dcsimg

Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The small white is typically a double-brooded species, with two generations each year. The eggs, which hatch after around one week, are laid in April and then again in June. The female deposits them singly on the underside of leaves of the foodplants (3). Cultivated brassicas such as cabbages and nasturtium are preferred, although wild brassicas including wild cabbage, hedge mustard and wild mignonette are also used (4). The caterpillars tend to feed on the hearts of cabbages, not on the outer leaves. They are solitary and are fully grown after one month. They then undergo pupation; the pupa is attached either to the foodplant or to fences and other structures. Adults emerge from the pupae of the first generation after roughly three weeks, but the pupae belonging to the second generation overwinter, with adults emerging the following spring. In years when the weather is particularly clement, a third brood may occasionally be produced (3).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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Not relevant.
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Description ( Inglês )

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This widespread and familiar white butterfly is one of the most common butterflies in Europe (5). As the name suggests, adults have whitish upper wings. The forewings have black tips and the undersides of the wings are bright yellow, featuring blackish scales. Males and females are easy to distinguish, as females have two prominent black spots and a blackish streak on the forewing (2). The caterpillar has a green body with black spots and fine hairs. A thin yellowish line extends along the centre of the back and the spiracles are bordered with yellow (3).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Found in a range of habitats, where the food plants (such as cabbage, nasturtium and related plants) occur (3). Typical habitats include fields, gardens, and waste land, although they are often found in smaller numbers in woodland edges, hedgerows and other sheltered places (4).
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Range ( Inglês )

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The small white has a wide distribution in Britain, but it becomes scarce in the Scottish Highlands. The distribution of this species seems to have stayed fairly stable, however numbers are thought to have dropped following the introduction of insecticides in the 1950s (4). Elsewhere, this butterfly is found throughout Europe and north-west Africa, reaching Asia as far east as Japan (4).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Not threatened (4).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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This species is not threatened.
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Abundance ( Inglês )

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Abundant

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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

Size: 46-55 mm. A small version of Pieris brassicae.

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Distribution in Egypt ( Inglês )

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Widespread. AOO = 184 km2. EOO = 243,000 km2. 9 locations

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Global Distribution ( Inglês )

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Widespread (Palaearctic; introduced worldwide)

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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Always associated with cultivation.

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IUCN ( Inglês )

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Least Concern

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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

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Two or more generations per year.

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Records ( Inglês )

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61 records. Latest in 2006 (oases)

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Risks ( Inglês )

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Pest of brassica crop

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Status in Egypt ( Inglês )

fornecido por Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

Resident and migrant

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The Flight Period ( Inglês )

fornecido por Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

March-October

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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

Host-plants: Cultivated brassicas (Cruciferae), especially cabbages; nasturtiums (Tropaeoleum majus) in gardens; wild crucifers and Reseda lutea (Resedaceae).

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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
larva of Compsilura concinnata is endoparasitoid of larva of Pieris rapae

Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
larva of Epicampocera succincta is endoparasitoid of larva of Pieris rapae

Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
larva of Phryxe vulgaris is endoparasitoid of larva of Pieris rapae

Foodplant / internal feeder
caterpillar of Pieris rapae feeds within live heart of Brassica oleracea var. capitata

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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
The cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae), also known as the cabbage butterfly and the imported cabbageworm, is so named because the larval stage feeds on members of the cabbage family (Cruciferae). This species is found around the world in temperate climates. It was introduced to North America in the 1860's and has since spread throughout the continent. The cabbage white butterfly is known to pollinate several species in the United States. The cabbage white butterfly has a black body with white wings. The upper wings have a black band at the tip and a black spot in the center of each upper wing. Males have one spot on each wing and females have two. The underneath of the wings are yellowish-green. These butterflies have a wingspan of 30 to 50 mm. Caterpillars are green or bluish-green with a light yellow stripe.
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
These butterflies are one of the first to be seen in the spring and one of the last to be seen in the fall. These butterflies can fly from February to mid-November; they have a shorter season in their northern range and a longer season in the south. Females produce between 300 and 400 eggs; each is laid singly on the underside of host plants. Caterpillars hatch and feed on plants from the cabbage family (Brassicaceae). They then molt five times before turning into a chrysalis. Chrysalids hibernate and hatch into adult butterflies. Adults live about three weeks. Cabbage white butterflies have between two and eight generations per year.
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Pollinator ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
Recent research has shown that it is actually four times more efficient at pollinating wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) than honey bees (Apis mellifera) because honey bees are foraging for both pollen and nectar and most likely groom away pollen from their bodies. In addition to wild radish, cabbage white butterflies are pollinators of red clover (Trifolium pratense), common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), buttonbush (Cephalanthus spp.), bird's-foot violet (Viola pedata), and wild strawberry (Rosaceae). In addition to being pollinators, this species can be considered a pest because the larvae feed on the foliage of crop plants like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collard, horseradish, kale, and kohlrabi. Larvae of this species have the ability to reduce mature plants to stems and large veins by eating foliage. Larvae have also been known to burrow into the heads of broccoli and cabbage; they are difficult to dislodge and produce large amounts of fecal material.
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Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Memoirs of the American Entomological Society
[Pieris rapae (Linne)]
Papilio rapae Linne, 1758: 468 (Europe).
This ubiquitous pest species occurs everywhere in the northern temperate zone but probably has not yet become established in tropical Africa. The following record is interesting in that the nearest habitat of rapae is northern Africa. It is not clear whether these specimens were captured while migrating or whether they hitchhiked on the ship. In any event, it is not properly a Liberian resident.
Two S , "taken at sea 75 miles southwest of Cape Palmas, Liberia" by Good, in the Holland Collection.
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Fox, R.M., Lindsey, A.W., Clench, H.K., Miller, L.D. 1965. The Butterflies of Liberia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society vol. 19. Philadelphia, USA

North American Ecology (US and Canada) ( Inglês )

fornecido por North American Butterfly Knowledge Network
Resident throughout North America with migrants north (Scott 1986). Habitats are TOWNS, SOME VALLEY BOTTOMS. Host plants are usually herbaceous including species from many families, including CRUCIFERAE. Eggs are laid on the host plant singly. Individuals overwinter as pupae. There is a variable number of flights based on latitude each year with the approximate flight time JUN1-JUL1 in the northern part of the range and APR15-OCT15 in the southern part of their range (Scott 1986).
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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por Papillons de Jardin
Les Piérides sont sans conteste les papillons les plus communs aux abords des villes et dans les jardins, car un certain nombre de plantes cultivées accueillent leurs chenilles. L'espèce décrite ici est la Piéride de la rave, mais il en existe plusieurs autres, très proches, pour lesquelles la distinction n'est pas recherchée dans le cadre de l'Observatoire. On les rencontre dans toute la France. Observation en vol : Mars à août ou septembre. Nombre de générations par an : 2. Milieux de vie : Jardins et prairies, champs cultivés. Description Adulte Envergure : 50-60 mm. Apparence : Le dessus des ailes est de couleur blanche, avec le bout des ailes avant noir et une tache noire sur chaque aile. L'aile arrière est plus jaunâtre sur le dessous.
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por Papillons de Jardin
L'oeuf est en forme de fuseau, pointu aux deux bouts, côtelé, jaune verdâtre. On le trouve seul ou en groupe, collé à la face inférieure des feuilles de la plante hôte. Chenille Taille : 25-30 mm au dernier stade. Apparence : La chenille est cylindrique, verte mouchetée de noir et couverte de fins poils duveteux. Une ligne jaune court d'avant en arrière, sur le dos. Sur les flancs, de chaque côté, les lignes jaunes sont plus fines et discontinues. Plantes hôtes : La rave et beaucoup d'autres crucifères dont le chou cultivé, les navets, la monnaie-du-pape, l'alliaire, le cresson, le colza... Chrysalide: La chrysalide est anguleuse, de couleur verte ou brune, ponctuée de quelques points noirs. Elle est accrochée à son support par un fil de soie.
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Conservation Status

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Not of concern.
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Cyclicity

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Occurs in multiple generations from April into September.
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Distribution

fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
The Cabbage White was introduced from Europe to Quebec in the 1860's (Layberrry et al. 1998), and has since spread over all of North America with the exception of the Arctic and some of the extreme southern parts of the U.S. (Opler 1999).
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General Description

fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
This is the only species of white which has both unmarked hindwing undersides and at least one black spot on the forewing upperside and the leading edge of the hindwing upperside. cc-by-nc
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Habitat

fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
Ubiquitous throughout the province, particularly near agricultural habitats.
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Life Cycle

fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
Like other Pieris species, the eggs are yellow and conical, with longitudinal ridges. Mature larvae are green with a pale dorsal stripe, and pupae range in colour from brown to green (Guppy & Shepard 2001). The first Cabbage Whites usually emerge in late April from hibernating pupae. There are usually three generations per year in Alberta (Bird et al. 1995). Up to four occur in southern BC, with development time of each generation varying from 4 to 8 weeks according to temperature (Guppy & Shepard 2001).
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Trophic Strategy

fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
Larvae sometimes reach pest status on cultivated mustards such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and canola. A large number of Brassicaceae have been recorded as hosts, particularly introduced, weedy species (Guppy & Shepard 2001).
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Pieris rapae ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Artículu revisáu

La blanquina de la col (Pieris rapae) ye una especie d'inseutu lepidópteru de la familia Pieridae.[1] Debe'l so nome común a l'atracción que les canesbes d'esta especie sienten pola col.[2][3]

Distribución y hábitat

Ta bien estendida en toa Europa, norte d'África y Asia.[4] Tamién foi introducida por fuerza n'América del Norte, Australia y Nueva Zelanda, onde se convirtieron en plagues en coles cultivaes y otros cultivos.

Periodu de vuelu

Polivoltina, De normal de marzu a noviembre, pue reparase volando mientres tol añu nes islles Canaries.

El so hábitat ye bien diversu, atopándose preferentemente casi en cualquier llugar onde heba crucíferes, y en menor midida caparidácees, tropeolácees, resedácees y quenopodiácees.[4]

Referencies

  1. (n'inglés) Sistema Integráu d'Información Taxonómica. «Pieris rapae (TSN 188541)» (inglés).
  2. Balmer, E. (2009). Mariposas y Polillas (n'español). Parragon Books. ISBN 978-1-4075-6768-6.
  3. (en castellán) https://sites.google.com/site/picosdeeuropamariposas/pieris-rapae-1
  4. 4,0 4,1 Tolman, T. y Lewington, R. (2002). Guía de las Mariposas de España y Europa, 1ª (n'español), Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-36-9.
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Pieris rapae: Brief Summary ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Artículu revisáu

La blanquina de la col (Pieris rapae) ye una especie d'inseutu lepidópteru de la familia Pieridae. Debe'l so nome común a l'atracción que les canesbes d'esta especie sienten pola col.

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Turpəng kəpənəyi ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Turpəng kəpənəyi (lat. Pieris rapae) — buğumayaqlılar tipinin pulcuqqanadlılar dəstəsinin ağcalar fəsiləsinə aid olan növ

Xarici quruluşu

Kiçik ölçülü ağ rəngli kəpənəklərdir.

Həyat tərzi

Pieris sp 3.jpg

Növün arealından asılı olaraq nəsilvermə qabiliyyəti müxtəlifdir. Belə ki, Sankt-PeterburqMoskva vilayətlərində bu zərərverici 2 nəsil verir. Aşağı PovoljyevdəQafqazda bu növ 4-5 nəsil verir. ZaqafqaziyaQara dəniz sahillərinin subtropik zonasında 5 nəsil verməsi mümkün hüsab olunur. Baykal ətrafında 3 nəsil verir. Turpəng kəpənəyinin aparılan tədqiqatlar nəticəsində pup mərhələsində qışladığı müəyyən olunmuşdur.

 src=
Pup

Quba-Xaçmaz bölgəsində ilk kəpənəklər aprel ayının III ongünlüyündə uçmağa başlayır. Kəpənəklərin kütləvi uçuşu may ayının II yarısında müşahidə edilir. Mayın axırında isə I nəsil kəpənəklərinin uçuşu başa çatır. I nəsil kəpənəklərinin yumurtaqoyma prosesi may ayının II ongünlüyünə təsadüf edir və bu proses iyunun I ongünlüyündə başa çatır. Tırtılların yumurtadan çıxması may ayının 20-25-i arasında müşahidə edilir. Tırtılların yumurtadan çıxması may ayının sonu və iyun ayının I ongünlüyündə baş verir. Turpəng kəpənəyinin I nəsil puplaşması iyun ayının I ongüblüyündən başlayır və bu proses iyun ayının II ongünlüyünün sonunda başa çatır. I nəsilin dövriyyəsi 40-45 günə başa çatır. II nəsil kəpənəklər iyun ayının II ongünlüyündə uçmağa başlayır və bu proses iyulun I ongünlüyünə qədər davam edir. Bu nəslin kəpənəkləri iyun ayının III ongünlüyündə yumurta qoymağa başlayırlar və bu proses iyul ayının II ongünlüyünün sonuna qədər davam edir.

 src=
Yumurta

Yumurtadan tırtılların çıxması iyun ayının sonunda müşahidə edilir.

 src=
Tırtıl

Tırtılların kütləvi yumurtadan çıxması isə iyul ayı ərzində olur. Tırtılların puplaşması iyun ayının II ongünlüyündə baş verir və bu proses iyul ayının sonuna qədər davam edir. Bəzən puplaşma avqust ayının I ongünlüyünə qədər uzana bilir. III nəslin inkişafı əsasən iyun-iyul aylarında müşahidə olunur və 40-45 gün çəkir. III nəsil əsasən avqust ayından görünməyə başlanılır və inkişaf prosesi 30-35 gün davam edir.[1]

Yayılması

Turpəng kəpənəyi MDB məkanında ən geniş yayılmış növ olub, Rusiyanın Avropa hissəsində, Sankt-Peterburq, Moskva vilayətlərində, Aşağı Povoljyevdə, Qafqazda kütləvi halda çoxalır. Turpəng kəpənəyi Şimali Amerikada, Paliartktikada, Böyük BritaniyadanKanar adalarından başlamış ÇinYaponiyada, Cənubda isə Şimali AfrikadaFələstində yayılmışdır. Azərbaycanda Gəncə-Qazax zonalarında, Quba-Xaçmaz bölgəsində yayılmışdır. [2]

İstinadlar

  1. Səfərova İ.M. Quba-Xaçmaz bölgəsində kələmin zərərvericiləri və başlıca zərərvericilərə qarşı kompleks mübarizə tədbirləri, Gəncə, 2006, s. 54-57.
  2. Azərbaycan heyvanlar aləmi. II-Buğumayaqlılar. Bakı, Elm, 2004, -388 səh.

Ədəbiyyat

  • Səfərova İ.M. Quba-Xaçmaz bölgəsində kələmin zərərvericiləri və başlıca zərərvericilərə qarşı kompleks mübarizə tədbirləri, Gəncə, 2006, s. 54-57.
  • Azərbaycan heyvanlar aləmi. II-Buğumayaqlılar. Bakı, Elm, 2004, -388 səh.

Xarici keçidlər

Həmçinin bax

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Turpəng kəpənəyi: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Turpəng kəpənəyi (lat. Pieris rapae) — buğumayaqlılar tipinin pulcuqqanadlılar dəstəsinin ağcalar fəsiləsinə aid olan növ

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Blanqueta de la col ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La blanqueta de la col (Pieris rapae)[1] és un lepidòpter (papallona diürna) que s'alimenta de brassicàcies, entre aquestes de la col, per això rep, com també la blanca de la col (Pieris brassicae), el nom de papallona de la col.

Etimologia

 src=
Parella copulant.
  • Pieris: de la regió grega de Pièria, lloc on nasqueren les muses i Orfeu.
  • rapae: del llatí rapa, nap, una de les plantes nutrícies de les larves.[2]

Distribució

Europa,al nord d'Àfrica i a l'Àsia, i s'ha introduït a llocs tan llunyans com Nova Zelanda.[3] Des del nivell del mar fins a 2000 metres d'alçada.

Descripció

L'imago té uns 32-47 mm d'envergadura alar.[4] La cara superior de les ales és de color blanquinós amb taques negres: dues a les ales anteriors i una de costal a les posteriors. Té el marge apical de les ales superiors de color negre. La cara inferior de les ales posteriors és de color groguenc i la de les anteriors és blanca amb només el marge superior tacat de groc. La divergència sexual es troba en els dos punts negres que tenen les femelles a les ales superiors; el mascle no les té o només en té una. Les femelles dipositen grups de 20-50 ous grocs, d'1,5 mm de longitud, a l'anvers de les fulles. Els ous desclosen en 6-10 dies. L'eruga mesura 25-30 mm de llargària. És verdosa amb un fi puntejat negre, línia dorsal groguenca i latero-ventral de punts blancs o groguencs separats entre si. No són gregàries i es poden trobar exemplars de diverses femelles o de diferents postes en la mateixa planta. Sovint es camuflen bé al revers de les fulles. La crisàlide és d'uns 23-25 mm de mida. Penja de parets, pedres o troncs mitjançant un fil de seda toràcica. Presenta un aspecte angulós i de color verd o ocre amb sortints i arestes marrons.[5] És en aquesta última forma com passa l'hivern.

Diferenciació amb altres espècies

Es pot confondre fàcilment amb altres "blanquetes" molt afins com Pieris napi, reconeixible per les patents nervacions verdoses al dors de les ales posteriors, Pieris brassicae, molt més gran i amb taques negres majors, Euchloe crameri, amb un foradat estampat verdós al dors de les ales posteriors, les femelles d'Antocharis cardamines amb un altre bigarrat estampat gris verdós, o Leptidea sinapis, més xicoteta i fràgil i amb la taca negra apical arrodonida.[6]

Ecologia

Polivoltina, vola en un seguit de 4 o 5 generacions des a la primavera i es manté fins ben entrada la tardor. Molt freqüent arreu, prefereix les zones agrícoles i ruderals, suportant alts graus de degradació de la vegetació natural. Habita un variat zones sempre i quan hi hagen brassicàcies. S'apropa molt a les zones antropitzades. Mostra tendències migratòries acusades. Les plantes nutrícies principals són brassicàcies de diferents espècies del gènere Brassica i també d'altres plantes com les del gènere Capparis i Atriplex.[7] És una coneguda plaga dels cultius de brassicàcies. Al clima mediterrani l'hàbitat on es troba amb més freqüència és a les màquies d'oliveró i llentiscle.

Agronomia

Enemics naturals

 src=
Eruga alimentant-se de caputxina.

Els enemics naturals que s'han trobat més sovint associats a les papallones de la col són els himenòpters Cotesia rubecula i Hyposoter ebeninus, que parasiten les larves, i Pteromalus puparum, que parasita les crisàlides. Altres parasitoides són dels gèneres Diadegma, Telenomus i Trichogramma. Per tal d'afavorir la presència d'aquests cal tenir presència de flors dins dels cultius, sobretot asteràcies, lamiàcies i brassicàcies, perquè els adults s'alimenten de pol·len i nèctar.[8]

Plantes esquer

La caputxina (Tropaeolum majus) és una planta esquer formidable per a aquesta espècie, ja que la blanqueta de la col la prefereix abans que a les brassicàcies cultivades, així plantar aquesta enfiladissa entre o prop d'on es cultiven les cols, raves o similar atraurà a la blanqueta de la col, allunyant-la dels conreus. També existeixen altres plantes esquer com la bàrbara.[9]

S'ha demostrat que la presència d'anet augmenta la taxa de parasitisme en l'eruga de la blanqueta de la col en menys d'una temporada,[10] així com deixar una banda floral de flora adventícia.[11] Bones plantes companyes per a les brassicàcies cultivades, tant per fer bandes com per associar cultius, són; sàlvia, clavell de moro, crisantem tricolor, ceba i calèndula.[12]

Galeria

Referències

  1. «Proposta de noms comuns per a les papallones diürnes (ropalòcers) catalanes» (en català). Butlletí de la Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia. Arrizabalaga et al., desembre 2012. [Consulta: 4 febrer 2014].
  2. http://www.xtec.cat/~eescutia/especies/pierids/prapae.htm
  3. RR Scott & RM Emberson (compilers). Handbook of New Zealand Insect Names. Entomological Society of New Zealand, 1999. ISBN 0-959-76635-9.
  4. Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada;Government of. «Butterflies of Canada - Cabbage White» (en en). [Consulta: 25 desembre 2017].
  5. http://turismenatural.obsam.cat/wp-content/uploads/papallones/ca/pi-pieris-rapae.pdf
  6. http://papallonesialtres.blogspot.com/2013/07/blanqueta-de-la-col-pieris-rapae.html
  7. http://www.sqvnatura.org/pieris-rapae/
  8. http://ruralcat.gencat.cat/migracio_resources/DLFE-19022.pdf/1.0.pdf
  9. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jaime_Pinero/publication/301544078_Effects_of_increased_crop_diversity_using_trap_crops_flowering_plants_and_living_mulches_on_vegetable_insect_pests/links/5721fd8408aef9c00b7c4318/Effects-of-increased-crop-diversity-using-trap-crops-flowering-plants-and-living-mulches-on-vegetable-insect-pests.pdf
  10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235443218_The_impact_of_companion_planting_on_the_parasitism_rate_of_the_small_white_butterfly_Pieris_rapae_Lepidoptera_Pieridae
  11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930038/
  12. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc89/cbe7d40d8544f5593849796880e49e230568.pdf

Bibliografia

  • Asher, Jim et al.: The Millennium Atlas of Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press.
  • Evans, W.H. (1932): The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd Ed.). Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
  • Gaonkar, Harish (1996): "Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (Including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a Threatened Mountain System." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.
  • Gay, Thomas; Kehimkar, Isaac & Punetha, J.C. (1992): Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
  • Kunte, Krushnamegh (2005): Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
  • Pieris rapae (TSN 188541) al web del Sistema Integrat d'Informació Taxonòmica. (anglès)
  • Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957): Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.

Enllaços externs

  • Cabbage White, Butterflies of Canada
  • Pieris rapae on the University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website
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Blanqueta de la col: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La blanqueta de la col (Pieris rapae) és un lepidòpter (papallona diürna) que s'alimenta de brassicàcies, entre aquestes de la col, per això rep, com també la blanca de la col (Pieris brassicae), el nom de papallona de la col.

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Gwyn bach ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Glöyn byw sy'n perthyn i urdd y Lepidoptera yw gwyn bach, sy'n enw gwrywaidd; yr enw lluosog ydy gwynion bach; yr enw Saesneg yw Small White, a'r enw gwyddonol yw Pieris rapae.[2][3]

Mae i'w ganfod yn Ewrop, gogledd Affrica, Asia a gwledydd Prydain. Yn ddiweddar cludwyd ef i diriogaethau newydd Gogledd America, Seland Newydd ac Awstralia, ble mae'n gwneud drwg mawr i blanhigion mwstad (Sisybrium officinale) a bresych.

Lled ei adenydd yw 32–47 mm (1.25–2 modfedd). Yng ngwledydd Prydain ceir dwy genhedlaeth ac fe'u gwelir yn hedfan rhwng Ebrill a Mai ac yna rhwng Gorffennaf ac Awst.

Cyffredinol

Gellir dosbarthu'r pryfaid (neu'r Insecta) sy'n perthyn i'r Urdd a elwir yn Lepidoptera yn ddwy ran: y gloynnod byw a'r gwyfynod. Mae'r dosbarthiad hwn yn cynnyws mwy na 180,000 o rywogaethau mewn tua 128 o deuluoedd.

Wedi deor o'i ŵy mae'r glöyn byw gwyn bach yn lindysyn sy'n bwyta llawer o ddail, ac wedyn mae'n troi i fod yn chwiler. Daw allan o'r chwiler ar ôl rhai wythnosau. Mae pedwar cyfnod yng nghylchred bywyd glöynnod byw a gwyfynod: ŵy, lindysyn, chwiler ac oedolyn.

Gweler hefyd

Comin Wikimedia
Mae gan Gomin Wikimedia
gyfryngau sy'n berthnasol i:

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Pieris
  2. Gwefan Cyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru. Cyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru. Adalwyd ar 29 Chwefror 2012.
  3. Geiriadur enwau a thermau ar Wefan Llên Natur. Adalwyd 13/12/2012.
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Gwyn bach: Brief Summary ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Glöyn byw sy'n perthyn i urdd y Lepidoptera yw gwyn bach, sy'n enw gwrywaidd; yr enw lluosog ydy gwynion bach; yr enw Saesneg yw Small White, a'r enw gwyddonol yw Pieris rapae.

Mae i'w ganfod yn Ewrop, gogledd Affrica, Asia a gwledydd Prydain. Yn ddiweddar cludwyd ef i diriogaethau newydd Gogledd America, Seland Newydd ac Awstralia, ble mae'n gwneud drwg mawr i blanhigion mwstad (Sisybrium officinale) a bresych.

Lled ei adenydd yw 32–47 mm (1.25–2 modfedd). Yng ngwledydd Prydain ceir dwy genhedlaeth ac fe'u gwelir yn hedfan rhwng Ebrill a Mai ac yna rhwng Gorffennaf ac Awst.

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Bělásek řepový ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Bělásek řepový (Pieris rapae) je malý až středně velký motýl z čeledi běláskovitých.

Obývá velké území Evropy, severní Afriku a Asii a jako nepůvodní druh i Severní Ameriku, Austrálii a Nový Zéland, kde je často považován za škůdce.

Vzhled

Bělásek řepový se vzhledem velmi podobá běláskovi zelnému, s kterým bývá často zaměňován. V rozpětí křídel měří 32–47 mm, jejich vrchní strana je přitom smetanově bílá s tmavými konci. Samice zde mají také dvě zřetelné tmavé skvrny, které samci zcela postrádají. Spodní strana křídel je nažloutlá se zřetelným tmavým poprášením.

Život

 src=
Housenka

Objevuje se již časně zjara a venku poletuje až do prvních podzimních mrazů. Ročně se vyskytuje obvykle ve dvou, ale i ve více generacích. Samice klade vajíčka na listy brukvovitých rostlin (zelí, hořčice, brokolice, křenu aj.), kde mohou housenky následně napáchat značné škody. Kukla přezimovává.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Small White na anglické Wikipedii.

  • REICHHOLF, Josef H.: Motýli. Rebo Productions CZ, Dobřejovice, 2004. ISBN 80-7234-310-6

Externí odkazy

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Bělásek řepový: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Bělásek řepový (Pieris rapae) je malý až středně velký motýl z čeledi běláskovitých.

Obývá velké území Evropy, severní Afriku a Asii a jako nepůvodní druh i Severní Ameriku, Austrálii a Nový Zéland, kde je často považován za škůdce.

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Lille kålsommerfugl ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Lille kålsommerfugl (Pieris rapae) er en sommerfugl i hvidvingefamilien. Den forekommer vidt udbredt i Europa, Nordafrika og gennem Asien til Japan. Den er indslæbt til Nordamerika, hvor den nu er almindelig. Arten er en af de almindeligste danske dagsommerfugle. Lille kålsommerfugl optræder over hele Danmark, kun i skove og på heder findes den ikke. Den lille kålsommerfugls flyvetid starter normalt i begyndelsen af maj og varer til omkring oktober.

Skadedyr

I opblomstringsår, hvor mængden af parasitter på sommerfuglen har været lav og vejrforholdene i foråret har været optimale, kan de forekomme i store mængder og optræde som skadedyr i haver, hvor de som stor kålsommerfugl lever på kålplanter. Larverne kan afpille kålen så kun ribberne står tilbage.

Udseende

Den lille kålsommerfugl ligner umiddelbart stor kålsommerfugl. Men den lille kålsommerfugls tegning på forvingespidsen er grålig i stedet for sort og strækker sig ikke så langt ned langs vingesømmen (kun 1/4 af vingesømmen mod den store kålsommerfugls 2/3 af vingesømmen). Lille kålsommerfugls vingefang er kun på ca. 45 mm. Hunnen har noget tydeligere tegninger end hannen og kan være gullig i stedet for hvid.

Livscyklus

Lille kålsommerfugl har typisk tre generationer over en sommer. Æggene lægges og klækkes efter ca. 5 dage (i varmt vejr kan der dog gå kun 2 dage). Larven er udvokset efter ca. 2 – 3 uger og den forpupper sig dermed. I varmt vejr klækkes puppen efter kun en uge, så den fuldvoksne sommerfugl kun er ca. 25 dage om udviklingen fra ægget lægges. Efterårets pupper overvintrer til næste forår.

Træk

I år med store forekomster af sommerfuglen kan man se egentlige træk af store flokke i juli. Sådanne træk kan foregå over flere hundrede kilometer. Som pesticider er blevet mere og mere anvendt i landbruget er det dog ikke længere så almindeligt at se den lille kålsommerfugl på træk.

Foderplanter

Kål, raps, kålroe og mange andre arter af korsblomster f.eks. løgkarse, strandsennep og agersennep. Fælles for foderplanterne er, at de kan danne sennepsolier som kemisk forsvar. Kålormene undgår dannelse af dette forsvarsstof ved hjælp af et særligt protein, nitrilspecificerende protein.

Kilder/Henvisninger

  1. ^ Helsing, F. (2019), "Dagsommerfugle", i Moeslund, J.E. m.fl., Den danske Rødliste 2019, Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, hentet 23. januar 2020.
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Lille kålsommerfugl: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Lille kålsommerfugl (Pieris rapae) er en sommerfugl i hvidvingefamilien. Den forekommer vidt udbredt i Europa, Nordafrika og gennem Asien til Japan. Den er indslæbt til Nordamerika, hvor den nu er almindelig. Arten er en af de almindeligste danske dagsommerfugle. Lille kålsommerfugl optræder over hele Danmark, kun i skove og på heder findes den ikke. Den lille kålsommerfugls flyvetid starter normalt i begyndelsen af maj og varer til omkring oktober.

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Kleiner Kohlweißling ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Kleiner Kohlweißling
Fliegender Kleiner Kohlweißling in Zeitlupe

Der Kleine Kohlweißling (Pieris rapae) ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Weißlinge und gehört zu den am häufigsten in Mitteleuropa vorkommenden Tagfaltern. Das Artepitheton leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort rapa (die Rübe) ab.[1] Rüben zählen jedoch nicht zur Nahrung der Raupen.

Merkmale

Die Tiere haben eine Flügelspannweite von 40 bis 50 Millimeter; die Oberseite der Flügel ist weiß mit dunkelgrauen Rändern. Auf dem Vorderflügel der Männchen befindet sich ein grauer Fleck, beim Weibchen sind es zwei. Die Oberseiten der Hinterflügel sind cremig weiß und besitzen einen ebensolchen grauen Fleck, welcher beim Männchen weit weniger ausgeprägt ist als beim Weibchen. Die Unterseiten der Flügel sind gräulich gelb gefärbt, wobei die Vorderflügel eher zum Weiß tendieren.[2]

Die Raupen erreichen eine Länge von 25 Millimeter, sind hell- bis mattgrün gefärbt und zeigen gelbliche Seiten- und Rückenstreifen sowie weiße Farbpigmente. Sie sind dicht und kurz behaart.

Ähnliche Arten

Verbreitung

Der Kleine Kohlweißling ist in ganz Europa und in Nordafrika verbreitet. Er kommt auch auf allen Kanarischen Inseln vor,[3] ist jedoch selten auf Fuerteventura und wurde nur ein einziges Mal auf Lanzarote nachgewiesen. In Nordamerika wurde er im 19. Jahrhundert und in Australien und Neuseeland im 20. Jahrhundert eingeschleppt. Die Art ist fast überall anzutreffen, wo seine Futterpflanzen vorkommen.

 src=
Verbreitungsgeschichte des Kleinen Kohlweißling

Lebensweise

Die Eier werden einzeln im April und im Juli an Blättern abgelegt, die Larvenentwicklung ist nach etwa einem Monat abgeschlossen. Zu den Futterpflanzen gehören Kreuzblütler (Brassicaceae), Kaperngewächse (Capparaceae) zum Beispiel Kapern (Capparis spinosa), Kapuzinerkressengewächse (Tropaeolaceae), Resedagewächse (Resedaceae) und Fuchsschwanzgewächse (Chenopodiaceae). Die Überwinterung erfolgt im Puppenstadium, oft ein bis drei Meter über dem Boden an Wällen, Zäunen und so weiter.

Flug- und Raupenzeiten

Kohlweißlinge können im Jahr in bis zu vier Generationen von März bis November auftreten. Auf den Kanaren wurde er ganzjährig nachgewiesen.

Schädling

Er tritt inzwischen nahezu weltweit auf, weil die Insekten zusammen mit dem Gemüse verschleppt wurden. Die Raupen sind ein bedeutender Schädling in der Landwirtschaft und im Gemüseanbau. Der Hauptschaden im Kohlanbau durch den Fraß der Raupen tritt meist ab dem Monat Juni auf. Da sich die Larven im weiteren Verlauf auch in die Köpfe der Kohlpflanzen einfressen, kann der Schaden sehr hoch sein. Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen sind daher immer vor diesem Zeitpunkt durchzuführen.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Arnold Spuler: Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Band 1. E. Schweitzerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1908, S. 6.
  2. Elizabeth Balmer: Schmetterlinge: Erkennen und Bestimmen. Parragon Books Ltd., 2007, ISBN 9781407512037, S. 51.
  3. M. Arechavaleta, S. Rodríguez, N. Zurita, A. García (coord.) 2010: Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias. Hongos, plantas y animales terrestres. 2009, Gobierno de Canarias, S. 579 ff.

Erstbeschreibung

Carolus Linnæus: Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ (Salvius), 1758, 824 S., S. 1–4, (Papilio rapae) S. 468.

Literatur

  • Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: Die Tagfalter Europas und Nordwestafrikas. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7.
  • Hans-Josef Weidemann: Tagfalter: beobachten, bestimmen. Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1995, ISBN 3-89440-115-X.
  • Günter Ebert, Erwin Rennwald (Hrsg.): Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs. 1. Auflage. Band 1. Tagfalter. 1. Allgemeiner Teil: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur, Faunistik und Ökologie, Gefährdung und Schutz, Datenverarbeitung; Spezieller Teil: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8001-3451-9.
  • Gerd Crüger: Pflanzenschutz im Gemüsebau. Unter Mitarbeit von Georg Friedrich Backhaus, Martin Hommes, Silvia Smolak und Heinrich-Josef Vetten (= Handbuch des Erwerbsgärtners. Band 10). 4. völlig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3191-9.

Weblinks

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Kleiner Kohlweißling: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Kleiner Kohlweißling Fliegender Kleiner Kohlweißling in Zeitlupe

Der Kleine Kohlweißling (Pieris rapae) ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Weißlinge und gehört zu den am häufigsten in Mitteleuropa vorkommenden Tagfaltern. Das Artepitheton leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort rapa (die Rübe) ab. Rüben zählen jedoch nicht zur Nahrung der Raupen.

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Baneag veg ( Manês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

She foillycan ee baneag veg (Pieris rapae). T'ee ry-akin 'syn Oarpey, 'syn Affrick hwoaie, 'syn Aishey as 'sy Vretyn Vooar. T'ee er ny jannoo dooie ayns America Hwoaie, 'syn Austrail as 'sy Teelynn Noa chammah.

Jalloo-oaylleeaght

Ta'n çheu s'yrdjey bane ouyragh as ta birr ghooey er ny skianyn hoshee. Ta daa spot doo ayns mean skian hoshee ny mraane. Ta'n çheu s'inshley ouyr as breck doo er.

Ta'n phraddag glass as follit dy mie er duillagyn.

Bea

T'ad breh oohyn er dooieyn Brassicaceae, goaill stiagh caayl, rahgyl as callish Rangagh; er y fa shoh t'eh coondit myr paitt. T'ad breh ooh lomarcan er duillag y lus. Ta'n eie ayn dy ren Brassicaceae aafilley covestaghyn isothiocyanate noi praddagyn ny baneag veg.[1]

Ta'n phraddag soie er çheu s'inshley ny duillagyn dys shaghney cragheyderyn; cha nel ad meevlasstal myr praddagyn ny baneag vooar. T'ad cadley yn geurey myr cryslid.

Ta foillycanyn aasit laaoil.[2]

Imraaghyn

  1. Agrawal, AA & NS Kurashige (2003). "A Role for Isothiocyanates in Plant Resistance Against the Specialist Herbivore Pieris rapae". Journal of Chemical Ecology 29 (6). doi:10.1023/A:1024265420375.
  2. Fullard, James H. & Napoleone, Nadia (2001): Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera. Animal Behaviour 62(2): 349–368. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2001.1753 PDF fulltext

Kianglaghyn çheumooie

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Baneag veg: Brief Summary ( Manês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

She foillycan ee baneag veg (Pieris rapae). T'ee ry-akin 'syn Oarpey, 'syn Affrick hwoaie, 'syn Aishey as 'sy Vretyn Vooar. T'ee er ny jannoo dooie ayns America Hwoaie, 'syn Austrail as 'sy Teelynn Noa chammah.

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Letj kualflenerk ( Frísio do Norte )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

Di letj kualflenerk (Pieris rapae) hiart tu a witj flenerken an as ään faan a flenerken, diar uun Madeleuroopa fööraal föörkem.

Beskriiwang

Weblinks

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Letj kualflenerk: Brief Summary ( Frísio do Norte )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Di letj kualflenerk (Pieris rapae) hiart tu a witj flenerken an as ään faan a flenerken, diar uun Madeleuroopa fööraal föörkem.

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Lytse wite koalflinter ( Frísio Ocidental )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

De Lytse Wite Koalflinter (Pieris rapae) is in soarte yn it skaai fan de Koalflinters (Pieris).

Foarkommen

De Lytse Wite Koalflinter libbet yn tige ferskillende biotopen, lykas drûchten, tunen, diken, blomrike greiden en boskrânen. De Lytse Wite Koalflinter is yn Fryslân tige algemien.

Flinter

De wjuklingte is 21-27 mm. It mantsje en it wyfke hawwe beide twa swarte plakjes op de foarwjukken. By it wyfke binne de plakken in bytsje grutter.

Fleantiid

De flinter is te sjen fan begjin april ôf oant ein juny, en begjin july oant heal augustus. Dat jildt foaral foar de twadde helte fan juny. De Lytse Wite Koalflinter fleant soms yn trije en soms sels yn fjouwer oerrinnende generaasjes.

Rûp

De rûp kin 30 mm lang wurde. It liif is blau-eftich grien en bedutsen mei fine, lytse swarte stipkes. De gruttere rûp fret foaral út it hert fan de Koalplant; sadwaande kin er grutte skea feroarsaakje. Túnkers binne dan ek net wiis mei dizze rûp. De groei fan de rûp fynt foaral plak yn de simmer. De rûp ferpopket him meastentiids ûnder in keunstmjittich dakje fan stiennen of planten. Der oerwinterje gjin flinters, allinnich poppen.

De rûp fret in soad Krúsblommigen lykas Koal, Damastblom, Wyld Koalsied, Dúnkoalsied, Radys, Pinksterblom, Judaspeinje, Wylde Reseda en Giele Reseda.

Sjoch ek

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Lytse wite koalflinter: Brief Summary ( Frísio Ocidental )

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De Lytse Wite Koalflinter (Pieris rapae) is in soarte yn it skaai fan de Koalflinters (Pieris).

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Pieris rapae ( Albanês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Pieris.rapae.mounted.jpg
Pieris rapae male.jpg

Flatrat e përparme të bardha, në majë me njollë të zezë të vogël katërkëndëshe ose pak të theksuar, numri i të cilave varion nga 1 (mashkulli) ose 2 njolla (femra).

Flatrat e pasme të bardha, buzës së përparmë më njollë të zezë. Hapësira e flatrave varion nga 35 - 48 mm. Takohet në mjedise me bimësi të familjes kryqoreve.

  • Mbreteria:Animalia
  • Tipi:Arthropoda
  • Klasa:Insecta
  • Rendi:Lepidoptera
  • Familja:Pieridae
  • Lloji:Pieris
  • Specia:Pieris rapae
  • Zbuluesi: (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Pieris rapae ( Escoceses )

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Pieris rapae is a smaw- tae medium-sized butterflee species o the whites-an-yellaes faimily Pieridae.

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Мал зелкар ( Macedônio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Мал зелкар (Pieris rapae) е пеперутка со мала или средна големина, дел од групата на пеперутки белци. Оваа пеперутка е сродна со големиот зелкар, и двата вида на пеперутки се препознатливи по белата боја на крилјата.

Гасеницата на оваа пеперутка се смета за штетник за градинарските култури како што зелка, кељ и брокула. Пеперутката е распространета низ Европа и Азија. Се верува дека потекнува од источното средоземје. Низ минатите два века, пеперутката се проширила и во Северна Африка, Северна Америка, Нов Зеланд и Австралија, како резултат на случајно воведување.[1]

Опис

По изглед изгледа повеќе како помала верзија на големиот зелкар. Горната страна е кремасто-бела боја со црни точки на врвотите. Женките, исто така, имаат две црни точки во центарот на предната страна. Нејзините долна страна е жолтеникава со црни точки. Понекогаш се помешува со молец поради неговиот обичен изглед. Распонот на крилјата кај возрасните е приближно 32–47 мм.[2]

Живеалиште

Видот има природен живеалиште низ Европа, Азија и Северна Африка.[3] Случајно бил воведена во Квебек, Канада во околу 1860 година и рапидно се ширил низ Северна Америка. Видот се раширил во сите животни зони во Северна Америка.[4] Проценките покажуваат дека една женка од овој вид може да биде предок на неколку генерации од милиони единки.[5][6] Малиот зелкар е отсутен или оскуден во пустинските и полусушните региони (освен за наводнуваните области). Не се наоѓа на север од канадската животна зона, ниту на Каналските острови крај брегот на јужна Калифорнија. Случајно била воведена и се размножила во Нов Зеланд и Австралија. Има знаци дека навлегува и во Јужна Америка.

Видот може да се најде на кое било отворено подрачје со разнолика вегетација. Може да се види обично во градовите, но исто така и во природните живеалишта, претежно во долинските предели. Иако е прикажан афинитет кон отворените области.[7]

Наводи

  1. Ryan, S.F.. Global invasion history of the agricultural pest butterfly Pieris rapae revealed with genomics and citizen science. „PNAS“ том 116 (40): 20015–20024. doi:10.1073/pnas.1907492116. PMID 31506352.
  2. http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/CabbageWhite_e.php
  3. Scudder, SH (1887). The introduction and spread of Pieris rapae in North America, 1860–1886. 4. 53–69. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38374. ISBN 978-0665147715. https://archive.org/stream/cihm_14771#page/n4/mode/1up.
  4. Scott, James A. (1986). The butterflies of North America: a natural history and field guide. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1205-7. https://archive.org/details/butterfliesofnor00jame.
  5. Gilbert, N. (јуни 1984 г). Control of Fecundity in Pieris rapae: I. The Problem. „Journal of Animal Ecology“ том 53 (2): 581–588. doi:10.2307/4536.
  6. Holland, W. J. (1931). The Butterfly book. Garden City, New York: Dubleday, Doran & Company, INC..
  7. Klots, Alexander B. (1951). A Field guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains. Cambridge: The Riverside Press.

Литература

  • Asher, Jim et al.: The Millennium Atlas of Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press.
  • Evans, W. H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd издание). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society.

Надворешни врскки

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Мал зелкар: Brief Summary ( Macedônio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Мал зелкар (Pieris rapae) е пеперутка со мала или средна големина, дел од групата на пеперутки белци. Оваа пеперутка е сродна со големиот зелкар, и двата вида на пеперутки се препознатливи по белата боја на крилјата.

Гасеницата на оваа пеперутка се смета за штетник за градинарските култури како што зелка, кељ и брокула. Пеперутката е распространета низ Европа и Азија. Се верува дека потекнува од источното средоземје. Низ минатите два века, пеперутката се проширила и во Северна Африка, Северна Америка, Нов Зеланд и Австралија, како резултат на случајно воведување.

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Pieris rapae ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Pieris rapae is a small- to medium-sized butterfly species of the whites-and-yellows family Pieridae. It is known in Europe as the small white, in North America as the cabbage white or cabbage butterfly,[note 1] on several continents as the small cabbage white, and in New Zealand as the white butterfly.[2] The butterfly is recognizable by its white color with small black dots on its wings, and it can be distinguished from P. brassicae by its larger size and the black band at the tip of its forewings.

The caterpillar of this species, often referred to as the "imported cabbageworm", is a pest to crucifer crops such as cabbage, kale, bok choy and broccoli. Pieris rapae is widespread in Europe and Asia; it is believed to have originated in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Europe, and to have spread across Eurasia thanks to the diversification of brassicaceous crops and the development of human trade routes. Over the past two centuries, it spread to North Africa, North America, New Zealand, and Australia, as a result of accidental introductions.[3]

Description

Feeding on the nectar of Aster amellus
Cabbage White Butterfly (Pieris rapae) wings closed. Montgomery County, PA.
Cabbage White Butterfly (Pieris rapae) wings closed

In appearance it looks like a smaller version of the large white (Pieris brassicae). The upperside is creamy white with black tips on the forewings. Females also have two black spots in the center of the forewings. Its underwings are yellowish with black speckles. It is sometimes mistaken for a moth due to its plain appearance. The wingspan of adults is roughly 32–47 mm (1.3–1.9 in).[4]

Pieris rapae has a wingbeat frequency averaging 12.8 flaps per second.[5]

Distribution and habitat

Global invasion history of Pieris rapae
Small whites mating. German/Dutch border region

The species has a natural range across Europe, Asia, and North Africa.[6] It was accidentally introduced to Quebec, Canada, around 1860 and spread rapidly throughout North America.[7] The species has spread to all North American life zones from Lower Austral/Lower Sonoran to Canada.[8] Estimates show that a single female of this species might be the progenitor in a few generations of millions.[9][10] It is absent or scarce in desert and semidesert regions (except for irrigated areas). It is not found north of Canadian life zone, nor on Channel Islands off the coast of southern California. By 1898, the small white had spread to Hawaii; by 1929, it had reached New Zealand[11] and the area around Melbourne, Australia, and found its way to Perth as early as 1943. It does not seem to have made it to South America.

In Britain, it has two flight periods, April–May and July–August, but is continuously brooded in North America, being one of the first butterflies to emerge from the chrysalis in the spring and flying until hard freeze in the fall.

The species can be found in any open area with diverse plant association. It can be seen usually in towns, but also in natural habitats, mostly in valley bottoms. Although an affinity towards open areas is shown, the small white is found to have entered even small forest clearings in recent years.[12]

The nominate subspecies P. r. rapae is found in Europe, while Asian populations are placed in the subspecies P. r. crucivora. Other subspecies include atomaria, eumorpha, leucosoma, mauretanica, napi, novangliae, and orientalis.

Life cycle

Egg

The small white will readily lay eggs on both cultivated and wild members of the cabbage family, such as charlock (Sinapis arvensis) and hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale). P. rapae is known to lay eggs singularly on the host plant. The egg is characterized by a yellowish color and 12 longitudinal ridges.[13] The egg production peaks about a week after adulthood in lab and the female can live up to 3 weeks. Females tend to lay fewer eggs on plants in clumps than on isolated plants.[8][14] It has been suggested that isothiocyanate compounds in the family Brassicaceae may have been evolved to reduce herbivory by caterpillars of the small white.[15] However, this suggestion is not generally accepted because the small white has later been shown to be immune to the isothiocyanate forming reaction due to a specific biochemical adaptation. In contrast, the small white and relatives seem to have evolved as a consequence of this biochemical adaptation to the isothiocyanate-forming glucosinolates.

Caterpillar

Traditionally known in the United States as the imported cabbage worm, now more commonly the cabbage white, the caterpillars are bluish-green, with tiny black pints,[16] a black ring around the spiracles, and a lateral row of yellow dashes, and a yellow middorsal line.[7] Caterpillars rest on the undersides of the leaves, making them less visible to predators. Although the larval instars have not been fully studied, different instars are easily differentiated simply by comparing sizes, especially the head alone. During the first and second instar the head is entirely black; third instar has the clypeus yellow but the rest of the head black. In the fourth and fifth instar, there is a dark greenish-yellow dot behind each eye but with rest of the head black. However, the color of the caterpillar head does not necessarily indicate specific instar, as the time of color change is not fixed.[13] In the larval stage, the small white can be a pest on cultivated cabbages, kale, radish, broccoli, and horseradish. The larva is considered a serious pest for commercial growth of cabbage and other Brassicaceae.[17]

Pupa

The pupa of P. rapae is very similar to that of P. napi. It is brown to mottled-gray or yellowish, matching the background color. It has a large head cone, with a vertical abdomen and flared subdorsal ridge.[8] The two (pupa of P. rapae and P. napi) can be easily distinguished by comparing the proboscis sheath. In P. rapae, the proboscis sheath extends far beyond the antennal sheath while in P. napi, only a very short distance.[13]

Like its close relative the large white, the small white is a strong flyer and the British population is increased by continental immigrants in most years. Adults are diurnal and fly throughout the day, except for early morning and evening. Although there is occasional activity during the later part of the night, it ceases as dawn breaks.[18] Adult P. rapae can move many kilometers in individual flights. Adults have been observed to fly as much as 12 km in one flight.[12] On average, a female flies about 0.7 km per day and moves 0.45 km from where she starts.[8] Males patrol all day around host plants to mate with females.

Behavior and ecology

Larva feeding

The P. rapae larva is voracious. Once it hatches from the egg, it eats its own eggshell and then moves to eat the leaves of the host plant. It bores into the interior of the cabbage, feeding on the new sprouts. The larvae adjust their feeding rate to maintain a constant rate of nitrogen uptake. They will feed faster in low nitrogen environment and utilize the nitrogen more efficiently (at the cost of efficiency in other nutrients) than larvae hatched on nitrogen high host plant. However, no significant difference in growth rate was observed between larvae in the two environments.[8] Considered a serious pest, the caterpillar is known to be responsible for annual damage worth hundreds of thousands of dollars.[10]

The larvae are shown to disperse their damage on the plant.[19] Larvae are shown to feed mostly during the day. They move around the plant mostly spending their time feeding. A feeding bout is immediately followed by a change in position, either to a new leaf or to another part of the same leaf.[19] This dispersal of damage is seen as an adaptive behavior to hide the visual cues from predators that rely on vision. Even though P. rapae larvae are cryptic, they remain in the sun for the majority of the day, rather than hiding on the underside of the leaf. The condition of the host plant influences the larval growth significantly.

Larval duration, pupal weights, adult weights, and larval growth rates were significantly altered by both plant nutrient availability and plant species. Larvae preferred Brassicaceae plants over other host plants. Larvae that have previously fed on crucifers will refuse nasturtium leaves to the point of starving to death.[20] Within the family Brassicaceae, larvae show no significant difference in feeding behavior; larvae placed on kale show no difference from larvae placed on Brussels sprouts.[21]

Survival rates do not differ depending on nutrition availability of host plant. Elevated plant nutrient levels decrease larval duration and increase larval growth rate.[20] The elevated nutrition level also decreased the fourth instar's consumption rate and increased its food utilization efficiencies. Larvae on cultivated host plant was observed to have higher growth efficiency than those fed in foliage of wild species. In short, larvae fed on high nutrition foliage show shorter duration of development, less consumption rate, higher growth rate and food processing efficiency.[20]

Adult feeding

Adult P. rapae use both visual and olfactory cues to identify flowers in their foraging flight.[22] The cabbage butterfly prefers purple, blue and yellow flowers over other floral colors.[22] Some flowers, like Brassica rapa, have a UV guide for aiding nectar search for the butterfly where the petals reflect near UV light whereas the center of the flower absorbs UV light, creating a visible dark center in the flower when seen in UV condition.[22] This UV guide plays a significant role in P. rapae foraging.

The adult flies around feeding from nectars of the plant. The adult looks for certain colors among green vegetation (purple, blue, and yellow preferred to white, red and green) and extend the proboscis before landing. It probes for nectar after landing. The butterfly identifies the flower through vision and odor. Chemical compounds such as Phenylacetaldehyde or 2-Phenylethanol was shown to provoke reflex proboscis extension.[23] The search for nectar is also limited by the memory constraint. An adult butterfly shows a flower constancy in foraging, visiting flower species that it has already experienced. The ability to find nectar from the flower increased over time, showing a certain learning curve. Furthermore, the ability to find nectar from the first flower species decreased if the adult butterfly started to feed nectar from other plant species.[24]

Courtship and reproduction

Copulating pair

The male, when it spots a female, zigzags up, down, below, and in front of her, flying until she lands. The male flutters, catches her closed forewings with his legs, and spreads his wings. This causes her to lean over. He usually flies a short distance with her dangling beneath him. An unreceptive female may fly vertically or spread her wings and raise the abdomen to reject the male.[25] Most host plants of P. rapae contain mustard oils and females use these oils to locate the plants. Females then lay the eggs singly on host leaves.[8] In the northern hemisphere, adults appear as early as March and they continue to brood well into October. Spring adults have smaller black spots on its wings and are generally smaller than summer adults.[25]

Host selection

All known host plants contain natural chemicals called glucosinolates, that are cues for egg laying. Host plants are: herb CruciferaeArabis glabra, Armoracia lapthifolia, Armoracia aquatica, Barbarea vulgaris, Barbarea orthoceras, Barbarea verna, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica caulorapa, Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica hirta, Brassica nigra, Brassica tula, Cardaria draba, Capsella bursa-pastoris (females oviposit but larvae refuse it), Dentaria diphylla, Descurainia Sophia, Eruca sativa, Erysimum perenne, Lobularia maritima, Lunaria annua (retards larval growth), Matthiola incana, Nasturtium officinale, Raphanus sativus, Raphanus raphanistrum, Rorippa curvisiliqua, Rorippa islandica, Sisymbrium irio, Sisymbrium altissimum, Sisymbrium officinale (and var. leicocarpum), Streptanthus tortuosus, Thlaspi arvense (larvae grow slowly or refuse it); Capparidaceae: Cleome serrulata, Capparis sandwichiana; Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum majus; Resedaceae: Reseda odorata.[8]

There are three phases to host selection by the P. rapae adult female butterfly: searching, landing, and contact evaluation.[26] A gravid female adult will first locate suitable habitats, and then identify patches of vegetation that contain potential host plants. The cabbage butterflies seem to limit their search to open areas and avoid cool, shaded woodlands even when host plants are available in these areas.[26] Furthermore, gravid females will not oviposit during overcast or rainy weather. In laboratory conditions, high light intensity is required to promote oviposition. The females fly in a linear path independent of wind direction or position of the sun.[26]

Host plant searching behavior

Pre-mating females do not display host plant searching behavior. The behavior starts soon after mating.[27] Flight behavior of an ovipositing female of P. rapae follows the Markov process.[28] Females foraging for nectar will readily abandon a linear path; they will show tight turns concentrating on flower patches. Females searching for host plant, however, will follow a linear route. As a result of directionality, the number of eggs laid per plant declines with increases in host plant density.[14][28] The average move length declined as host plant density increases, but the decline is not enough to concentrate eggs on a dense host plant.[27] Although females avoid laying eggs on plants or leaves with other eggs or larvae in a lab condition; this discrimination is not shown in field conditions.

Adult females may search for a suitable Brassicaceae over a range of 500 m to several kilometers.[27]

Small differences in flight patterns have been observed in Canadian and Australian P. rapae, indicating that there may be slight variation among different geographic populations.

Pieris rapae in Tokyo, 2020

Plant preference

Pollinating the flowers of Senecio tamoides

Landing appears to be mediated primarily by visual cues, of which color is the most important. P. rapae in a lab environment showed no significant preference for the shape or size of the oviposition substrate.[26] Gravid females responded most positively to green and blue/green colors for oviposition. The preference was shown for surfaces with maximal reflectance of 550 nm.[26] In natural conditions, oviposition was preferred on larger plants, but this was not reflected in laboratory conditions. Younger plants often had yellow/green color while older plants display a darker and stronger green. Female butterflies preferred the older plants due to the attraction to the darker green color. However, larvae perform better on younger plants.

Behavior on plant

Once a gravid female lands on a plant, tactile and contact chemical stimuli are major factors affecting acceptance or rejection of the site for egg deposition. Once a female lands on a host plant, it will go through a "drumming reaction" or a rapid movement of the forelegs across the surface of a leaf. This behavior is believed to provide physical and chemical information about the suitability of a plant.[29] P. rapae is shown to prefer smooth hard surfaces similar to a surface of an index card over rougher softer textures like blotting paper or felt. P. rapae use their chemoreceptors on their tarsi to search for chemical cues from the host plant.[30] An adult female will be sensitive to number of glucosinolates, gluconasturtiin being the most effective glucosinolate stimulants for these sensilla.

Egg-laying behavior

A gravid female adult will lay disproportionate number of eggs on peripheral or isolated plants. A single larva is less likely to exhaust the whole plant, therefore laying eggs singly prevents the likelihood of larval starvation from resource exhaustion.[30] This behavior may have evolved to exploit the original vegetation in the eastern Mediterranean where brassica plants originated.[21]

Age of butterflies appears to have no effect on their ability to select the source of highest concentration of oviposition stimulant.

Additionally, it has been shown that the weather has a large impact on the eggs of P. rapae.[31] The main issues with the weather are that strong winds can blow eggs from the leaves and strong rains can drown the caterpillars.[31]

Larval growth

Larvae feeding and growth is highly dependent on their body temperature. While the larvae survives from as low as 10 °C, the growth of larvae changes with changing temperature. From 10 °C to 35 °C, growth increases, but declines rapidly at temperatures higher than 35 °C. Past 40 °C, larvae start showing substantial mortality. The diurnal variation of temperature can be extensive with daily range of more than 20 °C on some sunny days and clear nights.[32] Larvae are able to respond well to a wide range of temperature condition, which allows them to inhabit various locations in the world. In natural conditions, larvae shows fastest growth at temperatures close to 35 °C. however, in constant temperature conditions in laboratory, larvae shows mortality at 35 °C.[32] In this lab condition, larvae grows between 10 °C to 30.5 °C while showing maximal developmental rate at 30.5 °C.[32] The difference between lab and natural condition is due to routine temperature changes on the scale of minutes to hours under field conditions.

Predation

Studies in Britain showed that birds are a major predator in British town and city environments (such as in gardens) while arthropods had larger influence in rural areas. Bird predators include the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) and skylark (Alauda arvensis).[33] Caterpillars are cryptic, coloured as green as the host plant leaves and they rest on the undersides of the leaves, thus making them less visible to predators. Unlike the large white, they are not distasteful to predators like birds. Like many other "white" butterflies, they overwinter as a pupa. Bird predation is usually evident only in late-instar larvae or on overwintering pupae.[33]

Parasitism

P. rapae caterpillars are commonly parasitized by a variety of insects. The four main parasitoids are bracconid wasps Cotesia rubecula and Cotesia glomerata, and flies Phryxe vulgaris, and Epicampocera succinata. Cotesia rubecula and Cotesia glomerata, previously in the genus Apanteles, were introduced in North America from Asia as biocontrols.[31] C. rubecula lays its eggs in the 1st and 2nd instar caterpillars. The larvae then grow within the caterpillar and continue to feed on the caterpillar until they are almost fully grown, and at that point the caterpillar is killed.[31] It is important to note that only one larva develops per host and the rate of C. rubecula is largely independent of P. rapae population size.[31] C. glomerata is similar to C. rubecula in that both parasitize the host in either the 1st or 2nd instar. The main difference is that C. glomerata always kill the host in the 5th instar and multiple larvae can be raised within one host.[31]

P. rapae pupae are frequently parasitized by Pteromalus puparum.[33]

Notes

  1. ^ In Europe, "cabbage white" and "cabbage butterfly" refer instead to Pieris brassicae, also known as "large white"

References

  1. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Pieris rapae Cabbage White". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  2. ^ RR Scott & RM Emberson (compilers) (1999). Handbook of New Zealand Insect Names. Entomological Society of New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-9597663-5-6. Archived from the original on 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  3. ^ Ryan, S.F.; et al. (2019). "Global invasion history of the agricultural pest butterfly Pieris rapae revealed with genomics and citizen science". PNAS. 116 (40): 20015–20024. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11620015R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1907492116. PMC 6778179. PMID 31506352.
  4. ^ "Butterflies of Canada - Cabbage White". 11 June 2014.
  5. ^ "Relationship between wingbeat frequency and resonant frequency of the wing in insects". Oct 2013. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/8/4/046008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Scudder, SH (1887). The introduction and spread of Pieris rapae in North America, 1860–1886. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. 4. pp. 53–69. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38374. ISBN 978-0665147715.
  7. ^ a b Howe, William H. (1975). The Butterflies of North America. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-04926-9.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Scott, James A. (1986). The butterflies of North America: a natural history and field guide. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1205-7.
  9. ^ Gilbert, N. (June 1984). "Control of Fecundity in Pieris rapae: I. The Problem". Journal of Animal Ecology. 53 (2): 581–588. doi:10.2307/4536. JSTOR 4536.
  10. ^ a b Holland, W. J. (1931). The Butterfly book. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, INC.
  11. ^ Gibbs, G. W. (1980). New Zealand butterflies identification and natural history. Auckland, New Zealand: Collins.
  12. ^ a b Klots, Alexander B. (1951). A Field guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains. Cambridge: The Riverside Press.
  13. ^ a b c Richards, O. W. (November 1940). "The Biology of the Small White Butterfly (Pieris rapae), with Special Reference to the Factors Controlling its Abundance". Journal of Animal Ecology. 9 (2): 243–288. doi:10.2307/1459. JSTOR 1459.
  14. ^ a b Hasenbank, Marc; Hartley, Stephen (2014-10-07). "Weaker resource diffusion effect at coarser spatial scales observed for egg distribution of cabbage white butterflies". Oecologia. 177 (2): 423–430. doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3103-7. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 25288057. S2CID 18306617.
  15. ^ Agrawal, AA & NS Kurashige (2003). "A Role for Isothiocyanates in Plant Resistance Against the Specialist Herbivore Pieris rapae". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29 (6): 1403–1415. doi:10.1023/A:1024265420375. PMID 12918924. S2CID 7947436.
  16. ^ ""Tiny black pints on the caterpillar"". Butterfly Identification. 2019-04-09. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  17. ^ editors, J. Richard and Joan E. Heitzman; Jim Rathert, principal photographer; Kathy Love and LuAnne Larsen (1996). Butterflies and moths of Missouri. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Dept. of Conservation. ISBN 978-1-887247-06-1. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ Fullard, James H.; Napoleone, Nadia (2001). "Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera". Animal Behaviour. 62 (2): 349–368. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1753. S2CID 53182157.
  19. ^ a b Maurico, Rodney; M. Deane Bowers (1990). "Do caterpillars disperse their damage?: larval foraging behavior of two specialist herbivores, Euphrydryas phaeton (Nymphalidae) and Pieris rapae (Pieridae)". Ecological Entomology. 15 (2): 153–161. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1990.tb00796.x. S2CID 84852010.
  20. ^ a b c Hwang, Shaw-Yhi; Liu, Cheng-Hsiang; Shen, Tse-Chi (1 July 2008). "Effects of plant nutrient availability and host plant species on the performance of two Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 36 (7): 505–513. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2008.03.001.
  21. ^ a b Davis, C. R.; N. Gilbert (1985). "A comparative study of egg-laying behaviour and larval development of Pieris rapae L. and P. brassicae L. on the same host plants". Oecologia. 67 (2): 278–281. Bibcode:1985Oecol..67..278D. doi:10.1007/bf00384299. PMID 28311324. S2CID 32329879.
  22. ^ a b c Omura, Hisashi; Keiichi Honda; Nanao Hayashi (6 April 1999). "Chemical and chromatic bases for preferential visiting by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, to rape flowers". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 25 (8): 1895–1905. doi:10.1023/a:1020990018111. S2CID 42519089.
  23. ^ Honda, Keiichi; Omura, H.; Hayashi, N. (13 August 1998). "Identification of Floral Volatiles from Lingustrum japonicum that Stimulate Flower Visiting by Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 24 (12): 2167–2180. doi:10.1023/a:1020750029362. S2CID 21394740.
  24. ^ Lewis, Alcinda C. (16 May 1986). "Memory Constraints and Flower Choice in Pieris rapae". Science. 232 (4752): 863–865. Bibcode:1986Sci...232..863L. doi:10.1126/science.232.4752.863. PMID 17755969. S2CID 20010229.
  25. ^ a b New, T.R. (1997). Butterfly conservation (2nd ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-554124-3.
  26. ^ a b c d e Renwick, J. A. A.; Celia D. Radke (1988). "Sensory cues in host selection for oviposition by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae". Journal of Insect Physiology. 34 (3): 251–257. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(88)90055-8.
  27. ^ a b c Ikeura, Hiromi; Kobayashi, Fumiyuki; Hayata, Yasuyoshi (1 December 2010). "How do Pieris rapae search for Brassicaceae host plants?". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 38 (6): 1199–1203. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2010.12.007.
  28. ^ a b Root, Richard B.; Peter M. Kareiva (February 1984). "The search for resources by cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae): ecological consequences and adaptive significance of Markovian movements in a patchy environment". Ecology. 65 (1): 147–165. doi:10.2307/1939467. JSTOR 1939467.
  29. ^ Renwick, J. A. A.; Celia D. Radke (1983). "Chemical recognition of host plants for oviposition by the Cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)". Environmental Entomology. 12 (2): 446–450. doi:10.1093/ee/12.2.446.
  30. ^ a b Miles, Carol I.; Campo, Marta L. del; Renwick, J. Alan A. (3 December 2004). "Behavioral and chemosensory responses to a host recognition cue by larvae of Pieris rapae". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 191 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1007/s00359-004-0580-x. PMID 15711970. S2CID 12774590.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Dempster, J.P. (1967). "The Control of Pieris rapae with DDT. I. The Natural Mortality of the Young Stages of Pieris". Journal of Applied Ecology. 4 (2): 485–500. doi:10.2307/2401350. JSTOR 2401350.
  32. ^ a b c Kingsolver, Joel G. (October 2000). "Feeding, growth, and the thermal environment of Cabbage White caterpillars, Pieris rapae L.". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 73 (5): 621–628. doi:10.1086/317758. PMID 11073798. S2CID 1052766.
  33. ^ a b c Ashby, J; Pottinger (1974). "R". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 17 (2): 229–239. doi:10.1080/00288233.1974.10421002.
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Pieris rapae: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Pieris rapae is a small- to medium-sized butterfly species of the whites-and-yellows family Pieridae. It is known in Europe as the small white, in North America as the cabbage white or cabbage butterfly, on several continents as the small cabbage white, and in New Zealand as the white butterfly. The butterfly is recognizable by its white color with small black dots on its wings, and it can be distinguished from P. brassicae by its larger size and the black band at the tip of its forewings.

The caterpillar of this species, often referred to as the "imported cabbageworm", is a pest to crucifer crops such as cabbage, kale, bok choy and broccoli. Pieris rapae is widespread in Europe and Asia; it is believed to have originated in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Europe, and to have spread across Eurasia thanks to the diversification of brassicaceous crops and the development of human trade routes. Over the past two centuries, it spread to North Africa, North America, New Zealand, and Australia, as a result of accidental introductions.

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Pieris rapae ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La blanquita de la col o mariposa de la naba (Pieris rapae) es una especie de insecto lepidóptero de la familia Pieridae.[1]​ Debe su nombre común a la atracción que las orugas de esta especie sienten por la col.[2]

Mide de 30 a 50 mm de envergadura. La larva alcanza 35 mm de longitud. Es muy parecida a Pieris brassicae o blanca de la col, aunque de menor tamaño. También se diferencia de estas porque carece de una banda negra cerca de la punta del borde de las alas anteriores.[3]

Distribución y hábitat

Está muy extendida en toda Europa, norte de África y Asia.[4]​ También ha sido introducida accidentalmente en América del Norte, Australia y Nueva Zelanda, donde se ha convertido en plaga en coles cultivadas y otros cultivos.

Su hábitat es muy diverso, aunque prefiere espacios abiertos. Se la encuentra preferentemente casi en cualquier lugar donde haya crucíferas, y en menor medida caparidáceas, tropeoláceas, resedáceas y quenopodiáceas.[4]

Selección de planta hospedera

Todas las plantas hospederas conocidas tienen sustancias químicas llamadas glucosinolatos, que son la señal que la hembra necesita para la postura de huevos.

Plantas hospederas:

Como especie invasora

Es considerada una plaga en los lugares en donde es una especie invasora que hace daño a los cultivos de coles y plantas relacionadas. En Norteamérica las avispillas parasitoides del género Cotesia, C. rubecula y C. glomerata, han sido introducidas desde Asia como controles biológicos para combatir a P. rapae.[6]

Referencias

  1. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Pieris rapae (TSN 188541)» (en inglés).
  2. Balmer, E. (2009). Mariposas y Polillas. Bath, Reino Unido: Parragon Books. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-4075-6768-6.
  3. http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/CabbageWhite_e.php
  4. a b Tolman, T. y Lewington, R. (2002). Guía de las Mariposas de España y Europa (1ª edición). Barcelona, España: Lynx Edicions. p. 320. ISBN 84-87334-36-9.
  5. Scott, James A. (1986). The butterflies of North America: a natural history and field guide. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1205-0.
  6. Dempster, J.P. (1967). «The Control of Pieris rapae with DDT. I. The Natural Mortality of the Young Stages of Pieris». Journal of Applied Ecology 4 (2): 485-500. doi:10.2307/2401350.

 title=
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Pieris rapae: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La blanquita de la col o mariposa de la naba (Pieris rapae) es una especie de insecto lepidóptero de la familia Pieridae.​ Debe su nombre común a la atracción que las orugas de esta especie sienten por la col.​

Mide de 30 a 50 mm de envergadura. La larva alcanza 35 mm de longitud. Es muy parecida a Pieris brassicae o blanca de la col, aunque de menor tamaño. También se diferencia de estas porque carece de una banda negra cerca de la punta del borde de las alas anteriores.​

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Naurisperhonen ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Naurisperhonen (Pieris rapae) on keskikokoinen kaaliperhosten (Pieridae) heimoon kuuluva päiväperhonen.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Naurisperhosen koiraan siipien yläpinnan pääväri on valkoinen. Koiraalla on etusiiven yläpinnan keskellä yksi musta täplä sekä kärkitäplä, joka ulottuu noin kolmannekseen siiven ulkoreunan pituudesta. Naaraan siipien yläpinnan pääväri on kellertävään vivahtava, siipien tyvessä on harmaata kehnää. Etusiiven yläpinnalla on kaksi mustaa täplää. Siipisuonet erottuvat siiven yläpinnalla vain heikosti. Takasiiven alapinta on väriltään vaaleankeltainen. Erotuksena yleisemmästä lanttuperhosesta naurisperhosen takasiipien alapinnalla siipisuonten kohdalla ei ole vihertävää väriä. Siipien kärkiväli on 38–50 mm. Koiras on naarasta suurempi.

Toukka on väriltään kellertävänvihertävä.

Levinneisyys ja lentoaika

Levinneisyysalue käsittää Euroopan, Pohjois-Afrikan ja Aasian Japaniin saakka. Laji on levinnyt ihmisen mukana myös Pohjois-Amerikkaan, Australiaan ja Uuteen-Seelantiin. Esiintymisalue vaihtelee vaellusten myötä, pohjoisosissa sitä tavataan vain satunnaisena vaeltajana. Suomessa naurisperhosella ei ole vakituista kantaa, ainoastaan lauhoina talvina sen on todettu pystyneen talvehtimaan maan eteläosissa. Se on Suomessa melko harvinainen ja tavataan yleensä yksitellen. Vaeltavia yksilöitä tavataan Etelä-Suomessa lähes vuosittain, Keski-Suomesta pohjoiseen satunnaisesti.

Naurisperhosella on yleensä kaksi sukupolvea. Ensimmäisen sukupolven lentoaika on levinneisyysalueen eteläosissa maaliskuusta alkaen, pohjoisessa toukokuusta alkaen. Ensimmäiset vaeltavat yksilöt on tavattu Suomessa yleensä toukokuun lopulla, satunnaisesti aikaisemminkin. Toisen sukupolven yksilöitä on havaittu heinä- ja elokuussa, jolloin myös Suomessa kehittyneet yksilöt lentävät. Myöhemmin syksyllä voidaan havaita vielä myöhäisiä toisen sukupolven yksilöitä tai vähälukuista kolmatta sukupolvea.

Elinympäristö ja elintavat

Naurisperhosen elinympäristöä ovat niityt, peltoaukeat ja puutarhat. Naurisperhonen talvehtii kotelona.

Ravintokasvi

Toukan ravintokasveja ovat monet ristikukkaiskasvit, kuten kaalit (Brassica), peltokanankaali (Barbarea vulgaris), kilpiruohot (Alyssum), illakko (Hesperis matronalis), tuoksuresedat (Reseda), intiankrassit (Tropaeolum) ja tupakat (Nicotiana).

 src=
Naurisperhoset parittelemassa.

Lähteet

  • Olli Marttila, Tari Haahtela, Hannu Aarnio, Pekka Ojalainen: Suomen päiväperhoset. Tekijät ja Kijayhtymä Oy, 1990. ISBN 951-26-3471-6.
  • Lionel G. Higgins, Norman D. Riley, suom. Olavi Sotavalta: Euroopan päiväperhoset. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, 1973. ISBN 951-30-2311-7.

Aiheesta muualla

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Naurisperhonen: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

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Naurisperhonen (Pieris rapae) on keskikokoinen kaaliperhosten (Pieridae) heimoon kuuluva päiväperhonen.

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Piéride de la rave ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pieris rapae

La Piéride de la rave (Pieris rapae) est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Pieridae. Ce petit papillon blanc inféodé aux brassicacées (crucifères) est un des plus communs en Europe et en Amérique du Nord.

Description

Papillon

L'imago de la Piéride de la rave est un papillon au dessus majoritairement blanc et au revers blanc jaunâtre. La longueur de l'aile antérieure varie de 23 à 27 mm[1]. Chez le mâle, le dessus de l'aile antérieure comporte un seul point postdiscal noir, tandis que la femelle en a deux. L'apex de l'aile antérieure est également marqué d'une tache sombre, plus petite chez le mâle que chez la femelle. Les papillons issus de la première génération de l'année ont des marques sombres moins importantes que ceux des générations suivantes. La Piéride de la rave peut être confondue avec la Piéride de l'ibéride (Pieris mannii) et la Piéride de l'æthionème (Pieris ergane)[1].

Premier stades

Ses œufs, jaune clair, sont pondus isolément, contrairement à ceux de la Piéride du chou, et ont une période d'incubation d'une semaine. La femelle volette de feuille en feuille sur la plante hôte et pond rapidement à chacun de ses atterrissages.

La chenille est verte avec des points jaunes sur les flancs et une ligne continue jaune sur son sommet[1]. La chrysalide est verte.

Biologie

Période de vol et hivernation

En plaine, le papillon peut avoir trois à cinq générations sur l'année mais seulement une à deux en montagne. L'imago est présent de mars à octobre mais est parfois présent dès janvier sur la Côte d'Azur.

L'espèce hiverne à l'état de chrysalide[1]. Mais aux Canaries ce papillon est multivoltin et vole toute l'année.

Plantes hôtes

Les plantes hôtes sont de nombreuses brassicacées (crucifères) : Chou potager et autres variétés, Colza, Moutarde des champs, Ravenelle, Alliaire officinale, ainsi que Réséda jaune, Grande capucine.

Distribution et biotopes

Aire de répartition

La Piéride de la rave est largement répandue en Eurasie, où son aire s'étend de l'Europe de l'Ouest au Japon[2]. Elle est présente dans tous les départements de France métropolitaine[3]. Dans le Nord de l'Europe, elle a un comportement migrateur : elle va vers le nord au début de l'été puis repart au sud vers la fin août[4]. Elle est absente des régions arctiques.

L'espèce a été introduite au Maghreb, en Islande, en Amérique du Nord (où elle est désormais répandue et commune du Canada au Nord du Mexique[5]), à Hawaï, aux Bermudes, en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande[6].

Historique de son expansion

 src=
Voies d'expansion les plus probables de Pieris rapae depuis le 1er millénaire[7].

La Piéride de la rave s'est répandue sur tous les continents (sauf l'Amérique du Sud et l'Antarctique) en profitant des activités agricoles humaines. Pour mieux comprendre cette invasion, une étude moléculaire a été effectuée sur des spécimens du monde entier, collectés grâce à un programme de science participative. Les résultats suggèrent que cette espèce, probablement originaire de l'Est de la région méditerranéenne, a d'abord conquis le reste de l'Eurasie au cours des deux derniers millénaires grâce à la diversification des cultures de crucifères et au développement des routes de commerces, comme la route de la soie. Plus récemment, elle a envahi de nouveaux continents grâce à des introductions accidentelles : d'abord l'Afrique du Nord, puis l'Amérique du Nord par introduction de spécimens européens à partir du milieu du XIXe siècle. De là, elle a été introduite à Hawaï vers 1897, puis en Nouvelle-Zélande et en Australie dans les années 1920-1930[7].

Biotopes

La Piéride de la rave est présente dans de nombreux milieux ouverts ; elle apprécie notamment les jardins et les prairies riches en brassicacées, jusqu'à 2 100 mètres d'altitude[1]. Elle se maintient dans les villes sur les friches temporaires.

Noms vernaculaires

  • En français : la Piéride de la rave, le Petit Blanc du Chou[8].
  • En anglais : Small White, ou Cabbage White aux États-Unis.
  • En allemand : Kleiner Kohlweißling.
  • En néerlandais : Klein koolwitje.
  • En espagnol : Pequeña mariposa de la Col.
  • En italien : Rapaiola.

Systématique

L’espèce actuellement appelée Pieris rapae a été décrite par le naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné en 1758, sous le nom initial de Papilio rapae[9],[2].

Synonymie

  • Papilio rapae Linnaeus, 1758Protonyme
  • Pontia rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Artogeia rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Sous-espèces

De nombreuses sous-espèces ont été décrites, mais ne sont pas toujours reconnues. On peut notamment citer[2] :

  • Pieris rapae rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Pieris rapae deleta Strand, 1901 — dans le Nord de l'Europe.
  • Pieris rapae mauretanica Verity, 1908 — en Afrique du Nord.
  • Pieris rapae transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925) — dans le Caucase et en Arménie.
  • Pieris rapae meleager Hemming, 1934 — Talysh et Kopet-Dag.
  • Pieris rapae kenteana Rühl, [1893] — en Asie de l'Est et du Nord.
  • Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval, 1836 — en Extrême-Orient russe.
  • Pieris rapae debilis Alphéraky, 1889 — dans le Sud-Est de l'Europe et une partie de l'Asie.
  • Pieris rapae leucosoma Schawerda, 1905 — au Proche-Orient.
  • Pieris rapae atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909 — en Dalmatie.
  • Pieris rapae micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909 — au Japon.
  • Pieris rapae lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909 — au Japon.
  • Pieris rapae tochica Peile, 1937
  • Pieris rapae originalis Bryk, 1940
  • Pieris rapae crucivorina Bryk, 1942 — aux îles Kouriles.
  • Pieris rapae yunnana Mell, 1943 — en Chine
  • Pieris rapae bernardii Le Moult, 1945

Protection

Aucun statut de protection, c'est l'un des papillons les plus communs au monde[4].

Notes et références

  1. a b c d et e (fr) Tristan Lafranchis, Les Papillons de jour de France, Belgique et Luxembourg et leurs chenilles, Mèze, Éditions Biotope, 2000, 448 p. (ISBN 2-9510379-2-9), p. 149
  2. a b et c FUNET Tree of Life, consulté le 15 décembre 2019
  3. Lépi'Net.
  4. a et b M.Chinery et P.Leraut Photoguide des papillons d'Europe Delachaux et Niestlé (ISBN 2-603-01114-6)
  5. (en) Butterflies and Moths of North America.
  6. (en) learn about Butterflies.
  7. a et b Ryan et al., 2019.
  8. MNHN & OFB [Ed]. 2003-présent. Inventaire national du patrimoine naturel (INPN), Site web : https://inpn.mnhn.fr, consulté le 29 mars 2019
  9. Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 468.

Voir aussi

licença
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Piéride de la rave: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pieris rapae

La Piéride de la rave (Pieris rapae) est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Pieridae. Ce petit papillon blanc inféodé aux brassicacées (crucifères) est un des plus communs en Europe et en Amérique du Nord.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Bánóg chabáiste ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Féileacán mór a fhaightear san Eoraip, tuaisceart na hAfraice is Meiriceá Thuaidh. Na sciatháin bán den chuid is mó, ach le marcanna dubha is buí ar thaobh thíos na sciathán cúil. Tugtar an mhánóg mhór uirthi freisin. Is lotnaidí cabáiste na cruimheanna.

 src=
Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Bánóg chabáiste: Brief Summary ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA


Ainmhí Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Pieris rapae ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT
 src=
Femmina

La cavolaia minore o rapaiola (Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)), è un lepidottero appartenente alla famiglia Pieridae.

Descrizione

Adulto

È simile alla Pieride del biancospino, ma contraddistinta da dimensioni minori. La fascia apicale è estesa verso il basso fino alla VI venatura. La femmina presenta una sfumatura giallastra e due macchie nere sull'ala anteriore.

L'apertura in genere è di 50 - 60,5 mm.

Le generazioni dei mesi estivi presentano una colorazione più scura sulle parti superiori e sulle parti inferiori dell'ala posteriore, mentre le generazioni primaverili risultano più grigiastre.

Uova

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Uova di Pieris rapae

Si trovano, da marzo a ottobre, sulla pagina superiore o inferiore delle foglie.

Larva

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Larva

Le larve, di colorazione verde-giallognola, sono presenti tutto l'anno, ma solitamente da marzo a novembre, isolate e ben mimetizzate nella vegetazione. Il bruco risulta molto simile a quello di Pieris napi (Pieride del navone), da cui può essere distinto per la presenza di una linea gialla lungo il dorso, segnatamente nelle ultime deposizioni.

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Pupa
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Giovane adulto
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Maschio e femmina in fase di copula

Pupa

Le pupe sono succinte e si possono trovare tutto l'anno, su ogni tipo di supporto verticale. La specie trascorre l'inverno sotto forma di pupa, ma se la stagione non è molto rigida, si possono trovare anche larve.

Distribuzione e habitat

La specie è diffusa dall'Europa all'Africa del Nord e al Giappone. Alcuni esemplari sono stati introdotti in Nordamerica. Rinvenibile anche in Australia. Diffusa in tutta l'Italia.

È uno dei lepidotteri diurni più comuni e lo si può trovare su terreni incolti, giardini, aree fiorite in genere, ma anche ai bordi delle strade. La fascia altimetrica va dal livello del mare fino a 2000 m di quota in Europa centrale; in Italia si spinge fino a 2300 m.

Biologia

Periodo di volo

Da marzo a ottobre o novembre con 2-4 generazioni l'anno.

Alimentazione

Il bruco si alimenta su varie specie, coltivate e non della famiglia Brassicaceae, tra cui

Vengono inoltre parassitate le foglie di altre specie come:

Tassonomia

Di seguito, alcune sottospecie di Pieris rapae, con relativo areale:

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Capinera, J. L. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4 voll., 2nd Ed., Dordrecht, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2008, pp. lxiii + 4346, ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1, LCCN 2008930112, OCLC 837039413.
  • Carter, David, 1993 - Farfalle e falene - Fabbri Editori
  • Chinery, M., Ordine Lepidoptera - Farfalle diurne e notturne, in Guida degli insetti d'Europa - Atlante illustrato a colori, Scienze Naturali, Manicastri, C. e Marangoni, C. (traduttori), 1ª edizione, Padova, Franco Muzzio Editore, aprile 1987 [1985], p. 375, ISBN 8870213781, OCLC 847305825.
  • Chinery, Michael, 1989 - Farfalle d'Italia e d'Europa - De Agostini/Collins
  • Chou Io (Ed.); Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium, 1-2
  • D'Abrera, 1980; Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region
  • Dunn K. L. & L. E., 1991; Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy. Pushlished by authors, Melbourne Review Austr. Butts. (1-4)
  • Hemming Francis, 1937; HÜBNER, A bibliographical and systematic account of the entomological works of Jacob Hübner and of the supplements thereto by Carl Geyer, Gottfried Franz von Frölich and Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer, Vol 1 & 2
  • Hemming Francis, 1967; Generic names of the butterflies and their type-species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), Suppl.
  • (EN) Hodges, R. W. et al. (Eds), Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico: including Greenland, Londra / Washington, D.C., E.W. Classey / Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, giugno 1983, pp. xxiv + 284, ISBN 978-0-86096-016-4, OCLC 9748761.
  • (EN) Kükenthal, W. (Ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology, Band 4: Arthropoda - 2. Hälfte: Insecta - Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, in Kristensen, N. P. (a cura di), Handbuch der Zoologie, Fischer, M. (Scientific Editor), Teilband/Part 35: Volume 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography, Berlino, New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1999 [1998], pp. x + 491, ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8, OCLC 174380917.
  • Lamas Gerardo, 2004; Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera; Checklis: Part 4A; Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea
  • Leraut, Patrice, 1992 - Le farfalle nei loro ambienti - Ed. A. Vallardi (ecoguide)
  • Lewis, H. L., 1974; Butterflies of the World; ISBN 0-245-52097-X
  • Linnaeus, 1758; Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1
  • Mazzei Paolo, Reggianti Diego and Pimpinelli Ilaria; Moths and Butteflies of Europe
  • Opler Paul, Pavulaan Harry, Stanford Ray, Pogue Michael; Butterflies and Moths of North America; Mountain Prairie Information Node
  • Opler & Warren, 2003 (April); Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific Names List for Butterfly Species of North America, north of Mexico.
  • (EN) Plakke M. S., Deutsch A. B., Meslin C., Clark N. L. and Morehouse N. I., Dynamic digestive physiology of a female reproductive organ in a polyandrous butterfly (abstract), in Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 218, n. 10, Londra, Cambridge University Press, 15 maggio 2015, pp. 1548-1555, DOI:10.1242/jeb.118323, ISSN 0022-0949, OCLC 5830280695.
  • Pyle Robert Michael; National Audubon Society: Field Guide to North American Butterflies; 1981; ISBN 0-394-51914-0
  • Pyle Robert Michael, 2002; The Butterflies of Cascadia
  • (EN) Scoble, M. J., The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, seconda edizione, London, Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum, 2011 [1992], pp. xi, 404, ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9, LCCN 92004297, OCLC 25282932.
  • Seppänen, E. J, 1970; Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit, Animalia Fennica 14
  • Smart, Paul, 1976; The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World; ISBN 0-600-31381-6
  • (EN) Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects, 2 volumi, seconda edizione, Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1991 [1987], pp. ix, 754, ISBN 978-0-8403-3702-3, LCCN 85081922, OCLC 13784377.
  • Tennent, John, 1996; The butterflies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia; ISBN 0-906802-05-9
  • Tuzov, Bogdanov, Devyatkin, Kaabak, Korolev, Murzin, Samodurov, Tarasov, 1997; Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories; Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae; Volume 1
  • Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica Iconographie et Description des Papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. Papilionidae et Pieridae Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 86+368pp, 2+12+72pls
  • Williams Mark C.; Checklist of Afrotropical Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea; Compiled by Mark C. Williams, 7th ed. (2008) (April 2007)

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Pieris rapae: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT
 src= Femmina

La cavolaia minore o rapaiola (Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)), è un lepidottero appartenente alla famiglia Pieridae.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia IT

Ropinis baltukas ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Binomas Pieris rapae

Ropinis baltukas (lot. Pieris rapae) – baltukų (Pieridae) šeimos drugys. Sparnų piešinys kaip ir kopūstinio baltuko, tačiau už šį yra mažesnis (dydis 40-50 mm). Priekinių sparnų viršūnė pilka, apatinės pusės gyslos be juodų apnašų. I-os generacijos drugiai skraido V-VI, II-os – VII-VII mėn.

Vikšras žalias, nugarinėje pusėjė su geltonomis juostelėmis, šonuose su geltonais taškais, apaugęs trumpais šereliais. Minta įvairiais bastutiniais augalais, kenkia daržovėms (kopūstams, ropėms). Lėliukė gelsvos ar žalsvos spalvos, šonuose su 3 geltonomis juostelėmis. Lėliukės žiemoja. Paplitęs visoje šalies teritorijoje. Migrantas.


Vikiteka

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Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia LT

Ropinis baltukas: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Ropinis baltukas (lot. Pieris rapae) – baltukų (Pieridae) šeimos drugys. Sparnų piešinys kaip ir kopūstinio baltuko, tačiau už šį yra mažesnis (dydis 40-50 mm). Priekinių sparnų viršūnė pilka, apatinės pusės gyslos be juodų apnašų. I-os generacijos drugiai skraido V-VI, II-os – VII-VII mėn.

Vikšras žalias, nugarinėje pusėjė su geltonomis juostelėmis, šonuose su geltonais taškais, apaugęs trumpais šereliais. Minta įvairiais bastutiniais augalais, kenkia daržovėms (kopūstams, ropėms). Lėliukė gelsvos ar žalsvos spalvos, šonuose su 3 geltonomis juostelėmis. Lėliukės žiemoja. Paplitęs visoje šalies teritorijoje. Migrantas.


Vikiteka

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Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia LT

Klein koolwitje ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Insecten

Het klein koolwitje of knollenwitje (Pieris rapae) is een dagvlinder uit de familie witjes (Pieridae).

Biotoop

Het klein koolwitje komt in grote delen van Europa voor, maar ook in Noord-Afrika, Azië en Japan en is een exoot in Noord-Amerika en Australië. De vlinder vliegt van zeeniveau tot 3000 meter in berggebied. Het stelt geen specifieke eisen aan zijn omgeving en kan daarom overal worden aangetroffen waar de waardplanten groeien.

Onder de waardplanten van het klein koolwitje bevinden zich verscheiden koolsoorten, vandaar ook de naam. Door kwekers van koolsoorten wordt de rups algemeen als een plaagdier gezien. Meer specifiek zijn de waardplanten: De kruisbloemenfamilie (Brassicaceae), de resedafamilie (Resedaceae), de kappertjesplant (Capparis spinosa), de Oost-Indische kers en andere (Tropaeolaceae) en enkele soorten uit de amarantenfamilie (Chenopodiaceae) zoals vooral meldes (Atriplex).

Levenscyclus

De vlinder legt één tot hooguit zes eieren per plant op de onder- of bovenkant van het blad of op de stengel van de plant. Mede hierdoor leven de rupsen vaak solitair. Er zijn 3 tot 4 generaties per jaar. De eerste generatie vliegt tot eind juni. De tweede en de derde generatie overlappen elkaar en vliegen van eind juni tot eind september. Soms is er ook nog een vierde generatie tot in november.

De vlinder overwintert als pop, vaak relatief laag bij de grond (1-3 meter) en regelmatig aan niet-natuurlijke voorwerpen (muren, hekwerk, tuinmeubels etc.). De vliegtijd is van maart tot en met november, maar de vlinder wordt op de Canarische Eilanden het hele jaar door waargenomen.

De rups zit vaak langs een nerf of bladrand van kruisbloemigen, maar vanaf het derde stadium leeft deze meestal in het hart van de koolplant.

Natuurlijke vijanden

De rups wordt geparasiteerd door een Europese sluipwesp uit het Apantheles-geslacht. Daarnaast zetten sommige sluipvliegen hun eitjes op de poppen af en eten lieveheersbeestjes en de gewone hooiwagen de rupsen op. Ook sommige wantsen en een virus zijn natuurlijke vijanden van de rups.

Herkennen

De vleugel heeft een lengte van 21 tot 27 millimeter en is gesierd met enkele zwarte vlekken. Op de onderzijde zit een groene bestuiving. Zowel de vrouwtjes als de mannetjes hebben een donkere tip aan de bovenkant van de voorvleugel, die recht is afgesneden. Bij het mannetje zit daaronder nog één stip en bij het vrouwtje nog twee stippen. Bij de tweede en volgende generaties zijn de stippen iets donkerder van kleur.

Een aantal vlinders lijkt min of meer sterk op het klein koolwitje:

Pieris brassicae 2.jpeg
Groot koolwitje (Pieris brassicae) is in het geheel wat groter (vleugellengte ca. 32 mm vs. 25 mm voor klein koolwitje), de zwarte vlek op de punt van de voorvleugel is wat zwaarder aangezet, maar compacter en loopt op de bovenkant van de voorvleugel aan de achterzijde slechts door tot de derde of vierde ader, terwijl deze bij het kleine koolwitje door kan lopen tot de zesde of zevende ader.
Pieris napi1.jpg
Klein geaderd witje (Pieris napi) heeft duidelijke zwarte tekening op en om de vleugeladers. De zwarte vlek aan de vleugelpunt is niet recht afgesneden, maar druppelt wat na.
Pierisergane.jpg
Wedewitje (Pieris ergane) dat in Zuid-Europa het Midden-Oosten, Turkije en Iran voorkomt heeft op de onderkant van de voorvleugels geen zwarte vlek. De vlek in de vleugelpunt is ongeveer vierkant.
Artogeia mannii M 1.jpg
Scheefbloemwitje (Pieris mannii) dat in Centraal- en Zuid-Europa voorkomt, maar inmiddels ook Nederland heeft bereikt, heeft een grotere zwarte tekening op de vleugelpunt die op de bovenkant doorloopt tot de derde of vierde ader. De vlek aan de voorrand op de bovenkant van de achtervleugel is groot, hoekig en vaak aan minimaal een zijde hol.

Rups

De tamelijk grote rups heeft een heldergroene tot donker blauwgroene kleur met een fluwelige beharing en lijkt sterk op de rups van andere Pieris-soorten, maar niet op die van het groot koolwitje en van het Canarisch koolwitje (Pieris cheiranthi).

Afbeeldingen

Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Pieris rapae op Wikimedia Commons.
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Klein koolwitje: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Het klein koolwitje of knollenwitje (Pieris rapae) is een dagvlinder uit de familie witjes (Pieridae).

licença
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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
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wikipedia NL

Liten kålsommerfugl ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Liten kålsommerfugl (Pieris rapae) er en dagaktiv sommerfugl i gruppen hvitvinger. Liten kålsommerfugl er regnet som skadedyr på ulike kålplanter i korsblomstfamilien, i Norge har den naturlig utbredelse bare på sør- og østlandet, men er funnet over hele landet.

Utseende

Kjønnene er ganske like. Vingeoversiden har lys hvit grunnfarge hvor ribbenettet nesten ikke kan ses. Vingespissen på framvingene er mørkere, svakt grå-svart. Dette feltet er mindre enn hos stor kålsommerfugl og har en rett kant (overgang) mot resten av vingen. Hunnen har ett par mørke runde flekker på vingeoversiden. Vingenes underside er mer ensfarget lys gulgrønn. Dette skiller arten fra rapssommerfugl, som har bakvingeundersider med et markert grågrønt ribbenett.

Vingespennet er mellom 40 og 56 millimeter.

Kroppen har et ytre skjelett (hudplater) som holder de bløte indre organer på plass. Det ytre hudskjelettet er bygd opp for det meste av kitin. Brystet og bakkroppen er gråsvart og lite håret på oversiden.

Sommerfuglene skiller seg fra de fleste andre insektene ved at munnen ikke har kjever og lepper, men en lang sugesnabel (proboscis) mellom palpene. Den er rullet opp i en spiral, mellom palpene, under hodet, når den ikke er i bruk. Fasettøynene er mørke. Antennene sitter over og helt inntil fasettøynene. Antennene er trådformet og består av sylindriske ganske like ledd. Antenneklubben er flat eller skålformet slik som hos alle dagsommerfuglene. På beina finnes også sanseorgan som gir informasjon om hva sommerfuglen sitter på. Hunner bruker disse sansene for å finne riktig næringsplante, hvor den kan legge sine egg.

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Liten kålsommerfugl. Fra samlingen Kölner Zoo, Tyskland.
Foto: Sarefo
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Parring
Foto: Masaki Ikeda
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Larven.
Foto: James K. Lindsey
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Puppen.
Foto: Christian Bauer

Indre organer

Bakkroppens indre organer består av fordøyelsesorganer, forplantningsorganer og åndedrett. Åndedrettet hos sommerfugler foregår ikke ved lunger, men ved at luft hentes inn og ut av kroppen gjennom små hull i hudskjelettet (spirakler). I kroppen er det et svært finmasket system av trakéer som leder oksygenet til kroppens vitale deler. En blodvæske som sirkulerer i kroppen, pumpes rundt av et avlangt rørformet hjerte. Brystpartiet består for det meste av vingenes muskulatur. Sanseorganer, for syn, smak og lukt er stort sett plassert i hodet. Nervesystemet består av en bukmarg med to nervestrenger og én nerveknute (ganglion) i hvert kroppssegment. Den første nerveknuten, som ligger foran munnåpningen, er spesielt stor og omtales som hjerne.

Egg og larver

Egget er lyst, hvit eller svakt grønnlig, rundt og kjegleformet.

Larven har generelt tykk hud og er ganske hardføre. Den er blek blå-grønnlig på farge, ofte med en eller flere lengdestriper. Larvens kropp smaler litt bakover. Bak hodet, på bryststykket, som består av tre ledd, er det tre par bein. Lengre bak har larvene noen bukføtter, som ikke er egentlige bein, men utvekster larven kan bruke til å holde seg fast. Lengst bak har den en analfot.

Larvens hode består av en hard hodekapsel med noen punktøyne. Under øynene er det noen små antenner larven bruker til å finne riktig føde. Larvens bakkropp består nesten bare av fordøyelsessystemet. Dette er ganske kort og mye av maten larven spiser passerer før all næringen er tatt opp. Avføringen kommer ut som små kuler helt bakerst på kroppen. Larvene ånder gjennom åpninger i hudskjelettet (spirakler), langs kroppens sider.

Larven livnærer seg gjerne på kål, og kan gjøre den skade på kålavlinger. De kalles gjerne kålormer.

Puppen

Puppen er plassert stående eller oppreist, og er festet i anal-enden mot underlaget. Den holdes oppe ved et magebelte av spinntråder. Den har én spiss i hodeenden, ikke to som hos svalestjerter.

Levevis

Liten kålsommerfugl finnes på gresskledde og blomsterrike enger. Arten finnes på ulike lokaliteter, og gjerne i veiskråninger og lignende. Den er regnet som skadedyr i jordbruket, på kålvekster.

Liten kålsommerfugl har normalt en rolig og gjerne flagrende flukt. Ofte flyr de korte turer fra blomst til blomst. Flygetiden er fra tidlig i mai til oktober, ofte i flere overlappende generasjoner.

Om natten og i overskyet vær hviler sommerfuglen. Vingene holdes sammenlagt opp og ut fra kroppen, noe som gir sommerfuglen en viss kamuflasje og beskyttelse. De voksne lever av nektar de suger opp fra blomstene på ulike planter (urter). Sugesnabelen, på hodets underside, gir sommerfuglen mulighet til å nå inn i dype blomster for å suge til seg nektar.

Forplantning

Parringen skjer ved sammenkobling mellom de to kjønnene. Under parring utskiller hannene en duft fra små duftskjell på vingene, dette kan være med å gjøre hunnen mer villig til å parres. Om et par forstyrres under parring, flyr vanligvis hannen, mens hunnen blir hengende passivt. Hunner som har parret seg inntar ofte en spesiell stilling, hvor vingene holdes noe flat og utbredt, mens bakkroppen løftes opp.

Larvene

Larven er radikalt forskjellige fra de voksne, både i levevis og i kroppsbygning. Larven er trege og ikke særlig sky. De har ingen synlige forsvarsfunksjoner, som å kaste hodet til siden fram og tilbake eller å rulle sammen kroppen, ved berøring.

Larven lever som plantespiser primært på kålplanter i korsblomstfamilien (Brassicaceae), men også på planter i gruppene Tropaeolaceae, Resedaceae, Chenopodiaceae og Capparaceae.

Larvens kroppstemperatur er mellom 35 og 38 grader . Ved lavere temperatur blir larven inaktiv. Derfor krever larver hos dagsommerfugler gjerne sollys for å være aktive. Om det blir for varmt regulerer larven temperaturen ved å oppsøke skygge.

Puppen

Liten kålsommerfugl tilhører gruppen av insekter med fullstendig forvandling (holometabole insekter), som gjennomgår en metamorfose i løpet av utviklingen. Mellom larvestadiet og det voksne stadiet er et puppestadium, en hvileperiode, der sommerfuglens indre og ytre organer endres. Larvens bøyelige og myke kropp omdannes til en puppe med hardt skall. Når skallet er hardt begynner omdanningen fra larve til den voksne (imago) sommerfuglen. De indre organer brytes i varierende grad ned til en cellemasse. En omorganisering skjer og dyret bygges opp igjen. Puppeperioden varierer etter temperaturen, vanligvis mellom to til fire uker.

Skadedyr

Liten kålsommerfugl er regnet som et alvorlig skadedyr på ulike kålplanter i korsblomstfamilien.

Utbredelse

Liten kålsommerfugl finnes i hele verden. I Norden er primærområdet i Danmark, og enkelte steder i det sørøstlige Sverige og Finland. I sørøstlige Norge langs kysten til Kristiansand. Men det er ikke uvanlig at liten kålsommerfygl migrerer og den er derfor funnet i hele Norge, nord til Finnmark.

Systematisk inndeling

Treliste

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

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Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
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Liten kålsommerfugl: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Liten kålsommerfugl (Pieris rapae) er en dagaktiv sommerfugl i gruppen hvitvinger. Liten kålsommerfugl er regnet som skadedyr på ulike kålplanter i korsblomstfamilien, i Norge har den naturlig utbredelse bare på sør- og østlandet, men er funnet over hele landet.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NO

Pieris rapae ( Pms )

fornecido por wikipedia PMS
Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Costo capìtol a l'é mach në sboss. Da finì.

Ambient

La ruva a viv an dzora a Crociferae. Sinch generassion a l'ann.

Distribussion

A viv an tuta Italia e ant j'ìsole.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Pieris rapae L.
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Pieris rapae: Brief Summary ( Pms )

fornecido por wikipedia PMS

Costo capìtol a l'é mach në sboss. Da finì.

Ambient

La ruva a viv an dzora a Crociferae. Sinch generassion a l'ann.

Distribussion

A viv an tuta Italia e ant j'ìsole.

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Bielinek rzepnik ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Bielinek rzepnik (Pieris rapae syn. Artogeia rapae) – gatunek motyla dziennego z rodziny bielinkowatych (Pieridae).

Opis

Skrzydła o rozpiętości 40–46 mm, białe, z czarną plamą przy wierzchołku. Na wierzchu skrzydła jedna czarna (u samca) lub dwie (u samicy) czarne plamki. Spód tylnego skrzydła żółty.

Biologia i ekologia

Owady dorosłe można spotkać od kwietnia do początku czerwca (pokolenie wiosenne), a następnie od lipca do początku września (pokolenie letnie). Motyle pokolenia wiosennego są mniejsze niż osobniki pokolenia letniego. Imagines żywią się nektarem. Samice składają do 50 jaj[potrzebny przypis]. Gąsienice żerują w czerwcu (pierwsze pokolenia), a następnie we wrześniu i październiku (drugie pokolenie). Przepoczwarczenie następuje w poczwarkach przyczepionych do rodziny żywicielskiej lub w jej pobliżu. Poczwarka jest formą zimującą. Typowe biotopy tego motyla to lasy, zarośla, pola uprawne, miedze, tereny ruderalne, ogrody i sady.

Rośliny żywicielskie gąsienic

Podstawowymi roślinami żywicielskimi gąsienic są rośliny z rodziny kapustowatych takie jak kapusta, pieprzyca, gęsiówka, czosnaczek. Roślinami żywicielskimi uzupełniającymi są rezedy.

Zobacz też

Bibliografia

  • Władysław Strojny: Nasze zwierzęta. Państwowe Wydawnictwa Rolnicze i Leśne, 1981. ISBN 83-09-00045-6.
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Bielinek rzepnik: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Bielinek rzepnik (Pieris rapae syn. Artogeia rapae) – gatunek motyla dziennego z rodziny bielinkowatych (Pieridae).

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Pieris rapae ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

A Pieris rapae é uma espécie de borboleta que é totalmente coberta de "pêlos", na ponta dos quais está sempre presente uma gotícula de uma substância oleosa.[1]

Pode ser encontrada em toda a Europa, Norte da África e Ásia e também tem sido introduzida acidentalmente na América do Norte, Austrália e Nova Zelândia, onde eles se tornaram pragas.

Referências

 title=
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Pieris rapae: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

A Pieris rapae é uma espécie de borboleta que é totalmente coberta de "pêlos", na ponta dos quais está sempre presente uma gotícula de uma substância oleosa.

Pode ser encontrada em toda a Europa, Norte da África e Ásia e também tem sido introduzida acidentalmente na América do Norte, Austrália e Nova Zelândia, onde eles se tornaram pragas.

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Pieris rapae ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO


Pieris rapae (popular albilița, fluturele verzei) este un fluture din familia Pieridae. Larvele sale se hrănesc cu varză.

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Pieris rapae: Brief Summary ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO


Pieris rapae (popular albilița, fluturele verzei) este un fluture din familia Pieridae. Larvele sale se hrănesc cu varză.

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Rovfjäril ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Rovfjäril (Pieris rapae) är en art i familjen vitfjärilar.

Den förekommer i hela Sverige, Europa, Nordafrika och Asien, och är även införd i Nordamerika. Den liknar kålfjäril men är mindre och har ett vingspann på 42 till 50 millimeter. Den förekommer på ängsmark samt i trädgårdar och förekommer i 2 till 3 generationer per år. Larven lever på korsblommiga växter och kan vid massförekomst skada exempelvis kål, rovor, raps och senap. Den mörka är oftast den som är hanen och den ljusa är hona.

Den pollinerar bland annat pipdån.

 src=
Kopulerande par
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Rovfjäril: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Rovfjäril (Pieris rapae) är en art i familjen vitfjärilar.

Den förekommer i hela Sverige, Europa, Nordafrika och Asien, och är även införd i Nordamerika. Den liknar kålfjäril men är mindre och har ett vingspann på 42 till 50 millimeter. Den förekommer på ängsmark samt i trädgårdar och förekommer i 2 till 3 generationer per år. Larven lever på korsblommiga växter och kan vid massförekomst skada exempelvis kål, rovor, raps och senap. Den mörka är oftast den som är hanen och den ljusa är hona.

Den pollinerar bland annat pipdån.

 src= Kopulerande par Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Rovfjäril.Bilder & media
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Білан ріпаковий ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Ріпаковий білан (Pieris rapae) — метелик родини біланових. За своїм зовнішнім виглядом та біологічними особливостями має багато спільного з капустяним біланом, але більш поширений.

Метелики вилітають навесні раніше, ніж y капустяного білана. Кормовими рослинами є представники родини хрестоцвітих (зокрема, капуста). Гусениці другого та наступних поколінь під час живлення проникають y головку. Пошкоджені головки загнивають і стають непридатними для їжі. Інші особливості біології, шкодочинність, ентомофаги та заходи захисту аналогічні тим, що застосовують проти капустяного білана.

Джерела


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Білан ріпаковий: Brief Summary ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Ріпаковий білан (Pieris rapae) — метелик родини біланових. За своїм зовнішнім виглядом та біологічними особливостями має багато спільного з капустяним біланом, але більш поширений.

Метелики вилітають навесні раніше, ніж y капустяного білана. Кормовими рослинами є представники родини хрестоцвітих (зокрема, капуста). Гусениці другого та наступних поколінь під час живлення проникають y головку. Пошкоджені головки загнивають і стають непридатними для їжі. Інші особливості біології, шкодочинність, ентомофаги та заходи захисту аналогічні тим, що застосовують проти капустяного білана.

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Pieris rapae ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Pieris rapae loài bướm có kích thước nhỏ đến cỡ trung bình trong chi Pieris trong họ Pieridae. Trong tiếng Anh, nó cũng thường được gọi là bắp cải trắng ở New Zealand chỉ đơn giản là bướm trắng. Loài này phân bố rộng khắp khắp châu Âu, Bắc Phi, châu Á và Anh và đã vô tình như vậy được du nhập vào Bắc Mỹ, Australia và New Zealand, nơi nó đã trở thành một dịch hại trên cây trồng và Họ Cải. Con bướm có sải cánh 32–47 mm. Loài này bay hai lần trong năm, tháng tư-tháng năm và tháng 7-tháng 8. Sâu bướm của nó có thể là một dịch hại trên các loài rau trồng như cải bắp cải xoăn, củ cải, bông cải xanh, cải ngựa. Chúng đẻ trứng trên lá cây các loài rau yaf.

Hình ảnh

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Pieris rapae tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến họ bướm Pieridae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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Pieris rapae: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Pieris rapae loài bướm có kích thước nhỏ đến cỡ trung bình trong chi Pieris trong họ Pieridae. Trong tiếng Anh, nó cũng thường được gọi là bắp cải trắng ở New Zealand chỉ đơn giản là bướm trắng. Loài này phân bố rộng khắp khắp châu Âu, Bắc Phi, châu Á và Anh và đã vô tình như vậy được du nhập vào Bắc Mỹ, Australia và New Zealand, nơi nó đã trở thành một dịch hại trên cây trồng và Họ Cải. Con bướm có sải cánh 32–47 mm. Loài này bay hai lần trong năm, tháng tư-tháng năm và tháng 7-tháng 8. Sâu bướm của nó có thể là một dịch hại trên các loài rau trồng như cải bắp cải xoăn, củ cải, bông cải xanh, cải ngựa. Chúng đẻ trứng trên lá cây các loài rau yaf.

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Репница ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Спаривающаяся пара репниц (Pieris rapae)

Яйцо

Яйца репница откладывает поодиночке, приклеивая их к кормовым растениям, на нижнюю и верхнюю стороны листьев. Плодовитость одной самки составляет до 500 яиц. Яйца бледно-жёлтого цвета откладываются по одному. Стадия яйца длится 5—11 дней.

Гусеница

 src=
Гусеница молодого возраста

Гусеницы матово-зелёного цвета, с более светлыми боками. Имеют 3 пары грудных и 5 пар брюшных, или ложных, ножек. Вдоль спины проходит тонкая, иногда прерванная тёмно-жёлтая линия; по бокам — светло-жёлтая. Дыхальца в чёрном ободке. Проходят развитие в 5 возрастов за 20—30 дней. Гусеницы держатся чаще всего на верхней поверхности листьев; днём они обыкновенно неподвижны. Но в случае какой-либо внешней опасности, гусеница втягивает голову, приподнимает переднюю часть тела и поворачивается к своему преследователю, обнаруживая имеющийся здесь яркий рисунок «предостерегающего» вида (красный с тёмными пятнами), иногда выбрызгивая вперед струйку едкой жидкости. Такое «движение угрозы» резко изменяет весь облик гусеницы, которая в спокойном состоянии мало заметна благодаря покровительственной зелёной окраске.

Кормовые растения

Крестоцветные (Cruciferae), в частности питаются резухой, чесночницей черешчатой, капустой, резедой. Молодые гусеницы питаются преимущественно на нижней стороне листьев кормовых растений, и скелетируют их. Гусеницы старших возрастов держатся на верхней стороне — прогрызая в них сквозные отверстия или обгрызая листья с краев.

Куколка

 src=
Куколка

Окукливание происходит на каком-нибудь твёрдом предмете, как и у всех дневных бабочек. Куколки второго поколения зимуют. Куколка с острыми спинным и боковыми шипами, зелёная или зеленовато-серая, с 3 жёлтыми продольными линиями и с чёрными точками. В целом окраска зависит от субстрата, к которому она прикреплена.

Паразитоиды

Для гусениц — наездники Apanteles glomeratus и Hyposoter vulgaris, куколок — Pteromalus puparium.

Хозяйственное значение

Репница относится к вредителям овощных культур. В Европе вред, наносимый ею капустным растениям, незначителен, но в Америке очень ощутим. Гусеницы повреждают капусту (белокочанную и цветную), брюкву, репу, редьку, хрен, редис, кресс-салат, рапс, турнепс и другие культурные и дикорастущие крестоцветные растения (пастушья сумка, клоповник и др.), резеду и каперсы. Единственное средство истребления (так как сбор гусениц или яиц невозможен по причине разрозненного образа жизни и зеленого цвета первых) — опрыскивание ядовитыми растворами (хлорная известь и т. п.).

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Горностаев Г. Н. Насекомые СССР. — Москва: Мысль, 1970. — 372 с. — (Справочники-определители географа и путешественника).
  2. Коршунов Ю. П. Определители по флоре и фауне России // Булавоусые чешуекрылые Северной Азии. Выпуск 4. — М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2002. — С. 39. — ISBN 5-87317-115-7.
  3. Стриганова Б. Р., Захаров А. А. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных: Насекомые (латинский-русский-английский-немецкий-французский) / Под ред. д-ра биол. наук, проф. Б. Р. Стригановой. — М.: РУССО, 2000. — С. 266. — 1060 экз.ISBN 5-88721-162-8.
  4. Львовский А. Л., Моргун Д. В. Определители по флоре и фауне России. Выпуск 8 // Булавоусые чешуекрылые Восточной Европы. — М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2007. — С. 55. — 2000 экз.ISBN 978-5-87317-362-4.
  5. Горбунов П. Ю., Ольшванг В. Н. Бабочки Среднего Урала: Справочник-определитель. — Екатеринбург: «Сократ», 2007. — С. 258. — 352 с.
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Репница: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Спаривающаяся пара репниц (Pieris rapae) Яйцо

Яйца репница откладывает поодиночке, приклеивая их к кормовым растениям, на нижнюю и верхнюю стороны листьев. Плодовитость одной самки составляет до 500 яиц. Яйца бледно-жёлтого цвета откладываются по одному. Стадия яйца длится 5—11 дней.

Гусеница  src= Гусеница молодого возраста

Гусеницы матово-зелёного цвета, с более светлыми боками. Имеют 3 пары грудных и 5 пар брюшных, или ложных, ножек. Вдоль спины проходит тонкая, иногда прерванная тёмно-жёлтая линия; по бокам — светло-жёлтая. Дыхальца в чёрном ободке. Проходят развитие в 5 возрастов за 20—30 дней. Гусеницы держатся чаще всего на верхней поверхности листьев; днём они обыкновенно неподвижны. Но в случае какой-либо внешней опасности, гусеница втягивает голову, приподнимает переднюю часть тела и поворачивается к своему преследователю, обнаруживая имеющийся здесь яркий рисунок «предостерегающего» вида (красный с тёмными пятнами), иногда выбрызгивая вперед струйку едкой жидкости. Такое «движение угрозы» резко изменяет весь облик гусеницы, которая в спокойном состоянии мало заметна благодаря покровительственной зелёной окраске.

Кормовые растения

Крестоцветные (Cruciferae), в частности питаются резухой, чесночницей черешчатой, капустой, резедой. Молодые гусеницы питаются преимущественно на нижней стороне листьев кормовых растений, и скелетируют их. Гусеницы старших возрастов держатся на верхней стороне — прогрызая в них сквозные отверстия или обгрызая листья с краев.

Куколка  src= Куколка

Окукливание происходит на каком-нибудь твёрдом предмете, как и у всех дневных бабочек. Куколки второго поколения зимуют. Куколка с острыми спинным и боковыми шипами, зелёная или зеленовато-серая, с 3 жёлтыми продольными линиями и с чёрными точками. В целом окраска зависит от субстрата, к которому она прикреплена.

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菜粉蝶 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
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请协助添加多方面可靠来源改善这篇条目无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而移除。
二名法 Pieris rapae
(Linnaeus, 1758)

菜粉蝶学名Pieris rapae)也叫「紋白蝶」,是菜粉蝶属下的一種蝴蝶,喜歡吸食花蜜。幼蟲以啃食十字花科蔬菜為食,例如:薺菜細葉碎米薺葶藶等野生植物,或是白菜青江菜高麗菜蘿蔔等食用蔬菜。[2]成年虫体长15-20毫米,头胸部灰黑色,翅膀灰白略带青色,有黑斑,幼虫叫「菜青虫日语アオムシ毛蟲,体长28-35毫米,绿色,年生5-8代,幼虫危害甘蓝青菜大白菜等蔬菜,食幼片成孔洞,可用喷洒药剂杀幼虫,捕捉幼虫和蛹的办法防治。

分佈

菜粉蝶广泛分布于欧洲,北非和亚洲,并意外引入到北美,澳大利亚和新西兰,在当地它们已经成为白菜和芥菜等家庭作物的害虫。

  •  src=

    摄食蓟的菜粉蝶

  •  src=

    正面近观

  •  src=

    幼虫

  •  src=

    晚期的蛹

  •  src=

    即将闭合的蛹

  •  src=

    拒绝交配行为

  •  src=

    交配

  •  src=

    秋季的菜粉蝶

參考

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:菜粉蝶  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:菜粉蝶 规范控制
 title=
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=菜粉蝶&oldid=53195243
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wikipedia 中文维基百科

菜粉蝶: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

菜粉蝶(学名:Pieris rapae)也叫「紋白蝶」,是菜粉蝶属下的一種蝴蝶,喜歡吸食花蜜。幼蟲以啃食十字花科蔬菜為食,例如:薺菜細葉碎米薺葶藶等野生植物,或是白菜青江菜高麗菜蘿蔔等食用蔬菜。成年虫体长15-20毫米,头胸部灰黑色,翅膀灰白略带青色,有黑斑,幼虫叫「菜青虫(日语:アオムシ)」(毛蟲),体长28-35毫米,绿色,年生5-8代,幼虫危害甘蓝青菜大白菜等蔬菜,食幼片成孔洞,可用喷洒药剂杀幼虫,捕捉幼虫和蛹的办法防治。

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モンシロチョウ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
曖昧さ回避 この項目では、昆虫について説明しています。國府田マリ子の楽曲については「もんしろちょう (國府田マリ子の曲)」をご覧ください。
モンシロチョウ Pcs34560 IMG2511.jpg
モンシロチョウ Pieris rapae
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 節足動物門 Arthropoda : 昆虫綱 Insecta : チョウ目(鱗翅目) Lepidoptera 上科 : アゲハチョウ上科 Papilionoidea : シロチョウ科 Pieridae 亜科 : シロチョウ亜科 Pierinae : シロチョウ族 Pierini : モンシロチョウ属 Pieris : モンシロチョウ P. rapae 学名 Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) 和名 モンシロチョウ(紋白蝶) 英名 Small White
Small Cabbage White

モンシロチョウ(紋白蝶、学名:Pieris rapae)は、チョウ目(鱗翅目)アゲハチョウ上科シロチョウ科に分類されるチョウの一種。などの身近な環境でよく見られるチョウである。比較的採取しやすいため、アゲハチョウの仲間やカイコなどと並び、チョウ目(鱗翅目)昆虫の生態や生活環を学習する教材としてもよく活用される。

特徴[編集]

前翅の長さは3cmほど。翅は白いが、前翅と後翅の前縁が灰黒色で、さらに前翅の中央には灰黒色の斑点が2つある。和名はこの斑点をに見立てたもの。また、に発生する成虫はに発生する成虫よりも白っぽい。

オスとメスを比較すると、オスは前翅の黒い部分が小さく、全体的に黄色っぽい。メスは前翅の黒い部分が多く、前翅のつけ根が灰色をしている。なお、翅に紫外線を当てるとメスの翅が白く、オスの翅が黒く見えるため、オスメスの区別がよりはっきりする。紫外線は人間には見えないが、モンシロチョウには見えると考えられていて、モンシロチョウはこの色の違いでオスメスの判別をしているとみられる。

全世界の温帯亜寒帯に広く分布する。広い分布域の中でいくつかの亜種に分かれており、そのうち日本に分布するのは亜種 P. r. crucivora とされている。幼虫の食草キャベツアブラナブロッコリーなどのアブラナ科植物なので、それらの農作物の栽培に伴って分布を広げてきた。日本のモンシロチョウは奈良時代大根の栽培と共に移入されたと考えられている。北米では、1860年頃カナダケベック州に移入され、現在では北はカナダ・アラスカ南部から南はメキシコ北部まで分布する。分布域を広げるためか、まれに大群を作って移動することがある。

成虫は3月頃から10月頃まで長い期間にわたって見られ、年に4-5回ほど発生するが、発生する時期や回数は地域によって異なる。北海道の一部のように寒冷な地域では年に2回ほどしか発生しないが、温暖な地域では年に7回発生することもある。で越冬する。

ふ化した時は自分の卵の殻を、脱皮した時はその皮を食べる。

生活環[編集]

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交尾拒否姿勢を取るメス(左)

モンシロチョウのオスはメスを見つけると追いかけて交尾を行う。モンシロチョウを観察すると2匹-数匹が固まって飛んでいるのがよく見かけられるが、これは1匹のメスを複数のオスが追いかけてる場合が多い。メスが草花などに止まるとこれらのオスが交尾しようと近寄る。ただしメスがすでに交尾済みの場合、メスは翅を開いて腹部を高く突き出し、交尾拒否姿勢をとる。

交尾の終わったメスはキャベツなどのアブラナ科植物にやって来て、葉の裏で腹部を曲げ、1個ずつ産卵する。は黄色で、長さ1mmほどのびんのような形をしている。

卵は1週間ほどで孵化(ふか)する。卵の殻を内側からかじって幼虫が姿を現すが、孵化したばかりの幼虫は黄色で短い毛が体の各所に生えており、アオムシというよりケムシに近い。孵化した幼虫はしばらく卵の横で休息し食事に移るが、最初の食べ物は葉ではなく自分の入っていた卵の殻である。卵の殻は蛋白質に富んでおり、最初の栄養分となる。葉を食べはじめた幼虫は体色も緑色になり、アオムシとなる。

孵化後になるまでの期間は暖かい時期には約2週間であり、その間に4回脱皮し、体長4cmほどに成長する。蛹になる直前の幼虫はせわしなく動き回り、蛹になるために適した場所を探す。適した場所を見つけると壁面に糸の塊を吐き、そこに上向きになって尾部をくっつける。さらに頭部を背中側に反らせながら胸部を固定する糸の帯を吐き、体を固定した後に脱皮して蛹になる。

越冬世代は数ヶ月ほど蛹のままで過ごすが、暖かい時期は1週間ほどでも羽化する。羽化が近くなると蛹は黄色っぽくなり、皮膚越しに成虫の模様が浮かぶ。

羽化はたいてい朝方に行われる。蛹の頭部と胸部の境界付近から皮膚が割れて成虫が顔を出し、蛹の殻からはい出てくる。成虫は縮んだ翅に体液を送りこんで翅を伸ばし、体が乾くと飛びたつ。成虫の期間は2-3週間ほどで、この間に交尾・産卵を行う。

  •  src=

  •  src=

    孵化した幼虫

  •  src=

    幼虫

  •  src=

    蛹。頭を上にして、胸の帯糸と尾部のカギで体を固定している

  •  src=

    羽化間近の蛹。成虫の模様が透けて見える

  •  src=

    交尾

天敵[編集]

モンシロチョウの幼虫は緑色の体色が保護色になるとはいえ、鳥類アシナガバチなどに捕食される。アブラナ科農作物の葉を食べることから人間にとっては害虫となり、駆除もされる。ただし近年では農薬への批判が高まり、農薬で駆除される割合は少なくなった。一部がかじられた野菜は無農薬野菜の目印として見られることもある。成虫の天敵は鳥類、カマキリトンボなどである。

 src=
寄生され繭が出現した幼虫

また、幼虫に寄生する寄生バチとしてアオムシコマユバチアオムシサムライコマユバチともいう。学名:Apanteles glomeratus)が知られる。体長3mmほどの小さな黒いハチで、モンシロチョウの幼虫に産卵する。孵化したハチの幼虫は半透明の虫状で、モンシロチョウ幼虫の体内に入りこみ、体の組織を食べて成長する。成長したハチの幼虫は一斉にモンシロチョウ幼虫の皮膚を食い破って外に姿を現し、糸を吐いて黄色の繭を作って蛹になる。体内の組織を食い尽くされたモンシロチョウ幼虫は死んでしまう。このアオムシコマユバチは野生状態では半数以上のモンシロチョウ幼虫に寄生しており、モンシロチョウが増えすぎるのを抑える有力な要因となっている(このため、小学校などで教材として用いる時はガーゼを張るなどして注意しないと最終的にハチの観察になってしまう)。

寄生バエとしては、カイコノウジバエブランコヤドリバエなどがいる。これは幼虫の食草にハエが産卵し、それを幼虫が食草と共に食べることによる寄生方法である。消化管に入った卵は孵化してウジとなり徐々に幼虫の体を蝕んでゆく。ウジが終令幼虫になると、宿主の体を破って這い出てサナギとなる。ウジが終令幼虫になった頃には既にモンシロチョウの幼虫は死んでおり、つつくとウジが体内でうごめいているのがわかる。アオムシコマユバチと違って葉に産卵するので、モンシロチョウ幼虫に飼育下で野生の食草を与える限り防ぎきれないものである。

近縁種[編集]

モンシロチョウ属(Pieris)のチョウは他にもいる。これらの食草はナズナイヌガラシなどの野生のアブラナ科植物である。

オオモンシロチョウ Pieris brassicae
モンシロチョウに比べて大きい。日本国内の分布範囲を広げている。
タイワンモンシロチョウ Pieris canidia
前翅の長さは2.5cmほど。モンシロチョウに似ているがやや小型で、オスメスとも後翅のへりに黒い点が3-4個あらわれる。朝鮮半島、中国、台湾に分布するが、日本国内では対馬八重山諸島だけに分布する。
スジグロシロチョウ Pieris melete
前翅の長さは3cmほど。和名のとおり翅に通った翅脈(しみゃく)が黒く目立つ。前翅斑紋はやや四角形をしている。メスがオスよりも大きく、オスは独特の匂いを出す。中国朝鮮半島、日本国内では北海道から屋久島まで分布するが、モンシロチョウと違って、人里からやや離れたところに多い。イヌガラシなどの帰化植物を食草とする。
エゾスジグロシロチョウ Pieris napi
前翅の長さは2.5-3cmほど。前翅の斑紋がやや丸いが他はスジグロシロチョウによく似ている。オスがメスより大きい。ヨーロッパや中国に分布し、日本でも全国に分布するが、近畿以西は標高の高い山地に生息する。北米の亜種 Pieris napi oleraceaMustard White)は別種とされることもある。主にハタザオ類を食草とする。

ギャラリー[編集]

  •  src=

    全身

  •  src=

    頭部

  •  src=

    頭部の拡大

  •  src=

    撮影日:2007-11-04
    撮影場所:大阪市
    色の個体差:ノート

参考文献[編集]

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにモンシロチョウに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、モンシロチョウに関連するカテゴリがあります。
 title=
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=モンシロチョウ&oldid=65288233」から取得
licença
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
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wikipedia 日本語

モンシロチョウ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

モンシロチョウ(紋白蝶、学名:Pieris rapae)は、チョウ目(鱗翅目)アゲハチョウ上科シロチョウ科に分類されるチョウの一種。などの身近な環境でよく見られるチョウである。比較的採取しやすいため、アゲハチョウの仲間やカイコなどと並び、チョウ目(鱗翅目)昆虫の生態や生活環を学習する教材としてもよく活用される。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語

배추흰나비 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

배추흰나비(학명: Pieris rapae)는 흰나비과에 속하는 백색 소형 나비의 일종으로서, 작은흰나비라고도 한다.[1] 석주명 선생이 애벌레 때에 배추를 먹는다 해서 배추흰나비라고 이름을 붙였다.[2] 유럽·북아프리카·아시아·남아메리카·영국 등지에서 발견되며, 북아메리카·오스트레일리아·뉴질랜드 등 원래는 살았고 있지 않았던 지역에도 활발하게 도입되어 현재는 기후가 극도로 척박하지 않은 곳이라면 지구 어디에서라도 잘 발견되는 종이 되었다. 아종은 유럽배추흰나비(P. r. rapae)와 아시아배추흰나비(P. r. crucivora)로 크게 나뉘며, 그 세부적 2종류는 총 9종이다.

외형

큰배추흰나비(Pieris brassicae)에 비하여 몸이 작고 거동이 가벼우며, 날개가 더 작다. 잔털이 많은 몸에서 돋아나는 날개 겉면은 뿌연 흰색으로 돋아나는 자리 근처와 앞날개 끝부분에 거뭇거뭇한 테가 있으며 마찬가지로 앞날개 윗부분에는 2~3개, 뒷날개에는 1개 정도의 작은 반점 모양 무늬가 분포한다. 날개 뒷면은 탁한 노란색을 띄고, 작은 검은색 점 무늬들이 전재하며 시맥이 드러나 보인다. 날개의 길이는 성체가 32~47mm 정도이다.[3] 전체적으로 수컷이 암컷보다 더 몸통이 작고 날개폭도 좁으며, 길고 뾰족한 더듬이는 몸통의 ⅔ 정도 길이를 가지고 있다.

분포와 서식

 src=
배추흰나비 유입 과정

유라시아 대륙 및 북아프리카 등지에 전체적으로 널리 분포하며[4] 1860년대 우연히 캐나다 퀘벡주에 도입된 이후 북아메리카에서도 흔히 관찰되는 종이 되었다.[5] 현재는 소노라 사막 이북에서부터 캐나다에까지 이르는 넓은 분포 지역을 가지게 됐다.[6] 북아메리카에서는 유라시아로부터 옮겨온 단 한 마리의 암컷으로부터 몇 세대만에 백만 마리로 불어났을 가능성이 제기되었다.[7][8] 산지와 초원, 소택지, 삼림지에서는 잘 적응하나 식물이 거의 없는 사막 및 반사막 지대에서는 보기 드물며, 유콘 준주와 같은 캐나다 및 러시아의 극북 지역과 캘리포니아 근해 군도 지역에서는 찾아볼 수 없다. 1898년에는 하와이에, 1929년에는 뉴질랜드에 도입되었으며,[9] 현재는 호주의 멜버른퍼스에 이르는 서식 지역을 가지고 있다.

영국에서는 4-5월, 7-8월에 볼 수 있는 나비이지만 북아메리카에서는 부터 가을까지라면 언제라도 볼 수 있는 나비이다. 다양한 식생이 분포하는 곳이라면 어디든지 찾을 수 있는 곤충이며, 대부분 촌락이나 도시 근교에서 볼 수 있으나 가장 많이 서식하는 지역은 골짜기와 계곡이 발달한 곳이다. 개활된 장소를 선호하나 개간된 지 얼마 안 된 숲지에서도 다소 찾아볼 수 있다.[10]

생태와 한살이

세계 각지에서 아주 흔하게 볼 수 있는 나비로,[11] 보통 4-10월에 어른벌레로 변태하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 배추·양배추· 등을 기르는 밭과 그 주변의 양지바른 곳 및 습지가 발달한 곳에서 주로 눈에 띈다. 식물 잎사귀 위에 단 한 개의 노랗고 불룩한 기둥 모양의 알을 낳으며, 알껍질을 먹고 허물을 벗으며 다 자란 유충은 몸 길이가 약 3cm으로 몸은 갓태어났을 때에는 노란색이지만 자라면서 연두색을 띠며, 잔털이 몸 표면에 빽빽이 나 있다. 유충은 잎 뒷면이나 근처에서 번데기가 된다. 번데기겨울을 나며, 곤충이 활동할 수 있는 봄에 어른벌레가 깨어나온다. 어른벌레는 같은 계통에 속하는 나비들과 비교했을 때 작은 편이며, 수컷보다 암컷이 날개를 비롯한 몸집이 더 크다. 배추흰나비의 유충은 배추벌레라고 하여 농작물의 잎을 먹어치우는 해충으로 분류되지만, 어른벌레가 되면 꽃가루를 수정하여 식물의 번식을 돕는 익충이 된다. 밭 근처에서 많이 관찰되며 산지에서 번식하는 경우는 드물다. 수명은 약 1~6개월 정도이다.[12]

아종

다음과 같이 9종의 아종이 존재한다.

  • 유럽배추흰나비 (P. r. rapae)
  • 아시아배추흰나비 (P. r. crucivora)
  • P. r. atomaria
  • P. r. eumorpha
  • P. r. leucosoma
  • P. r. mauretanica
  • P. r. napi
  • P. r. novangliae
  • P. r. orientalis

사진

곤충기

곤충학자 김진일이 한국어로 옮긴 《파브르 곤충기》 전집 중 10권 미완성본에는 한국에 사는 배추흰나비와 다른 양배추흰나비 이야기가 있는데(김진일의 주석에 따르면, 한국에 사는 배추흰나비와 알과 애벌레의 생김새가 다르다 한다.), 양배추흰나비의 알과 유충에 기생곤충인 알벌고치벌기생하는 이야기를 적었다. 고치벌 애벌레들에게 체액을 착취당한 애벌레가 나비가 되려고 애써 번데기가 되려고 하건만, 고치벌 애벌레들이 숙주의 몸을 뚫고 나와 고치를 짓는 바람에 죽어가는 이야기에는 자그마한 생명이라도 소중히 대하는 파브르의 깊은 연민이 담겨 있다.

위치 찾기

배추흰나비는 항해능력이 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 배추흰나비는 항해능력중 위치정보에 해당하는 방향을 아는 능력이 있는 것으로 보고된바있다.

같이 보기

각주

  1. RR Scott & RM Emberson (compilers) (1999). 《Handbook of New Zealand Insect Names》. Entomological Society of New Zealand. ISBN 0-9597663-5-9. 2010년 5월 25일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2010년 5월 7일에 확인함.
  2. 그물코에서 펴낸 석주명 평전
  3. http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/CabbageWhite_e.php
  4. Scudder, SH (1887). “The introduction and spread of Pieris rapae in North America, 1860–1886”. 《Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History》 4 (3): 53–69. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38374.
  5. Howe, William H. (1975). 《The Butterflies of North America》. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04926-9.
  6. Scott, James A. (1986). 《The butterflies of North America: a natural history and field guide》. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1205-0.
  7. Gilbert, N. (June 1984). “Control of Fecundity in Pieris rapae: I. The Problem”. 《Journal of Animal Ecology》 53 (2): 581–588. doi:10.2307/4536.
  8. Holland, W. J. (1931). 《The Butterfly book》. Garden City, New York: Dubleday, Doran & Company, INC.
  9. Gibbs, G. W. (1980). 《New Zealand butterflies identification and natural history》. Auckland, New Zealand: Collins.
  10. Klots, Alexander B. (1951). 《A Field guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains》. Cambridge: The Riverside Press.
  11. http://eol.org/pages/19969/hierarchy_entries/24954372/details
  12. “나비의 수명”. 남해타임즈. 2010년 1월 14일.
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배추흰나비: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

배추흰나비(학명: Pieris rapae)는 흰나비과에 속하는 백색 소형 나비의 일종으로서, 작은흰나비라고도 한다. 석주명 선생이 애벌레 때에 배추를 먹는다 해서 배추흰나비라고 이름을 붙였다. 유럽·북아프리카·아시아·남아메리카·영국 등지에서 발견되며, 북아메리카·오스트레일리아·뉴질랜드 등 원래는 살았고 있지 않았던 지역에도 활발하게 도입되어 현재는 기후가 극도로 척박하지 않은 곳이라면 지구 어디에서라도 잘 발견되는 종이 되었다. 아종은 유럽배추흰나비(P. r. rapae)와 아시아배추흰나비(P. r. crucivora)로 크게 나뉘며, 그 세부적 2종류는 총 9종이다.

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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자