Der Australische Goldbarsch (Macquaria ambigua) ist ein australischer Süßwasserfisch und gehört zu der Familie der Dorschbarsche. Benannt wurde die Gattung Macquaria nach ihrem Vorkommen im Macquarie River.
Der Australische Goldbarsch ist ein mittelgroßer Fisch mit einer Länge von 30–40 cm und einem Gewicht von 1–2 kg, wobei die Barsche in stehenden Gewässern schwerer sind. So wurden in aufgestautem Wasser schon Tiere mit einem Gewicht von 23 kg und einer Länge von 76 cm gefangen. In Flüssen liegt der Gewichtsrekord der Gattung bei nur 9 kg. Der Barsch ist seitlich zusammengedrückt und die Körperfarbe reicht von bronzefarben über olivgrün bis bräunlich, wobei der Bauch gelblich ist. Von dieser Gelbfärbung ist der englische Trivialname für den Fisch, Yellowbelly abgeleitet, der neben dem Namen Golden Perch verwendet wird. Er besitzt einen leicht hervorstehenden Unterkiefer und einen abgerundeten Schwanz. Er kann ein Alter von über 25 Jahren erreichen, wobei der Durchschnitt zwischen 10 und 12 Jahren liegt. Der Australische Goldbarsch ernährt sich von Fischen, Weichtieren und Krebsen.
Die Art ist meist in den Unterläufen und Billabongs des Murray-Darling-Becken anzutreffen. Trübes, warmes, tiefes, langsam fließendes Binnengewässer bevorzugt er, doch er kann auch in Brackwasser mit einem Salzgehalt von 3,2 % (Meerwasser 3,5 %) überleben.
Die Fische wandern bis zu 1000 km flussaufwärts, um dort im Spätfrühling zu laichen, wobei die Geschlechtsreife bei Männchen nach 2, bei Weibchen nach 4 Jahren eintritt. Ein normal großes Weibchen kann eine halbe Million Eier tragen und laicht diese bei einer Wassertemperatur über 20 °C ab. Die anfangs 3,5 mm großen Larven schlüpfen nach einer sehr kurzen Zeit von 1–2 Tagen und schwimmen danach wieder flussabwärts.
Durch ein Eingreifen des Menschen durch Staudämme und Wehre wird das Zugverhalten der Tiere und das Laichverhalten gestört. Dies kann unabsehbare Auswirkungen auf die Populationen haben.
Der Australische Goldbarsch (Macquaria ambigua) ist ein australischer Süßwasserfisch und gehört zu der Familie der Dorschbarsche. Benannt wurde die Gattung Macquaria nach ihrem Vorkommen im Macquarie River.
The golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) is a medium-sized, yellow or gold-coloured species of Australian freshwater fish found primarily in the Murray-Darling River system, though a subspecies is found in the Lake Eyre-Cooper Creek system, and another subspecies, suspected to be ancestral to all other populations, is found in the Fitzroy River system in Queensland. Other common names for golden perch are "goldens", “yellowbelly” and "callop", the last generally used only in South Australia.
Golden perch are not a true perch, which belongs to the genus Perca from the family Percidae, but a member of the Percichthyidae (temperate perch) family. This relatively widespread and widely stocked species is an important angling sport fish in Australia.
Golden perch are medium-sized fish, commonly 30–40 cm and 1–2 kg in rivers. Fish from rivers are smaller and somewhat streamlined — fish in man-made impoundments are much deeper-bodied and show much greater average and maximum sizes. In rivers, has been recorded to 9 kg, in impoundments to 15 kg. A 24-kg fish caught from Kow Swamp, Victoria in the early 1900s, and labelled and sold as a "Murray perch", is often referred to as the largest recorded golden perch, but this record is doubtful — this record grossly exceeds all other size records for golden perch, and the specimen in question is far more likely to have been a Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), which grow to far larger sizes than golden perch.
Golden perch have an elongated, deep but laterally compressed body, with a sizable mouth, small to moderate-sized eyes, a distinct curve to the forehead, and a distinct "hump" above the head. The opercula or gill covers possess a small, flat spine sharp enough to cut unwary fishermen's fingers. The caudal fin, soft dorsal fin, and anal fin are rounded. The spiny dorsal fin is short to moderate in length and strong. Golden perch vary from in colour from pale silvery-gold (turbid waters) to deep yellow/gold or bronze-black (very clear waters).
The genus name Macquaria derives from the Macquarie River, where the first species in the genus, the Macquarie perch (M. australasica), was collected. However, the genus name Macquaria was applied to golden perch much later. The naturalist Richardson actually named golden perch Datnia ambigua and applied the specific name ambigua (Latin for "doubtful") to the species because, as he states in his species description, he could not decide in which of two genera to place it, Dules (now Kuhlia species) or Datnia (now various Terapontidae species):
This choice of specific name was unwittingly appropriate. Golden perch are neither a khulid nor a terapontid, and Richardson also erroneously stated the golden perch's habitat was "Western Australia", when in fact the species is not found in that state. (This error was corrected, presumably by Richardson himself, in at least one reprint of the publication in question.)
Golden perch are native primarily to lowland reaches of the Murray–Darling River system, but also extend far into slope habitats and occasionally even lower upland reaches. In the Murray–Darling system golden perch are often found in sympatry with Murray cod.
The Macquaria perches, of which golden perch are one, continue the trend present in Murray–Darling native fish genera of diversification into more generalist lowland species and more specialist upland species. Golden perch, M. ambigua, represent the lowland species, while the closely related Macquarie perch, M. australasica, is the more specialised upland species which used to inhabit the upland reaches of the southern Murray–Darling basin, although this endangered species has now been almost wholly displaced by introduced trout species, dams, and associated effects such as cold-water pollution, and habitat degradation/modification.
Like many Murray–Darling native fish, golden perch have crossed river catchments through natural river capture/connection events. Golden perch are found naturally in the Fitzroy–Dawson River in central Queensland and the internal Lake Eyre–Cooper Creek drainage system of Central Australia. The fish has also been successfully introduced to other river systems in the Northern Territory, Queensland, and New South Wales, confusing studies of the natural range.[3] Introductions into Western Australia have been unsuccessful.
Both of these separate populations are at least subspecies, possibly separate species, due to isolation from Murray–Darling populations, genetic drift, and natural selection. The taxonomy of golden perch has not been updated to reflect this, although the term Macquaria ambigua oriens, denoting subspecies status, has recently appeared in literature discussing the Fitzroy–Dawson population. Some research[4] indicates the Fitzroy River population is the ancestral golden perch population.
In the Murray River, wild male golden perch generally reach sexual maturity at 3 years of age and 32.5 cm in length, and wild female golden perch at 4 years of age and 40 cm in length.[5] The latter fact is a concern given that minimum size limits for the species are currently less than 40 cm, at 30 cm.
Originally, temperatures close to 24 °C were considered necessary for golden perch to spawn,[6] but as with all Murray-Darling fish species, multiple field studies have shown that their "required" spawning temperature is flexible and that they can and do spawn at lower temperatures.[7] In the Barmah Forests region of the Murray River, for instance, fertilised drifting golden perch eggs have been netted in water temperatures as low as 16.9 degrees Celsius (full range 16.9 to 24.7 degrees).[8] Golden perch have a flexible breeding strategy but generally (but not always) require a spring or summer flood or "fresh" (temporary, within-channel increase in flow) to stimulate spawning. Like some other primarily lowland native fish species of the Murray–Darling river system, these floods or freshes appear to be necessary for good survival and recruitment of spawned fish. Very small freshes appear to be sufficient for some spawning and recruitment, however.
Golden perch are highly fecund; females between 2.2 and 2.4 kg produce about half a million eggs per spawning event, with fish above 2.5 kg producing well in excess of this number.[9] The eggs are generally planktonic, and hatch fairly quickly (24 to 36 hours).[10]
Like other Macquaria species, sexual dimorphism is present, with females reaching much larger maximum sizes than males. Females also reach sexual maturity at older ages and larger sizes than males.
Very long migrations are part of the golden perch's ecology, particularly preceding spawning. Adult fish have been recorded migrating well over 1,000 km when flood conditions allow passage over weirs and other man-made obstructions.[11] Smaller migrations are important in the ecology and dispersal of juvenile fish.[12] The evidence suggests that before European settlement, huge shoals of golden perch roamed the entire lowland and slope reaches of the vast Murray-Darling River system, unimpeded. Thus, the gradual loss of fish passage through the numerous dams, weirs, locks, and other barriers (estimated at 4,000 in the Murray-Darling system[13]) now present has had severe impacts on the species. Some major weirs have been remediated to provide fish passage, however.
Golden perch have unusually broad temperature limits, from 4 to 37 °C, and unusually high salinity limits for a freshwater fish, up to 33 parts per thousand.[14][15]
Golden perch continue the trend, among many native fish of southeast Australia, of being very long-lived. Longevity is a survival strategy in the often challenging Australian environment which ensures that most adults participate in at least one exceptional spawning and recruitment event. These events are often linked to unusually wet La Niña years and may only occur every one or two decades. Maximum recorded age is 26 years.[12]
Adult golden perch are carnivores, feeding on smaller fish and macrocrustaceans,[3] including yabbies, shrimp, frogs, small fish, and aquatic invertebrates.
Generally a very good angling species (though renowned for being "moody"), golden perch are fished throughout their range. Baits include small yabbies and shrimp, as well as various types of deeper-running lures. Recreational harvest of the species is suspected to be significant.
Wild populations have declined significantly, and a number of populations lost in upper reaches of rivers, due to dams and weirs blocking migration, mitigating floods and freshes, regulating flows, and releasing unnaturally cold water ("thermal pollution"), all of which interfere with migration, spawning, and recruitment. They are listed under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and classified as "Vulnerable" for management purposes.[3] Golden perch are extremely migratory and migration appears to have been important in maintaining populations over the length of rivers, particularly the upper reaches.
Weirs are proving to be a more significant threat to golden perch than first thought, with a 2006 study showing that about 90% of golden perch larvae passing through undershot weirs are killed.[16] The species is bred in hatcheries, though, in large numbers, and stocked. Concerns over genetic diversity issues are growing.
and recruitment in the Murray River, Australia. River Research and Applications. DOI: 10.1002/rra.1209
The golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) is a medium-sized, yellow or gold-coloured species of Australian freshwater fish found primarily in the Murray-Darling River system, though a subspecies is found in the Lake Eyre-Cooper Creek system, and another subspecies, suspected to be ancestral to all other populations, is found in the Fitzroy River system in Queensland. Other common names for golden perch are "goldens", “yellowbelly” and "callop", the last generally used only in South Australia.
Golden perch are not a true perch, which belongs to the genus Perca from the family Percidae, but a member of the Percichthyidae (temperate perch) family. This relatively widespread and widely stocked species is an important angling sport fish in Australia.
Macquaria ambigua Macquaria generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Percichthyidae familian sailkatzen da.
Macquaria ambigua Macquaria generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Percichthyidae familian sailkatzen da.
Kultabassi (Macquaria ambigua) on laji ahvenkalojen lahkossa, Percichthyidae heimossa. Kultabasseja elää Australian joissa. Kultabassit ovat keskimäärin 30-40 cm pitkiä ja painavat 1-2 kg. Suurin julkaistu paino on ollut 24 kg ja pituus 76 cm.[2] Kultabassit syövät rapuja, katkarapuja ja sammakoita.
Kultabassi (Macquaria ambigua) on laji ahvenkalojen lahkossa, Percichthyidae heimossa. Kultabasseja elää Australian joissa. Kultabassit ovat keskimäärin 30-40 cm pitkiä ja painavat 1-2 kg. Suurin julkaistu paino on ollut 24 kg ja pituus 76 cm. Kultabassit syövät rapuja, katkarapuja ja sammakoita.
Le Perche dorée (Macquaria ambigua) est un poisson démersal et potamodrome vivant en Australie. D'une longueur maximale connue de 76 cm (pour un mâle), sa longévite est estimée à un maximum de 20 ans.
La perche dorée est listée sur la Loi de protection de la flore et de la faune de 1988 de l'État australien de Victoria et classifiée comme "Vulnérable"[1].
Le Perche dorée (Macquaria ambigua) est un poisson démersal et potamodrome vivant en Australie. D'une longueur maximale connue de 76 cm (pour un mâle), sa longévite est estimée à un maximum de 20 ans.
Macquaria ambigua is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de zaagbaarzen (Percichthyidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1845 door Richardson.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesGul flodabborre (Macquaria ambigua) är en sötvattensfisk i ordningen abborrartade fiskar som finns i Australien.
En avlång fisk med hög kropp, tydligt konkav panna och mun med underbett. Färgen varierar från bronsfärgad, olvgrön till brunaktig på ovansidan med gul buk. Som mest kan den bli 76 cm lång och väga 23 kg; normalt är den dock mellan 40 och 50 cm lång och väger 5 kg.[2] Stjärtfenan är tvärt avhuggen. Ungfiskarna är mera silverfärgade med gråspräckliga sidor.[3]
Även om den gula flodabborren föredrar varma, långsamma, grumliga vattendrag och djupa vattenhålor med rikligt med gömställen förekommer den i alla flodtyper, från långsamma till klara, snabbflytande. Den tål temperaturer från 4° till 35°C och är mycket salttålig. Födan består av kräftor, speciellt arten Cherax destructor, fisk och blötdjur. Högsta konstaterade ålder är 20 år.[4]
Hanarna blir könsmogna vd en ålder av 2 till 3 år (20 till 30 cm), honorna vid 4 år (40 cm). Lektiden infaller under tidig vår till senhöst, under vilken arten vandrar långa vägar (2 000 km har konstaterats) uppströms i vattendragen för att leka. Parningen sker nattetid i lugnvatten nära ytan. Äggen, som svävar nära ytan, kläcks efter 1 – 1,5 dygn.[4]
Den gula flodabborren är en australiensisk art som finns i Murray-Darlings flodsystem, Eyresjön och Bulloofloden i Victoria och New South Wales samt Dawson-Fitzroys flodsystem i sydöstra Queensland. Den har dessutom inplanterats i ett flertal vattendrag i Queensland och New South Wales.[4]
Arten är en uppskattad matfisk som är föremål både för sportfiske, fiskodling och kommersiellt fiske. Den anses vara godast som ung, eftersom äldre fiskar ofta samlar på sig en hel del fett. Den förekommer dessutom som akvariefisk som bäst hålles ensam på grund av sin aggressiva natur.[5]
Gul flodabborre (Macquaria ambigua) är en sötvattensfisk i ordningen abborrartade fiskar som finns i Australien.
圓尾麥氏鱸(學名:Macquaria ambigua)為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目真鱸科的一種,為亞熱帶淡水魚,分布於澳洲墨累-達令流域,並廣泛被引進昆士蘭及新南威爾斯沿岸淡水流域,體長可達76公分,棲息在各種淡水流域有沉木、岩石底中層水域,以甲殼類、浮游動物為食,生活習性不明,可做為食用魚、養殖魚及觀賞魚。