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Chasmistes cujus és una espècie de peix de la família dels catostòmids i de l'ordre dels cipriniformes.
És un peix d'aigua dolça i de clima temperat.[6]
Es troba a Nord-amèrica: llacs Pyramid i Winnemucca a Nevada (Estats Units).[6][7][8]
Chasmistes cujus és una espècie de peix de la família dels catostòmids i de l'ordre dels cipriniformes.
The cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) is a large sucker fish endemic to Pyramid Lake and, prior to its desiccation in the 20th century, Winnemucca Lake in northwestern Nevada.[3] It feeds primarily on zooplankton and possibly on nanoplankton (such as algae and diatoms). The maximum size of male cui-ui is approximately 53 cm (21 in) and 1.6 kg (3.5 lb), while females reach approximately 64 cm (25 in) and 2.7 kg (6.0 lb). A cui-ui typically lives for 40 years but do not reach sexual maturity until at least age eight. The cui-ui is an endangered species, and one of the few surviving members of its genus.[4]
The cui-ui population is generally improving in numbers, having attained an estimated population exceeding one million in 1993, thanks to the efforts of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in analysis of the Truckee River spawning grounds and of the Nevada Department of Environmental Protection and EPA in following up on protection measures. The reason the cui-ui remains endangered (though upgraded from critically endangered in 2014) is the recent history of recruitment variation, illustrating that in many years of the 1970s and 1980s there was virtually no recruitment whatsoever due to unsuccessful spawning in an unfavorable water quality and water flow environment of the Truckee River. The species' outlook is uncertain since a recovery plan based on an enhanced understanding of Pyramid Lake and Truckee River water quality has been published and U.S. Congress adopted a protection plan.[5]
Pyramid Lake, the second largest natural lake in the western U.S. prior to construction of the Derby Dam, has been the focus of several water quality investigations, the most detailed starting in the mid-1980s. Under direction of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, a comprehensive dynamic hydrology transport model was developed[6] by Earth Metrics Inc.; the model's name was subsequently changed to DSSAM, and it was applied to analyze impacts of a variety of land use and wastewater management decisions throughout the 3,120-square-mile (8,100 km2) Truckee River Basin. Analytes addressed included nitrogen, reactive phosphate, dissolved oxygen, and ten other parameters. Based upon use of the model, some decisions have been influenced to enhance Pyramid Lake water quality and aid the viability of Pyramid Lake biota, including the cui-ui. The dynamic river model was particularly useful for analyzing Truckee River temperature variations, since the cui-ui often swim upstream to spawn, and their fry are vulnerable to elevations in river temperature.
The cui-ui is potamodromous, and will attempt to ascend the Truckee River to spawn in mid-April. If inflow is insufficient to permit this, the cui-ui may attempt to spawn in Pyramid Lake, but generally with little success due to the salinity of that lake.[7] Water releases from the Boca reservoir and Stampede reservoirs were (as of 2004) timed to assist the spawning run, although in drought years this water is reserved for the Reno metropolitan area. These releases are critical to successful spawning since low warm flows at the Truckee River delta are inhospitable to upstream migration of adults.
The Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation maintain three hatcheries to ensure the long term viability of the cui-ui.[8] These measures have greatly increased cui-ui populations, although it is still listed as an endangered species.
The Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe are the Cui-ui Ticutta, also spelled Kuyuidikado, which translated to "cui-ui eaters."[9] Together with the Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) the cui-ui was an important food supply for the Cui-ui Tikutta and neighboring Paiute bands who traveled to Pyramid Lake to share in the harvest during the spring spawning runs.
Subsequent to European American settlement of western Nevada in the 1860s many Cui-ui Ticutta made a living by selling fish, although the European Americans generally preferred trout to cui-ui. Cui-ui were also still important for subsistence, despite Bureau of Indian Affairs attempts to encourage farming and discourage fishing.
After the 1905 construction of Derby Dam which diverted much of the Truckee River's flow, the Pyramid Lake fishery declined. By 1930, it was no longer supplied even subsistence food. Although conditions have improved recently, the cui-ui are managed for cultural and ecological purposes, not as a human food source.
The cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) is a large sucker fish endemic to Pyramid Lake and, prior to its desiccation in the 20th century, Winnemucca Lake in northwestern Nevada. It feeds primarily on zooplankton and possibly on nanoplankton (such as algae and diatoms). The maximum size of male cui-ui is approximately 53 cm (21 in) and 1.6 kg (3.5 lb), while females reach approximately 64 cm (25 in) and 2.7 kg (6.0 lb). A cui-ui typically lives for 40 years but do not reach sexual maturity until at least age eight. The cui-ui is an endangered species, and one of the few surviving members of its genus.
The cui-ui population is generally improving in numbers, having attained an estimated population exceeding one million in 1993, thanks to the efforts of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in analysis of the Truckee River spawning grounds and of the Nevada Department of Environmental Protection and EPA in following up on protection measures. The reason the cui-ui remains endangered (though upgraded from critically endangered in 2014) is the recent history of recruitment variation, illustrating that in many years of the 1970s and 1980s there was virtually no recruitment whatsoever due to unsuccessful spawning in an unfavorable water quality and water flow environment of the Truckee River. The species' outlook is uncertain since a recovery plan based on an enhanced understanding of Pyramid Lake and Truckee River water quality has been published and U.S. Congress adopted a protection plan.
Chasmistes cujus es una especie de peces de la familia Catostomidae en el orden de los Cypriniformes.
• Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 67 cm de longitud total[1] y 2.720 g de peso.[2][3]
Es un pez de agua dulce y de clima templado.
Se encuentran en Norteamérica: lagos Pyramid y Winnemucca en Nevada (Estados Unidos ).
Chasmistes cujus es una especie de peces de la familia Catostomidae en el orden de los Cypriniformes.
Chasmistes cujus Chasmistes generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Catostomidae familian sailkatzen da.
Chasmistes cujus Chasmistes generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Catostomidae familian sailkatzen da.
Kuikui (Chasmistes cujus) on erittäin uhanalainen kalalaji. Sitä elää vain Yhdysvalloissa Nevadan osavaltiossa Pyramid-järvessä ja Truckee-joessa.[1] Aiemmin lajin kuteminen Truckeejoessa oli näyttävä tapahtuma, mutta 1800- ja 1900-luvuilla laji kalastettiin sieltä lähes sukupuuttoon. Myös rakennushankkeet ova tuhonneet lajin elinympäristöjä.[2]
Kuikui kasvaa noin 67 cm pitkäksi. Se on pitkä ja kapea; suurin tunnettu yksilö painoi 2720 grammaa ja oli 41 vuotta vanha.[2] Kalan vartalo on ruskeansävyinen, evät harmahtavat. Suu on leveä.[3]
Kuikui (Chasmistes cujus) on erittäin uhanalainen kalalaji. Sitä elää vain Yhdysvalloissa Nevadan osavaltiossa Pyramid-järvessä ja Truckee-joessa. Aiemmin lajin kuteminen Truckeejoessa oli näyttävä tapahtuma, mutta 1800- ja 1900-luvuilla laji kalastettiin sieltä lähes sukupuuttoon. Myös rakennushankkeet ova tuhonneet lajin elinympäristöjä.
Chasmistes cujus est une espèce de poisson endémique du Pyramid Lake (Nevada). Il se nourrit surtout de zooplancton.
Chasmistes cujus est une espèce de poisson endémique du Pyramid Lake (Nevada). Il se nourrit surtout de zooplancton.
Chasmistes cujus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de zuigkarpers (Catostomidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1883 door Cope.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
內華達州呵吸鯉（学名：Chasmistes cujus），又名貴玉屈魚或丘裂鰭亞口魚，是內華達州金字塔湖特有的一種胭脂魚科。[2]牠們主要吃浮游植物及微小浮游生物。雄鯉最大可達53厘米長及1.6公斤重，雌鯉則長約64厘米及重2.7公斤。牠們的壽命一般為40歲，要8歲才達至性成熟。牠們是極危物種，是屬內現存幾個物種之一。[3]
內華達州呵吸鯉的數量有所增加，於1993年估計數量超越100萬條。牠們仍處於極危的原因是繁殖補充的變化，於1970年代及1980年代之間在數量上差不多沒有補充，原因是水質及特拉基河的水流並不適合產卵。
金字塔湖在興建水壩前是美國西部第二大的天然湖泊，也是很多水質研究的焦點。在美國國家環境保護局指示下，發展了一項hydrological transport model[4]，並用來分析特拉基河盆地各種土地用途及污水處理所帶來的影響。研究針對氮、活性磷酸鹽、溶氧量及10個其他項目，得出要改善金字塔湖的水質及保育湖中生態，如內達華州呵吸鯉。
內華達州呵吸鯉是河川回游的，於4月中會游上特拉基河產卵。若入流不容許，牠們則會在金字塔湖產卵，但因湖水的鹽度而很難成功。[5]兩個水壩現時為了幫助牠們產卵，會於適當的時間放水，但旱季則會保留儲水供城市之用。由於在特拉基河三角洲的低暖流並不適合雄鯉上游，故水壩放水就對牠們產卵更為非常重要。印第安人的派優族會保存幾條幼鯉，以避免牠們的繁殖受到影響。這些措施都增加了牠們的數量，但牠們仍是瀕危物種。
金字塔湖的派優族稱自己為「吃內華達州呵吸鯉的人」。辣红潭克拉克氏钩吻鳟及內華達州呵吸鯉都是他們的重要食物，毗連的派優族人也會於春天遷徙到金字塔湖來分享收獲。
於1860年代的殖民以後，很多派優族人轉而售賣魚類。雖然政府曾鼓吹農業及阻止漁業，內華達州呵吸鯉卻仍是重要的食物。於1905年在特拉基河興建水壩分流後，金字塔湖的漁業就開始衰落。雖然情況有所好轉，內華達州呵吸鯉已經成為保育的對象而非食物。
內華達州呵吸鯉（学名：Chasmistes cujus），又名貴玉屈魚或丘裂鰭亞口魚，是內華達州金字塔湖特有的一種胭脂魚科。牠們主要吃浮游植物及微小浮游生物。雄鯉最大可達53厘米長及1.6公斤重，雌鯉則長約64厘米及重2.7公斤。牠們的壽命一般為40歲，要8歲才達至性成熟。牠們是極危物種，是屬內現存幾個物種之一。
內華達州呵吸鯉的數量有所增加，於1993年估計數量超越100萬條。牠們仍處於極危的原因是繁殖補充的變化，於1970年代及1980年代之間在數量上差不多沒有補充，原因是水質及特拉基河的水流並不適合產卵。
쿠이우이(Chasmistes cujus) 네바다의 북서지역 피라미드 호에만 서식하는 서커의 일종이다.[2] 주식은 동물성플랑크톤이며 식물성플랑크톤을 먹기도 한다. 수컷 쿠이우이의 최대 몸길이는 53센티미터이며 몸무게는 1.6킬로그램이다. 암컷은 수컷보다 커서 몸길이 64센티미터에 몸무게 2.7킬로그램이다. 보통 수명은 40년이며, 성적으로 성숙하기에는 최소 8년이 걸린다. 쿠이우이는 심각한 멸종위기종일 뿐만 아니라 이들이 속한 속의 몇 안되는 종이다.[3]
쿠이우이의 개체수는 일반적으로 증가하고 있으며, 미국정부의 노력에 힘입어 1993년에는 개체수가 백만마리 이상이 되었다. 보전을 위해 정부는 양식장을 이용했다. 개체수가 감소한 이유는 피라미드 호에 흘러드는 트럭키 강의 수질이 악화되 번식이 지체되었기 때문이다. 이들의 미래는 미국 하원이 통과시킨 보호계획에 의해 어느 정도 가망이 있어보인다.[4] 피라미드 호에서 평상시 서식하지만 번식을 위해서는 반드시 트럭키 강을 이용해야 한다. 염호에서는 번식이 불가능한 것으로 나타나서 피라미드 호와 트럭키 강의 포괄적인 관리가 필요하다. 한때 이지역 원주민에게 주요 식량원이었지만, 멸종위기종에 치닥다 보니 이제는 원주민들이 나서서 인공번식을 해 종 복원에 힘을 쓰고 있다.
현재 오직 네바다주의 피라미드 호에 서식하는 종이다. 한때는 근처의 위네무카 호에도 서식하였지만, 1930년대 가뭄과 호수로 들어오는 수원을 무분별하게 사용함에 따라 사라지게 되었다.[5]
