Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes 1850

Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes, 1850

Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1850:79 [type locality Brazil, Rio San-Francisco du Brésil (=Rio São Francisco, Brazil), restricted herein to Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio São Francisco]—Casatti and Castro, 1998–232. tabie 1, fig. 4d [Rio São Francisco headwaters, species survey and ecology] Godinho et al., 1999:423 [introduction of species into Rio Jequitinhonha basin, eastern Brazil; common name].—Nakatani et al., 2001:193, figs. 55, 56 [descriptions of tggs, larval, and juvenile stages].—Alves ana Pompeu, 2001:82, 184 [Brazil, basin of Rio das Velhas].—[Not Eigenmann, 1910:424; synonymy of P. costatus into P. argenteus or cited occurrence of P. costatus in Rio Paraguay basin.]

Prochilodus argenteus [not of Agassiz, 1829].—Günther, 1864:294 [in part, erroneous inclusion ot P. costatus as a synonym of P. argenteus].—Lütken, 1875b:189 [in part, erroneous synonymy of P. costatus into P. argenteus].—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891:48 [in listing of South American fishes].—Géry, 1977:219 [in part, occurrence in Rio São Francisco basin, but not synonymy of P. costatus into P. argenteus].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].—[Not Steindachner, 1915:21; possible synonymy of P. costatus into P. argenteus.]

Prochilodus affinis Lütken, 1875a:128 (page 2 of separate) [type locality: Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluentibus (= Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio das Velhas and tributaries, Rio São Francisco basin), restricted by Fowler (1950:215) to Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio das Velhas]; 1875b:189 [based upon Lüken, 1875a].—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891:48 [in listing of South American fishes].—Eigenmann, 1910:424 [in listing of South American fishes].—Fowler, 1950:215 [in part, not cited occurrence in Rio Paraguai]; 1975:357 [literature compilation].—Braga, 1961:21, table 6 [Brazil, Pernambuco; apparently introduced, but identification questionable because of typical use of P. argenteus in introductions of prochilodontids by Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:47 [use of caudal-fin pigmentation to identify species groups].—Nielsen, 1974:48 [syntype depository].—Géry, 1977:222 [in part, only Rio São Francisco citation].—Britski etal., 1984:59 [Brazil, Rio São Francisco].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].—Pauls and Bertollo, 1984:787 [karyotype].—Bertollo et al., 1986:156, table 1 [karyotype].—Britski et al., 1986:59 [Brazil, Rio São Francisco].—Santos and Barbieri, 1991:6 [age and growth].—Menin and Mimura, 1991:229 [details of epibranchial anatomy]; 1992:507 [buccopharyngeal anatomy]; 1993:253. [stomach anatomy].—Sato and Godinho, 1999:411, table 17.3 [Brazil, Rio São Francisco basin].—Alvez and Pompeu, 2001:82 [translation of Lütken, 1875b].—Britski, 2001:20 [as synonym of Prochilodus costatus based upon Castro, 1990]. New synonomy.

Pacu argenteus [not of Agassiz, 1829].—Fowler, 1950:221 [in part, in synonymy of Prochilodus marggravii, name suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1966: opinion 772)].

Prochilodus marggravii.—Fowler, 1975:359 [Prochilodus costatus incorrectly cited as synonym of P. marggravii (=P. argenteus)].

Prochilodus lineatus.—Géry, 1977:219 [in part, cited occurrence in Rio São Francisco but not reported distribution outside that river basin].

Prochilodus brevis [not of Steindachner, 1874].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].

Prochilodus steindachneri [not of Fowler, 1906].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].

DIAGNOSIS.—Prochilodus costatus differs from P. brevis, P. lacustris, P. mariae, P. nigricans, and P. rubrotaeniatus in its lack of dark, irregular, wavy, bar-like patterns on the caudal-fin lobes that occur in those five species. Within the group of Prochilodus species without black marks on the caudal fin, P. costatus differs from P. vimboides in the number of scales along the lateral line (44 to 47 versus 34 to 39, respectively) and in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (8 or 9 versus 5 to 7, respectively); from P. britskii in the number of horizontal rows of scales around the caudal peduncle (16 to 18 versus 13 or 14, respectively) and in the number of teeth in the inner row of each side of the lower jaw (10 to 14 versus 6 or 7, respectively); from P. hartii in the number of scales along the lateral line (44 to 47, 45 most frequent, versus 40 to 43, 41 most frequent, respectively) and in the number of vertebrae (41 to 43, 42 most frequent, versus 37 to 40, 40 most frequent, respectively); from P. argenteus in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (8 or 9, 9 most frequent, versus 10 or 11, 11 most frequent, respectively); from P. reticulatus in the possession of a series of wavy, dark, horizontal stripes on the lateral surface of the body (stripes absent in P. reticulatus), the number of vertebrae (41 to 43, versus 38 to 40, respectively), the number of predorsal median scales (14 to 18, 17 most frequent and 14 rare, versus 11 to 18, 16 and 18 rare and 17 not represented in counted specimens), and the number of lateral-line scales (44 to 47, 45 most frequent and 44 rare, versus 41 to 45, 42 and 43 most frequent and 45 rare); from P. magdalenae in the possession of a series of wavy, dark, horizontal stripes on the lateral surface of the body (stripes absent in P. magdalenae), the number of vertebrae (41 to 43, 42 most frequent and 41 rare, versus 39 to 41, 41 most frequent, respectively), and to lesser degree in the number of predorsal median scales (14 to 18, 17 most frequent and 14 rare, versus 12 to 17, 14 and 15 most frequent and 17 infrequent); and from P. lineatus in the number of scales along the lateral line (44 to 47, 45 most frequent and 47 in only 1 of 32 specimens examined for this feature, versus 44 to 50, 47 most frequent and 44 to 46 in only 20% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Figure 41) and in the number of vertebrae (41 to 43, with 41 and 42 most frequent and together occurring in 92.0% of specimens examined for this feature and 43 in only one specimen, versus 42 to 44, with 43 and 44 in 85% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Figure 42).

DESCRIPTION.—Morphometric and meristic data for Prochilodus costatus presented in Table 8. Body moderately high, transversely compressed. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head gently concave. Predorsal profile of body moderately convex. Body profile posteroventrally inclined along dorsal-fin base; gently convex from posterior of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Predorsal portion of body with slight median

Head profile pointed. Mouth terminal. Snout length greater than horizontal width of orbit. Nares of each side of head close to each other; anterior nares circular, posterior nares crescent shaped. Adipose eyelid present and moderately developed; most developed anteriorly but with greater part of eye uncovered. Lips fleshy but moderately developed, forming oral disk when protracted.

Functional teeth in two rows in each jaw. All teeth of similar size, with exposed portions spoon shaped except when worn down and movably implanted in flesh that overlies jaws. Inner tooth series in each jaw with 20 to 23 teeth on left side of upper jaw and 10 to 14 teeth on left side of lower jaw. Outer row of teeth in each jaw with approximately 105 teeth on each side of upper jaw and approximately 75 teeth on each side of lower jaw in lectotype of P. affinis. Upper and lower lips bordered by numerous globular, fleshy papillae.

Scales spinoid. Scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin similar in form to those of adjoining regions of body. Lateral line with 44 to 47 (50% of specimens with 45) pored scales; 8 or 9 (73.1% of specimens with 9) horizontal rows of scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; 7 or 8 (57.7% of specimens with 7) horizontal rows of scales between pelvic-fin insertion and lateral line; 6 or 7 (73.1% of specimens with 6) horizontal rows of scales between anal-fin origin and lateral line; 14 to 18 (50.0% of specimens with 17) median predorsal scales; 14 to 18 (41.7% of specimens with 15) scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin; 16 to 18 (73.1% of specimens with 18) horizontal rows of scales around caudal peduncle.

Dorsal fin preceded by small, but well-developed, anteroventrally bifurcate procumbent spine somewhat triangular in lateral view. Dorsal-fin rays (including procumbent spine) iii, 10 [iii,10]; anal-fin rays iii,7 or 8, or ii,7 or 8 (iii,8 most frequent) [iii,8]; pectoral-fin rays i,13 to 16 (i,14 most frequent) [i,14]; pelvic-fin rays i,7 or 8 (i,7 rare) [i,7]; principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 [10/9].

Vertebrae 41 to 43 (66.7% of specimens with 42).

Dorsal fin truncate, slightly pointed distally; posterior unbranched and anterior branched rays longest and subequal. Dorsal-fin origin located closer to tip of snout than to caudal-fin base. Greatest length of adipose fin approximately equal to horizontal width of orbit. Adipose-fin origin located along vertical that passes through posterior one-third of anal-fin base. Pectoral fin distally pointed. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching posteriorly almost to pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic fin falcate. Pelvic-fin insertion situated slightly posterior of vertical that passes through dorsal-fin origin. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching approximately four-fifths of distance between pelvic-fin insertion and anus. Axillary scale present, its length approximately one-third of pelvic-fin length. Posterior unbranched and anterior branched anal-fin rays longest and subequal. Caudal-fin margin gently bifurcate.

COLORATION IN ALCOHOL.—Ground coloration silvery yellow or brownish yellow, with dorsal portions of body and head darker. Lateral surface of body with 7 to 15 (most frequently 12) dark, vertical patches of irregular form located between head and caudal fin. Patches with overall form of approximately narrow isosceles triangles with apexes located on middle of ventrolateral portion of body and bases along dorsomedial region. Patches well developed in smaller specimens but indistinct or absent in larger individuals. Lateral surface of body with approximately 6 to 12 dark, wavy, horizontal stripes along dorsal and ventral margins of exposed portions of scales. Approximately 4 to 6 (most frequently 5) wavy stripes above lateral line and approximately 2 to 6 (most frequently 4) wavy stripes below. Field of black or brown chromatophores forming dark mark of irregular form on upper one-half of opercle.

Dorsal fin with 4 to 8 (most frequently 6) dark, irregular stripes beginning on anterior margin of fin and extending across fin approximately parallel to fin base. Adipose fin with dorsal margin finely bordered with black. Pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins dusky. Iris orangish brown, with areas of diffuse dusky pigmentation dorsally and ventrally.

COLORATION IN LIFE.—(Based upon a photograph of recently deceased specimen from the upper portions of the Rio São Francisco basin taken by the senior author. Same photograph was reproduced in Casatti and Castro (1998, fig. 4d)). Dark coloration as in preserved specimens. Ventrolateral portion of body reddish. Similar reddish coloration present on pelvic fin, particularly anteriorly, and on anal fin.

DISTRIBUTION.—Prochilodus costatus was originally endemic to, and widely distributed throughout, the Rio São Francisco basin, eastern Brazil (Figure 43, stars). Godinho et al. (1999:423) reported that P. costatus has been introduced into the Rio Jequitinhonha basin of eastern Brazil.

COMMON NAME.—Curimatá, curimatã-pioa, curimatá-pioa (Brazil).

COMPARISONS.—Prochilodus costatus unequivocally differs from each of its congeners, with the exception of P. lineatus, in at least one meristic or pigmentary feature. Prochilodus costatus and P. lineatus, although occurring in river systems whose headwaters lie in proximity (Rio São Francisco and Río de La Plata basins, respectively), demonstrate a strong modal difference in the number of lateral line scales and, to a lesser degree, a difference in the number of vertebrae (Figures 41–43) and are, thus, recognized herein as distinct species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—43 specimens (26, 90.0–419.5 mm SL).

BRAZIL. Bahia: Barra, Rio São Francisco, NMW 9585, 1 (1, 264.0). Rio São Francisco, close to Barragem de Sobradinho, MZUSP 21549, 2 (2, 237.0–252.0). Rio São Francisco, MZUSP 3797, 3 (3, 105.0–116.6). Minas Gerais: Rio das Velhas, approximately 32 miles (51.2 km) N of Belo Horizonte, BMNH 1925.6.9:1, 1 (1, 419.5). Rio das Velhas, BMNH 1876.1.10:26, 1 (1, 220.2) [1R]. Rio das Velhas, ZMUC 81, 1 (1, 208.6, lectotype of Prochilodus affinis) [1R]. Ribeirão do Mato (locality approximately 24 km N of Belo Horizonte), ZMUC 77, 1 (1, 248.5, paralectotype of Prochilodus affinis) [1R]; ZMUC 78, 1 (1, 250.4, paralectotype of Prochilodus affinis) [1R]. Rio São Francisco, MNHN A.8636, 1 (1, 328.9, holotype of Prochilodus costatus). Rio São Francisco, upper portion (20°30′S, 46°50′W), MZUSP 50740, 1 (315.5). Três Marias, Rio São Francisco, MZUSP 20818, 5 (5, 90.0–114.0); MZUSP 21452, 1 (1, 265.0); MZUSP 21718, 5 (5, 170.0–302.0). Pirapora, Rio São Francisco, CAS 59319, 1 (155.5); MZUSP 2081, 3 (3, 135.0–203.0). Rio São Francisco, Pontal do Abaeté, projeto Usina Hidrelétrica Formoso, MZUSP 39699, 3 (214.0–246.3). Rio São Francisco and tributaries, area of projeto Usina Hidrelétrica Formoso, MZUSP 39739, 6 (212.8–258.3). Riacho tributary to Rio Jequitaí, along highway BR-135, between Buenópolis and Engenheiro Dolabela (latter locality at 17°30′S, 44°05′W), USNM 357391, 2 (101.6–105.1). Montes Claros, Rio Verde, between Montes Claros and Francisco Sá (16°28′S, 43°30′W), USNM 345876, 3 (93.1–192.9). Porteirinha, Rio Serra Branca, tributary of Rio Salinas, along highway BR-122, between Mato Verde and Porteirinha (latter locality at 15°44′S, 43°02′W), USNM 345755, 1 (126.3).

Prochilodus costatus és una espècie de peix de la família dels proquilodòntids i de l'ordre dels caraciformes.

Prochilodus costatus es una especie de peces de la familia Prochilodontidae en el orden de los Characiformes.

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});

Prochilodus costatus Prochilodus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Prochilodontidae familian sailkatzen da.

Prochilodus costatus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de nachtzalmen (Prochilodontidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1850 gepubliceerd door Achille Valenciennes.

巴西鯪脂鯉，為輻鰭魚綱脂鯉目脂鯉亞目鯪脂鯉科的其中一個種，分布於南美洲巴西聖弗朗西斯科河流域，體長可達42公分，棲息在河川底中層水域，生活習性不明。

Possui de 8 a 9 fileiras transversais de escamas da origem da nadadeira dorsal à linha lateral.

Bacia do rio São Francisco - introduzido no rio Jequitinhonha.