IN ALCOHOL.—Ground coloration silvery yellow or brownish yellow, with dorsal portion of body and head darker. Lateral portion of body with 4 to 18 vertically elongate, dark, diffuse, irregular patches between head and caudal fin. Patches with approximate overall form of narrow isosceles triangles, with apex positioned on middle of ventrolateral portion of body and base on dorsomedial region of body. Patches well developed in small specimens, but indistinct or absent in large individuals. Lateral surface of body with approximately 6 to 14 [7] dark, wavy, horizontal stripes along dorsal and ventral margins of exposed portions of scales. Approximately 3 to 6 (most frequently 6) [4] wavy stripes dorsal to, and 2 to 8 (most frequently 5) [3] wavy stripes ventral to, lateral line; number of stripes lower in large specimens, such as the neotype. Field of black or brown chromatophores forming dark mark of irregular shape on upper one-half of opercle.

Dorsal fin with 4 to 10 (most frequently 5) [5] dark, irregular stripes beginning along anterior margin and extending across fin approximately parallel to base of fin. Adipose fin with small, dark spots and with dorsal margin finely bordered with black. Pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins dusky. Caudal fin with 2 to 8 (most frequently 4) [6] irregular, wavy, dark, vertical bar-like patterns formed by spots of dark chromatophores. Iris yellowish golden or brownish yellow, with diffuse dusky areas on dorsal and ventral regions. Some specimens, typically those that originated in acidic black waters, with overall pigmentation much darker than typical for species.

COLORATION IN LIFE.—(Based upon a color transparency of recently collected adults from the Río Ucayali basin, Ucayali, Peru, taken by the second author). Dark pigmentation as described above. Ground coloration silvery, dorsal portion of body and particularly head distinctly darker. Pectoral and particularly pelvic fins yellowish orange. Other fins hyaline.

DISTRIBUTION.—Prochilodus nigricans is widely distributed along the main stream and western and southern tributaries of much of the Rio Amazonas and through the Rio Tocantins basin. This species is apparently absent in the Rio Negro and Rio Branco basins and other northern tributaries to the Rio Amazonas (Figure 52, stars).

COMMON NAME.—Grumatã, curimatá, corimatá (Brazil), Boquichico (Peru).

COMPARISONS.—The combination of the presence of a pattern of dark caudal-fin pigmentation and various meristic features unambiguously distinguishes Prochilodus nigricans from all of its congeners with the exception of three species: P. brevis, P. lacustris, and P. rubrotaeniatus. Prochilodus nigricans of the Rio Amazonas and Rio Tocantins basins has a distribution distinctly separated from that of P. brevis, which is endemic to the eastern and northeastern portions of Brazil (Figures 30, 52). The two species differ in the form of the scales (with complex pattern of variable subdivisions in P. nigricans versus having only radial subdivisions in P. brevis), and in the modal values for the number of scales along the lateral line. Although there is some overlap in the ranges for number of lateral-line scales, much of the overlap represents a small percentage of the specimens of each species (see “Diagnosis”). Prochilodus nigricans is consequently considered to be distinct from P. brevis.

Prochilodus nigricans differs from P. lacustris of northeastern Brazil in the form of the scales (with complex pattern of variable subdivisions versus having only radial subdivisions) and less trenchantly in the modal values and ranges in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the pelvic-fin insertion and the lateral line and in the number of median predorsal scales. The two species are consequently recognized as separate herein.

Prochilodus nigricans, which is widely distributed through the white-water systems of the western and southern portions of the Rio Amazonas and Rio Tocantins systems, and P. rubrotaeniatus, of the black- and clear-water drainage systems of the Guianas and the northern portions of the Rio Negro basin, differ from each other both in the range and mode of the number of horizontal rows of scales around the caudal peduncle (17 to 21 in P. nigricans with modal value of 19, versus 14 to 18 in P. rubrotaeniatus with modal value of 16; Figure 54) and to a lesser degree in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the pelvic-fin insertion and the lateral line (see “Diagnosis” and Figure 55). Because of these differences and the ecological and geographic separation of these species, the two species are recognized as distinct in this study.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—915 specimens (140, 31.2–365.7 mm SL; partial meristic data taken from additional 136 specimens).

NEOTYPE.—BRAZIL. Amazonas: Lago Janauaca, right margin of Rio Solimoões (3°28′S, 60°17′W), collected by Alpha Helix Expedition, 7–25 Jan, 1977, MZUSP 21575, 1 (1, 364.2; designated herein).

BOLIVIA. Beni: Coitarama, MNHN uncatalogued, 1 (1, 304.7) [IR]. Cachuela Esperanza (first rapids of river), Rio Beni, CAS 58881 (formerly IU 17288), 1 (1, 47.1, holotype of Prochilodus beni) [IR]. Provincia Ballivia, Rio Curiraba, approximately 10 km NE of Estacão Biológica de El Parvenir; approximately 40 air km E of San Borgia, USNM 320632, 2(1, 187.5–284.4). Provincia Ballivia, Rio Matos, at crossing with road, 48 km E of San Borja (approximately 14°56′S, 66°17′W), USNM 317363, 3 (1, 263.7–331.0). Estacion Biologica de Beni “campamento trapiche,” 500 m upriver of bridge on Rio Curiraba, USNM 301899, 1 (1, 157.4) [1R], 300 m from Estacion Biologica de Beni, “campamento trapiche,” Rio Curiraba, USNM 301903, 1 (1, 152.8) [1R]. Rio Mamoré, approximately 13°35′S, AMNH 77405, 13 (92.1–194.1). Rio Iténez, 10 km SE of Costa Marques, Brazil (approximately 12°28′S, 64°16′W), AMNH 39810, 1 (1, 125.9) [1R]; UMMZ 205227, 1 (1, 131.2) [IR]. Laguna Motocusal, near Rio Isiboro (approximately 15°28′S, 65°05′W), USNM 278569, 2. Cochabamba: Confluence of Rios Chaparé and Coni (approximately 15°58′S, 64°42′W), MNHN uncatalogued, 1 (1, 363.4) [IR]; Rio Mamoré basin, Rio Chaparé, Villa Tunari, MNHN 1989–120, 1 (1, 253.5; holotype of Prochilodus labeo). La Paz: Tumupasa, CAS 59303 (formerly IU 17286), 9 (1, 135.5–168.2) [IR]; USNM 86844 (formerly IU 17286), 5 (3, 126.2–138.3); USNM 231438, 1 (cleared and stained). Rio Charquiti, lower Rio Boopi, CAS 59301 (formerly IU 17287), 1 (1, 211.4) [IR]; UMMZ 66434 (formerly IU 17287), 1 (1, 197.8) [IR], Rio Boopi, in San Miguel de Huachi (approximately 14°14′S, 63°41′W), MNHN uncatalogued, 3 (3, 240.8–322.5) [3R]. Pondo: Rio Madre de Dios, 80 km SW of Riberalta, MNHN uncatalogued, 1 (1, 302.4) [IR], Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz, FMNH 78095, 2 (1, 127.4–129.0) [IR], Inexact Locality: Rio Mamoré, USNM 310926, 6.

BRAZIL. Acre: Vicinity of mouth of Rio Macoma, tributary of Rio Purus, near Sena Madureira (9°04′S, 69°40′W), AMNH 12564, 10 (10, 74.9–122.7). Amazonas: Vicinity of mouth of Rio Embira, tributary of Rio Tarauacá, tributary of Rio Juruá, near Envira (7°30′S, 70°15′W), AMNH 12547, 1 (178.3). Near Paraiso, USNM 308033, 1. Paraná de Janauacá, entrance to Lago do Castanho (3°28′S, 60°17′W), USNM 308039, 1; USNM 308082, 1; USNM 308095, 2. Lago Terra Preta, Januari (3°12′S, 60°05′W), USNM 308040, 1; USNM 308047, 1. Ilha da Marchantaria (3°10′S, 59°45′W), USNM 308050, 1; USNM 308065, 3; USNM 308073, 4. Lago Murumuru, USNM 308069, 2. Lago Januari (3°12′S, 60°05′W), MZUSP 6872, 5 (1, 139.9–161.7); USNM 229096, 1; USNM 308041, 1; USNM 308228, 1. Manaus (3°06′S, 60°00′W), MNHN 09.90, 1 (1, 132.8); MZUSP 19292, 2 (1, 213.0–226.8). Rio Negro, Manaus (3°06′S, 60°00′W), MZUSP 6681, 1 (1, 164.0). Tabatinga, MNHN 09.172–173, 2 (1, 113.9–123.1); MNHN 09.174, 1 (1, 94.2). Lago Caial, Tabatinga, MZUSP 27360, 2 (1, 141.7161.1); MZUSP 27361, 4 (145.5–170.0). Paraná do Lago Amanã, Rio Japurá, Tefé (3°24′S, 64°45′W), MZUSP 27402, 7 (1, 109.1-140.7). Igarapé Cacau, Lago Amanã, mouth of Rio Japurá, MZUSP 36076, 1 (1, 328.1). Lago Maniraná, mouth of Rio Japura, MZUSP 27925, 1 (1, 155.0). Lago Manacapuru (3°06′S, 61 °30′W), MZUSP 6522, 1 (1, 171.4). Lago Jacare, right shore of Rio Solimões, upriver of Manacapuru (approximately 3°06′S, 61°30′W), MZUSP 6456, 3 (1, 146.9–250.8). Lago Janauacá, Rio Solimões (3°28′S, 60°17′W), MZUSP 1701, 3 (138.6–263.0). Tonantins (2°47′S, 67°47′W), MNHN 09.243–244, 2 (1, 105.3–113.1). Lago on Ilha Amatari, Rio Amazonas, MZUSP 21192, 2 (1, 166.2). Pool on Ilha Sorubim, Rio Solimões, upriver of Coari (approximately 4°05′S, 63°08′W), MZUSP 20935, 4 (4, 77.0–163.3). Mouth of Lago José Acu, Parintins (approximately 2°36′S, 56°44′W), MZUSP 7640, 1 (1, 123.5). Hyavary (=Rio Javari at Brazilian-Peruvian border, approximately 4°22′S, 70°02′W), USNM 119960, 6. Rio Javari just downstream of confluence of Rio Jaquirana and Rio Galvez, NRM 30683, 1. Rio Javari opposite Colonia Angamos, Peru, NRM 30704, 1. Mouth of Rio Içá, municipio de Santo Antônio do Içá (3°07′S, 67°58′W), MZUSP 27359, 1 (1, 110.4). Igarapé Boa Vista, right margin of Rio Ica, upriver of Cuiana (approximately 3°00′S, 68°01′W), MZUSP 21011, 1 (1, 200.8). Lago Curuçá, below Itacoatiara, MZUSP 13547–48, 2 (1, 304.0–327.8). Itapiranga, Paraná de Urucará (2°32′S, 57°45′W), MZUSP 9561, 2 (1, 150.6–153.5). Urucará, Paraná de Urucara (2°32′S, 57°45′W), MZUSP 5777, 1 (1, 193.3). Igarape Manduaçu, Paraná de Iupia, MZUSP 20968, 31 (2, 108.8–196.0). Lago Castro, mouth of Rio Purus (3°51′S, 61°22′W), MZUSP 6302, 5 (1, 176.6–192.0). Rio Içapó, mouth of Rio Jutai (approximately 2°31′S, 67°22′W), MZUSP 21023, 1 (1, 205.7). Rio Madeira, 25 km below Nova Olinda (approximately 3°45′S, 59°03′W), MZUSP 6956, 1 (1, 146.3). Rio Solimões, BMNH 1925.10.28:63, 1 (1, 334.7). Vicinity of Rio Embira, tributary of Rio Tarauacá, Rio Juruá basin (7°30′S, 70°15′W), USNM 94633, 1. Vicinity of mouth of Rio Macauhan, tributary of Rio Yaco (= Iaco), Rio Purus basin (9°20′S, 69°00′W), USNM 94664, 4. Goias: Rio Macacos, right shore of Rio Parana, fazenda Fortaleza, municipio de Flores de Goiás, MZUSP 40387, 1 (147.2). Poço da Gandaia, marginal lagoa of Rio Paraná, fazenda Olho d'agua, Flores de Goias, MZUSP 40456, 15 (2, 82.5–161.3). Lagoa do Embú, right shore of Rio Parana, bairro Rua Velha, Flores de Goiás, MZUSP 40419, 12 (1, 89.8–133.5). Rio Paraná, fazenda Salobro, 8 km upriver of ferry crossing on highway GO-112, Iaciara, MZUSP 40565, 37 (1, 79.3–128.3); MZUSP 40589, 3 (1, 136.9–150.0). Riacho Estiva, near bridge on highway GO-110, 50 km from São Domingos, MZUSP 40606, 1 (104.2). Rio São Mateus, fazenda Pé do Morro, upriver of bridge on highway GO-110, São Domingos, MZUSP 40616, 3 (87.4–104.5). Rio Araguaia, Aruanã (14°54′S, 51°05′W), MZUSP 4837, 18 (1, 106.3–174.1). Lago das Olarias, near Aruanã, Rio Araguaia (14°54′S, 51°05′W), MZUSP 21541, 1 (228.5). Rio Meninos, at junction with Rio Maranhão, CAS 58883, 1 (161.0). Rio Tiqui, at junction with Rio Maranhão, Rio Tocantins basin, CAS 58893, 1 (154.7). “Fecho” do Rio Paraná, below mouth of Rio São Domingos, Nova Roma, MZUSP 40787, 1 (1, 235.5). Rio Bezerra, right bank tributary of Rio Parana, 2 km upriver of its mouth, municipio de Monte Alegre de Goiás, MZUSP 40723, 9 (93.2–120.1). Rio Resende, tributary of Rio Vermelho, approximately 10 km from Buenolândia, MZUSP 26531, 2 (1, 180.0–204.6). Maranhão: Marginal lagoa of Rio Tocantins, Estreito, MZUSP 4642–4645, 4 (1, 109.5–128.0). Rio Tocantins, Estreito, MZUSP 4981, 39 (106.3–131.2). Mato Grosso: Main channel of upper course of Rio Juruena, USNM 194309, 8 (2, 72.8–98.9) [8R]; USNM 194398, 5. Riacho Monjolinho, tributary to Río Preto at road to San Francisco, Município de Diamantino (Río Arinos system of upper Río Juruena basin), USNM 326727, 1. Pará: Río Tapajós, below Porto Flexal, PARNA, MZUSP 25305, 1 (193.0); MZUSP 25306, 1 (1, 349.8); MZUSP 25477, 1 (114.0). Río Tapajós, Santarém (2°26′S, 54°42′W), MZUSP 8517, 1 (140.0). Río Maicá, Santarém (2°26′S, 54°42′W), MZUSP 9173, 1 (1, 235.0). Río Jamanxim, upriver of Bebal, right bank tributary of Río Tapajós, outside limits of PARNA, MZUSP 25325, 1 (1, 218.0). Buburé (posto), left bank of Tapajós, km 75 BR-230, PARNA, MZUSP 25564, 1 (1, 267.7). Ilha da Barreirinha, Río Tapajós, near São Luís (4°10′S, 56°03′W), MZUSP 22098, 6 (1, 165.6–196.0). Lago Santa Clara, Monte Cristo, Río Tapajós (4°04′S, 55°38′W), MZUSP 22034, 1 (1, 180.1). Río Trombetas, Oriximiná (1°45′S, 55°32′W), MZUSP 5456, 3 (312.0–323.0); MZUSP 6248, 1 (1, 348.8); MZUSP 8250, 1 (128.0). Lago Paru, Oriximiná (1°45′S, 55°32′W), MZUSP 5597, 2 (2, 290.4–313.2). Río Tocantins, between Mocajuba and Baião, MZUSP 21262, 4 (117.2–142.8). Río Tocantins, Baião, MZUSP 21265, 17 (2, 106.5–137.5); MZUSP 21271, 11 (112.8–131.2). Lago along shores of Igarapé Espirito Santo, between Baião and Tucuruí, Río Tocantins, MZUSP 21275, 3 (1, 129.6–142.8). Marginal lagoa along Río Tocantins, near Tucuruí (3°42′S, 49°47′W), MZUSP 21297, 31 (102.0–132.1). Igarapé Munú, Río Tocantins, below Tucuruí (approximately 3°42′S, 49°47′W), MZUSP 21281, 7 (98.1–118.5); MZUSP 21287, 1 (1, 142.1). Small lagoa near Tucuruí, Río Tocantins (3°42′S, 49°47′W), MZUSP 21332, 1 (1, 123.5). Lagoa in front of Jatobal, Río Tocantins, MZUSP 21304, 146 (2, 75.5–132.2); MZUSP 21313, 7 (88.8–101.9). Lagoa near Canal do Capitariquara, near Jatobal, Río Tocantins, MZUSP 21320, 20 (2, 83.1–116.7), MZUSP 42682, 2 (cleared and counterstained for bone and cartilage). Marabá, Río Tocantins, MZUSP 21466, 1 (1, 161.6). Igarapé Oxipucu, Mocajuba, Río Tocantins, MZUSP 21258, 9 (1, 99.0–130.0). Paraná Samuuma, mouth of Río Tocantins, MZUSP 21252, 7 (2, 152.9–177.0). Río Fresco, aldeia Gorotire, município de São Félix do Xingú, MZUSP 35965, 1 (1, 132.4). Cachoeira do Espelho, Río Xingú, MZUSP 36857, 3 (2, 201.4–273.2). Furo do Aquiqui, mouth of Río Xingú, MZUSP 21344, 2 (1, 162.0–171.9). Igarapé Aricurá, Cametá (2°15′S, 49°30′W), MZUSP 21256, 2 (1, 117.5–159.6). Monte Alegre, Río Amazonas (2°00′S, 54°04′W), MZUSP 9503, 2 (1, 76.7–82.8). Area of Monte Alegre, Río Maicurú, NRM 19552, 1. Abaetetuba, MZUSP 21239, 4 (1, 149.9–158.7). Igarapé São Lourenço, Furo do Panaquera, MZUSP 21241, 1 (148.3). Rondônia: tributary of Río Madeira, near Porto Velho (approximately 8°46′S, 63°54′W), ANSP 39156, 1 (all counts and measurements taken but not included in ranges for species because of poor condition of specimen, 20.7, holotype of Curimatus tigris) [1R]; ANSP 39157–39181, 25 (10.6–22.3, paratypes of Curimatus tigris) [25R]; USNM 92957 (formerly ANSP 39185–39186), 2 (14.3–19.8, paratypes of Curimatus tigris) [2R], Río São Domingos, in Santa Cruz da Serra, Río Jam basin MZUSP 28126, 2 (1, 141.6–195.0). Inexact Locality: Ríos Araguaia and Tocantins, MZUSP 19271, 1 (235.0).

COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Río Putomayo drainage at Buenaventura, NRM 30697, 9. Río Amazonas, Puerto Nariño, Finca Merced, NRM 26099, 4. Caquetá: Florencia, Río Ortegaza, ANSP 86710, 2 (1, 164.3–170.2). Unnamed river 10–20 mi [16–32 km] upriver of confluence with Río Caguán, CAS-SU 50618, 1 (1, 95.5) [1R]. Small riacho between Tres Esquinas and Río Orteguaza, CAS-SU 50672, 12 (1, 52.4–99.4) [1R]. Río Dedo, tributary of Río Orteguaza, USNM 120178, 1.

ECUADOR. Napo: Río Punino, tributary of Río Payamino (approximately 0°27′S, 77°00′W), MCZ 51880, 2 (1, 236.4–249.4) [1R]. Upper portion of Río Tiputini, Río Napo basin, FMNH 97292, 3 (1, 172.0–191.0) [1R]. Lower portion of Río Tiputini, Río Napo basin, FMNH 97293, 4 (1, 89.5–157.6). Laguna Añangucocha, Río Napo basin, FMNH 97291, 1 (1, 193.1). Jatuncocha (1°00′S, 75°27′W), BMNH 1970.4.3:87, 1 (330.6).

PERU. Huanuco: Quebrada Pijuayal, tributary of Río Pachitea, near Tournavista, BMNH 1969.7.15:49, 1 (1, 127.9) [1R]. Río Huallaga, near Tingo Maria, ANSP 147880, 1 (1, 233.2) [1R]. Río Yamushimás, tributary of Río Palcazú, tributary of Río Pachitea, near Longin, USNM 290146, 1 (1, 146.6) [1R]. Mouth of tributary to Río Pachitea, 2–3 km downstrean of Tournavista, NRM 30696, 1; NRM 30701, 3. Junin: Río Perené, Perené, USNM 53473, 1 (1, 246.1, holotype of Prochilodus caudifasciatus) [1R]. Loreto: Río Amazonas, across from Pueblo Gallito, 11.5 km SSE of Iquitos (3°48′50″S, 73°09′52″W), INHS 44262, 9 [9R]; INHS 44263, 2 [2R], Río Nanay, opposite Llanchama Cocha, NRM 30700, 2. Río Nanay, Pampa Chica (3°8′48″S, 73°17′W), INHS 43195, 2. Caño Sacarito, Río Orosa basin (3°36′50″S, 72°16′55″W), INHS 39664, 3. Río Nanay basin, caño Santa Rita (3°45′24″S, 73°17′30″W), INHS 52460, 2. Río Itaya basin, pools near Quebrada Tocón Grande, at km 33 on highway between Iquitos and Nauta, NRM 30654, 1. Río Itaya, 5 to 20 km upstream of Belen (Iquitos) (3°51′S, 73°12′W), USNM 268436, 7. Río Tamshiyacu and adjoining Río Amazonas (4°00′S, 73°09′W), INHS 53238, 1 [1R]. Nauta, confluence of Ríos Marañon and Ucayali, ANSP 21211, 1 (1, 55.1, holotype of Prochilodus cephalotes) [1R]; ANSP 21267, 1 (1, 165.9, holotype of Prochilodus ortonianus) [1R]. Río Paranapura, in Yurimaguas (5°54′S, 76°05′W), CAS 59305 (formerly IU 17845), 1 (1, 108.1) [1R]. Caño Tuyé, near Pebas (Pevas, 3°20′S, 71°49′W), CAS-SU 36630, 2 (1, 97.2–100.7) [1R]. Caño Shansho, USNM 175838, 1. Río Apayacu, USNM 175843, 1. Supaycocha, Jenaro Herrera, provincia Pequena, MZUSP 26444, 2 (1, 83.4–90.1). Isla Padre, Río Amazonas, Iquitos (3°46′S, 73°15′W), MZUSP 15226, 5 (1, 40.1–50.4). Caño entering Río Manite about 10 km upriver of junction of Río Manite and Río Amazonas (3°32′S, 72°40′W), USNM 280448, 7. Caño entering Río Manite about 8 km upriver of junction of Río Manite and Río Amazonas (3°31′S, 72°40′W), USNM 280435, 10. Iquitos market (3°46′S, 73°15′W), USNM 163847, 3; USNM 280473, 4. Near Petropolis, USNM 261439, 1. Pangacocha, Río Nanay, MZUSP 21363, 1 (1, 123.8). Río Pacaya, MZUSP 4502, 2 (1, 144.4–144.8). Río Otocoro, BMNH 1977.3.10:176–7, 2 (1, 95.8–108.5). Provincia Maynas, Río Napo, Cocha de Conchas (0°59′22″S, 75°18′33″W), USNM 332504, 2. Río Napo basin, Cayapozo, NRM 30725, 9. Río Marañon, below mouth of Río Pastaza, USNM 167791, 2. Río Putomayo, NRM 30693, 1; NRM 30698, 1. Río Samiria, Base Tacsha, left bank sand playa, NRM 30699, 1. Madre de Dios: Provincia Manu, Cosha Sandoval, Río Manú, approximately 1.5 bends of river from Pakitza (approximately 11°50′S, 71°15′W), ANSP 142556, 1 (365.7). Provincia Manu, Pakitza, Quebrada Martin Pescador (approximately 11°50′S, 71°15′W), USNM 324271, 2. Provincia Manu, Parque Nacional Manu, Pakitza (approximately 11°50′S, 71°15′W), USNM 327649, 1. Provincia Manu, small pools near Quebrada Pachija (approximately 11°50′S, 71°15′W), USNM 326974, 3. Cocha Tupuhumaro, NW of Puerto Maldonado, Río Madre de Dios, close to confluence with Río de Las Piedras (approximately 12°36′S, 69°11′W), ANSP 142549, 1 (1, 291.5); ANSP 142550, 1 (1, 347.9); ANSP 142594, 1 (1, 322.5). Provincia Marú, mouth of Panahua, where quebrada Panahua enters Río Marú, USNM 302263, 1 (1, 109.0) [1R]. Stream emptying into Río Tambopata, 500 m from Explorer's Inn (approximately 12°49′35″S, 69°17′30″W), USNM 263989, 2 (1, 157.2–165.2) [1R]. Second quebrada emptying into Río Tambopata along shore, SW of mouth of Río La Torre (12°49′40″S, 69°18′W), USNM 263988, 1 (1, 126.4) [1R]. Río Tambopata, stream 200 m upriver of mouth of Río La Torre (∼12°50′S, 60°18′W), USNM 263987, 3 (2, 161.0–192.7). Stream on S side of Río Madre de Dios, about 10 km downstream of junction of Río Tambopata and Río Madre de Dios (12°36′S, 69°10′W), USNM 264029, 7. Río Tambopata basin, Quebrada San Roque, at km 11 on road between Puerto Maldonado and Cuzco, NRM 30682, 6. Ucayali: Provincia Coronel Portillo, main channel of Río Ucayali, approximately 10 km upriver of Pucallpa, USNM 280447, 22 (2, 87.7–175.8). Provincia Coronel Portillo, Yarinacocha, opposite landing for town of Yarinacocha (8°16′S, 74°36′W), USNM 280609, 4 (1 specimen cleared and counterstained for bone and cartilage). Yarinacocha, AMNH 35706, 1 (105.1); AMNH 35707, 1 (107.8); USNM 280429, 8. Provincia Coronel Portillo Río Neshuya, Neshuya Highway, km 60 on road between Pucallpa and Huanuco (8°17′S, 75°03′W), MZUSP 26652, 3 (31.2–43.1); MZUSP 26653, 3 (1, 77.8–86.4). Provincia Coronel Portillo Lobococha, Masisea (8°36′S, 74°19′W), MZUSP 26066, 4 (3, 36.2–80.0). Provincia Coronel Portillo, Río Ucayali, Bagazan MZUSP 26170, 7 (1, 90.0–120.0). Contamana, Río Ucayali, USNM 167792, 3. Yurimaguas, Río Huallaga (5°54′S, 76°05′W), BMNH 1867.6.13:12, 1 (254.6). Mouth of Río Pachitea (8°46′S, 74°32′W), USNM 163848, 1. Río Ucayali basin, Peru, LIRP 1312, 5 (12.8–13.6 mm BL; 30 day post-spawning preflexion larvae from experimental spawning facility).

Inexact Locality: “Upper Amazon,” BMNH 1866.2.15:15–16, 2 (1, 180.1).

Prochilodus nigricans és una espècie de peix d'aigua dolça i de clima tropical de la família dels proquilodòntids i de l'ordre dels caraciformes present a Amèrica del Sud a les conques dels rius Amazones i Tocantins, i, també, a l'Argentina. Els mascles poden assolir 37 cm de longitud total.

Piratĩ (latĩñe'ẽ: Prochilodus nigricans) ha'e peteĩ juehegua pirakuérape juehepehẽ Prochilodontidae-pe Ñembyamerikaygua tekovety Characiformes-pe.

Tucunaré (Tucunare) nisqapas wakupa (Cichla) nisqamanta ñawirinaykipaq chaypi qhaway.

Tukunari icha Bukichiku (Prochilodus nigricans) nisqaqa huk challwam, Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyupi mayukunap ukhunpi kawsaq, 37 cm-kama wiñaq. Runakuna aychanta mikhunkum.

Prochilodus nigricans, or black prochilodus, is a species of prochilodontid fish from the Amazon Basin in South America. It supports major fisheries; according to IBAMA, it is the third most caught taxon in the Brazilian Amazon by weight, after Brachyplatystoma vaillantii and Semaprochilodus spp. The black prochilodus is migratory, moving between different parts of the Amazon. The black prochilodus reaches up to 45 cm (18 in) in total length and 1.2 kg (2.6 lb) in weight.

El boquichico (Prochilodus nigricans) es una especie de peces de la familia Prochilodontidae en el orden de los Characiformes.

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Prochilodus nigricans Prochilodus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Prochilodontidae familian sailkatzen da.

Prochilodus nigricans, ou prochilodus noir, est une espèce de poisson d'eau douce d'Amérique du Sud, de la famille Prochilodontidae de l'ordre des Characiformes.

Les mâles peuvent atteindre 37 cm de longueur totale. La longueur moyenne de maturation est de 24,3 cm chez les femelles et de 23,4 cm chez les mâles. Corps ahusado, coloration plateada, avec des bandes longitudinales obscures formées par hileras de escamas avec des bords noirs.

En termes de distribution géographique, cette espèce se trouve en Amérique du Sud (Bolivie, Brésil, Colombie, Équateur, Pérou), dans les bassins versants de l'Amazone et du Rio Tocantins. Elle est aussi citée en Argentine.

Prochilodus nigricans (nome comum em espanhol: boquichico) é uma espécie de peixe sul-americano de água doce.

Prochilodus nigricans, hay prochilodus đen, là một loài cá nước ngọt Nam Mỹ. Chúng sinh sống ở lưu vực sông Amazon và sông Tocantins.

黑鯪脂鯉，為輻鰭魚綱脂鯉目脂鯉亞目鯪脂鯉科的其中一個種，分布於南美洲亞馬遜河、托坎廷斯河流域，體長可達37公分，棲息在河川底中層水域，生活習性不明，可做為食用魚、觀賞魚及養殖魚。