Trophic Strategy
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
Occur in shallow coastal waters, including estuaries and backwaters, frequently enters freshwater. Form larger aggregations during spawning which takes place at sea. Young individuals enter tidal rivers. Feed on organic matter contained in sand and mud (Ref. 30573); also microalgae and detritus (Ref. 11889). Gill-raker filaments were found in the stomach captured using gill net. Mullets struggle to be free of the constricting meshes, food is often regurgitated at an early stage, subsequent gasping of oxygen would then easily cause gill-rakers, broken loose in the struggle, to be swalowed (Ref. 74739).
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Morphology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 4 - 5; Dorsal soft rays (total): 8; Analspines: 2 - 3; Analsoft rays: 9
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- Estelita Emily Capuli
Migration
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
Catadromous. Migrating from freshwater to the sea to spawn, e.g., European eels. Subdivision of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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- Crispina B. Binohlan
Diagnostic Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
Color greenish-grey dorsally, sides silvery. Second dorsal and anal fin with black margins (Ref. 9812). Posterior tip of upper jaw hidden when mouth closed. Pectoral fins 86-97% of head length, reaching below origin of first dorsal fin with axillary scale nearly half the length of fin. 37-43 scales in lateral series, scales with membranous digitated hind margin.
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Biology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
Occur in shallow coastal waters, including estuaries and backwaters, frequently enters freshwater. Form larger aggregations during spawning which takes place at sea. Young individuals enter tidal rivers. Feed on organic matter contained in sand and mud (Ref. 30573). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Marketed fresh and salted. Decays rapidly, but well liked when fresh.
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Importance
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; bait: usually
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分布
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於印度-太平洋區水域,由南非至所羅門群島,北至日本南部及馬歇爾群島,南至澳洲及東加等。臺灣四周海域除東部外均有。
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利用
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por The Fish Database of Taiwan
經濟性魚種,主要為沿岸流刺網或待袋網等法捕獲,但產量不多,且因本種魚體型較小,又沒有烏魚有飽滿的卵,故經濟價值不像烏魚來的高,魚肉適合煮湯或紅燒皆不錯。
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描述
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por The Fish Database of Taiwan
體延長呈紡綞形,前部圓形而後部側扁,背無隆脊。頭短,圓筒形。吻短;唇薄,下唇有一高聳的小丘且具有長長的、纖毛的、有間隔的唇齒,上唇則有短且分散的唇齒。眼圓,前側位;脂眼瞼不發達,僅及眼眶緣;前眼眶骨寬廣,佔滿唇和眼之間的空間,前緣有缺刻但隨著成長而變為平直。口小,前位;上頜骨末端遠於口角後緣,尖刀狀,不特別寬大,末端微彎曲向下;舌骨、鋤骨和翼骨上長牙齒,骨則無。鼻孔每側各一對。在稚魚期為圓鱗,隨著成長而變為膜性櫛鱗;頭部及體側的側線發達;側線數目11-12條;側線鱗37-43(通常為38-39);胸鰭末端前之側線鱗12-13;第二背鰭起點垂直線前之側線鱗23-26;環繞尾柄上之側線鱗17-18(少數為15-16)。鰓耙繁密細長,第一鰓弓下枝鰓耙62-75。背鰭兩個,第一背鰭硬棘IV,第二背鰭鰭條I,8;胸鰭上側位,具14-16鰭條,基部上端具黑點,腋鱗發達;腹鰭腹位,具鰭條I,5,腋鱗發達;臀鰭具鰭條III,9;尾鰭分叉;幽門垂數5-7條;具沙囊胃。新鮮標本的體背灰綠色,體側銀白色,腹部漸次轉為白色。背鰭、臀鰭及尾鰭淡色而具暗緣;胸鰭淡色,胸鰭基部無色,但在基部的上端有一黑藍色的斑點。與同屬莫鯔極為相似,常互相混淆而被誤鑑。長鰭凡鯔(/Valamugil
cunnesius/)為其同種異名。凡鯔屬(/Valamugil/)改為莫鯔(/Moolgarda/)的理由為:/Moolgarda/
Whitley, 1945和/Valamugil/ Smith,
1948目前被認為是同屬異名。/Moolgarda/發表的年代比/Valamugil/早,但是它的Holotype不見了,而Paratype又混有其它不同的種類,包括/Chelon
subviridis/等,因而Thomson(1997) 認為 /Moolgarda/ 是 nomen dubium
"doubtful
name",所以早期都用/Valamugil/作為屬名,但Senou(2002)認為Whitley在1945年所發表的文獻中,對於新屬/Moolgarda/的描述已經可以清楚確認type
species為/Moolgarda
seheli/,因此認為在動物命名規範中的優先權必須遵守,所以應該要用先發表的/Moolgarda/。就是因為有這些論點爭議存在,有人認為Thomson
是對的,也有人認為Senou是對的。目前鯔科研究的學者多半傾向Senou的觀點是對的,應該都要將/Valamugil/改成/Moolgarda/(沈康寧
2013/01) ,本網站也依此論點而修正。
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棲地
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por The Fish Database of Taiwan
主要棲息於沿岸砂泥底質地形的海域,而河口區或紅樹林等半淡鹹水海域亦常見其蹤跡,亦常侵入河川下游。以底泥中有機碎屑或水層中的浮游生物為食,群棲性,常成群洄游,幼魚在受到驚嚇時,會有躍離水面的動作。
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Langarm-harder
(
Africâner
)
fornecido por wikipedia AF
Die Langarm-harder (Valamugil cunnesius) is 'n vis wat voorkom aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika vanaf Algoabaai. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Longarm mullet.
Voorkoms
Die kop en liggaam is silwer en daar is 'n swart kol op die bokant van die pektorale vin se basis. Die vis word 35 cm lank.
Habitat
Alhoewel die vis 'n seevis is kom dit ook perodiek voor in varswater. Die wyfie lê haar eiers naby strandmere gedurende die somer maande. Die onvolwasse visse leef in strandmere, veral daardie met 'n varswater invloei.
Sien ook
Bronne
Verwysings
Eksterne skakel
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Langarm-harder: Brief Summary
(
Africâner
)
fornecido por wikipedia AF
Die Langarm-harder (Valamugil cunnesius) is 'n vis wat voorkom aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika vanaf Algoabaai. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Longarm mullet.
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Valamugil cunnesius
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Valamugil cunnesius és una espècie de peix de la família dels mugílids i de l'ordre dels mugiliformes.
Morfologia
Reproducció
És ovípar i els ous pelàgics.[6]
Alimentació
Menja matèria orgànica que troba a la sorra i el fang del fons aquàtic.[7]
Hàbitat
És un peix de clima tropical i demersal.[4]
Distribució geogràfica
Es troba a Austràlia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodja, la Xina (incloent-hi Hong Kong), Timor Oriental, l'Índia, Indonèsia, el Japó, Kenya, Madagascar, Malàisia, Maurici, Moçambic, Birmània, Nova Caledònia, Oman, el Pakistan, Papua Nova Guinea, les Filipines, Reunió, Singapur, Salomó, Somàlia, Sud-àfrica, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzània, Tailàndia i el Vietnam.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]
Ús comercial
Es comercialitza fresc i en salaó.[4]
Observacions
És inofensiu per als humans.[4]
Referències
-
↑ Smith J. L. B., 1948. A generic revision of the mugilid fishes of South Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 11) v. 14 (núm. 120) (1947). 833-843.
-
↑ World Register of Marine Species (anglès)
-
↑ Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes. 1836. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome onzième. Livre treizième. De la famille des Mugiloïdes. Livre quatorzième. De la famille des Gobioïdes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 11: i-xx + 1-506 + 2 pp., Pls. 307-343.
-
↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 FishBase (anglès)
-
↑ Sommer, C., W. Schneider i J.-M. Poutiers, 1996. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. FAO, Roma, Itàlia. 376 p.
-
↑ Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City (Estats Units). 941 p.
-
↑ Sommer, C., W. Schneider i J.-M. Poutiers, 1996.
-
↑ FishBase (anglès)
-
↑ Bianchi, G., 1985. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water species of Tanzania. Prepared and published with the support of TCP/URT/4406 and FAO (FIRM) Regular Programme. FAO, Roma, Itàlia. 199 p.
-
↑ Blaber, S.J.M., J.W. Young i M.C. Dunning, 1985. Community structure and zoogeographic affinities of the coastal fishes of the Dampier region of north-western Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 36:247-266.
-
↑ Blaber, S.J.M., 1977. The feeding ecology and relative abundance of mullet (Mugilidae) in Natal and Pondoland estuaries. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 9:259-275.
-
↑ Chang, C.W. i W.N. Tzeng, 2000. Species composition and seasonal occurrence of mullets (Pisces, Mugilidae) in the Tanshui Estuary northwest Taiwan. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 27(4):253-262.
-
↑ Chen, C.-H., 2004. Checklist of the fishes of Penghu. FRI Special Publication. Núm. 4. 175 p.
-
↑ De Bruin, G.H.P., B.C. Russell i A. Bogusch, 1995. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The marine fishery resources of Sri Lanka. Roma, FAO. 400 p.
-
↑ De la Paz, R. i N. Aragones, 1985. Mangrove fishes of Pagbilao (Quezon Province, Luzon Island), with notes on their abundance and seasonality. Natural and Applied Sci. Bull. 37(2):171-190.
-
↑ Fischer, W., I. Sousa, C. Silva, A. de Freitas, J.M. Poutiers, W. Schneider, T.C. Borges, J.P. Feral i A. Massinga, 1990. Fichas FAO de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca. Guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de Moçambique. Publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o Instituto de Investigaçao Pesquiera de Moçambique, com financiamento do Projecto PNUD/FAO MOZ/86/030 e de NORAD. Roma, FAO. 1990. 424 p.
-
↑ Ganaden, S.R. i F. Lavapie-Gonzales, 1999. Common and local names of marine fishes of the Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Filipines. 385 p.
-
↑ Gopakumar, K. (ed.), 1997. Biochemical composition of Indian food fish. Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, l'Índia. 44 p.
-
↑ Herre, A.W.C.T. i A.F. Umali, 1948. English and local common names of Philippine fishes. U. S. Dept. of Interior and Fish and Wildl. Serv. Circular Núm. 14, U. S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington. 128 p.
-
↑ Herre, A.W.C.T., 1953. Check list of Philippine fishes. Res. Rep. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv., (20): 977 p.
-
↑ Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton i G.R. Allen, 2006. Fishes. A Beasley, O.L. i A. Wells (eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volum 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia Part 1, pp. xxiv 1-670; Part 2, pp. xxi 671-1472; Part 3, pp. xxi 1473-2178.
-
↑ Huang, Z., 2001. Marine species and their distribution in China's seas. p. 404- 463. Vertebrata. Smithsonian Institution, Florida, Estats Units. 598 p.
-
↑ Jeyaseelan, M.J.P., 1998. Manual of fish eggs and larvae from Asian mangrove waters. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. París. 193 p.
-
↑ Kailola, P.J., 1987. The fishes of Papua New Guinea: a revised and annotated checklist. Vol. II Scorpaenidae to Callionymidae. Research Bulletin Núm. 41, Research Section, Dept. of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Papua Nova Guinea.
-
↑ Kapoor, D., R. Dayal i A.G. Ponniah, 2002. Fish biodiversity of India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources Lucknow, Índia. 775 p.
-
↑ Kottelat, M., A.J. Whitten, S.N. Kartikasari i S. Wirjoatmodjo, 1993. Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. 221 p.
-
↑ Kuo, S.-R. i K.-T. Shao, 1999. Species composition of fish in the coastal zones of the Tsengwen estuary, with descriptions of five new records from Taiwan. Zool. Stud. 38(4):391-404.
-
↑ Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro i K. Pothin, 2004. An updated checklist of the marine fish fauna of Reunion Island, south-western Indian Ocean. Cybium 28(3):199-216.
-
↑ Marquet, G., B. Séret i R. Lecomte-Finiger, 1997. Inventaires comparés des poissons des eaux intérieures de trois îles océaniques tropicales de l'Indo-Pacifique (la Réunion, la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Tahiti). Cybium 21(1) suppl.:27-34.
-
↑ Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno i T. Yoshino, 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tòquio, Japó. 437 p.
-
↑ Menezes, M.R., M. Martins i S. Naik, 1992. Interspecific genetic divergence in grey mullets from the Goa region. Aquaculture 105:117-129.
-
↑ Mohsin, A.K.M. i M.A. Ambak, 1996. Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. University of Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malàisia. 744 p.
-
↑ Monkolprasit, S., S. Sontirat, S. Vimollohakarn i T. Songsirikul, 1997. Checklist of Fishes in Thailand. Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok, Tailàndia. 353 p.
-
↑ Nguyen, H.P. i N.T. Nguyen, 1994. Checklist of marine fishes in Vietnam. Vol. 2. Osteichthyes, from Elopiformes to Mugiliformes. Science and Technics Publishing House, Vietnam.
-
↑ Ni, I.-H. i K.-Y. Kwok, 1999 Marine fish fauna in Hong Kong waters. Zool. Stud. 38(2):130-152.
-
↑ Randall, J.E., 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p.
-
↑ Randall, J.E. i K.K.P. Lim (eds.), 2000. A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl. (8):569-667.
-
↑ Rao, K.V.R., 1995. Pisces. p. 483-506. A: Fauna of Chilka Lake. Wetland Ecosystem Series 1. Zool. Surv. Índia. 673 p.
-
↑ Rau, N. i A. Rau, 1980. Commercial marine fishes of the Central Philippines (bony fish). German Agency for Technical Cooperation, Alemanya. 623 pp.
-
↑ Schuster, W.H. i R. Djajadiredja, 1952. Local common names of Indonesian fishes. W.V. Hoeve, Bandung, Indonèsia. 276 p.
-
↑ Skelton, P.H., 2002. Changes to the scientific and common names of southern African freshwater fishes. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 27:171-174.
-
↑ South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 1985. Traditional tuna fishing in Tokelau. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme Topic Review Núm. 27. 47 p.
-
↑ Talwar, P.K. i R.K. Kacker, 1984. Commercial sea fishes of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcuta. 997 p.
-
↑ Talwar, P.K. i A.G. Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volum 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
-
↑ Thollot, P., 1996. Les poissons de mangrove du lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie. ORSTOM Éditions, París.
-
↑ Van der Elst, R., 1981. A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. C. Struik, Ciutat del Cap, Sud-àfrica. 367 p.
-
↑ Whitfield, A.K., 1985. The role of zooplankton in the feeding ecology of fish fry from some southern African estuaries. S. Afr. J. Zool. 20(3):166-171.
-
↑ Whitfield, A.K., 1998. Biology and ecology of fishes in southern African estuaries. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Sud-àfrica. 223 p.
-
↑ Wijeyaratne, M.J.S. i H.H. Costa, 1987. Fishery, seasonal abundance and mortality of grey mullets (Pisces: Mugilidae) in Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 3:115-118.
Bibliografia
- Anònim, 2000. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, Sud-àfrica. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, Sud-àfrica.
- Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
- Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
- Eschmeyer, William N.: Genera of Recent Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. iii + 697. ISBN 0-940228-23-8. Any 1990.
- Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
- Ferraris, C.J. Jr., 2003. Family Mugilidae (Mullets). p. 655-656. A: R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander i C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
- Harrison, I.J., 1995. Mugilidae. Lisas. p. 1293-1298. A: W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter i V. Niem (eds.). Guía FAO para Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Roma, Itàlia.
- Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
- Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall. Any 2000.
- Nelson, J.S. 2006: Fishes of the world. Quarta edició. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 601 p.
- Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Alemanya. 329 p.
- Sarojini, K.K., 1958. Biology and fisheries of the grey mullets of Bengal. II. Biology of Mugil cunnesius Valenciennes. Indian J. Fish. 5(1):56-74.
- Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.
Enllaços externs
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Valamugil cunnesius: Brief Summary
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Valamugil cunnesius és una espècie de peix de la família dels mugílids i de l'ordre dels mugiliformes.
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Moolgarda cunnesius
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Moolgarda cunnesius: Brief Summary
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
Moolgarda cunnesius Moolgarda generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Mugilidae familian sailkatzen da.
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Moolgarda cunnesius
(
Neerlandês; Flamengo
)
fornecido por wikipedia NL
Vissen Moolgarda cunnesius is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de harders (Mugilidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1836 door Valenciennes.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties Geplaatst op:
27-02-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen.
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長鰭凡鯔
(
Chinês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
長鰭凡鯔: Brief Summary
(
Chinês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
長鰭凡鯔,俗名豆仔魚、烏仔、烏仔魚、烏魚 ,為輻鰭魚綱鯔形目鯔科的其中一種。