nomes no trilho de navegação
Die Kletternattern (Elaphe) sind eine Schlangengattung aus der Unterfamilie der Eigentlichen Nattern (Colubrinae) innerhalb der Familie der Nattern (Colubridae). Sie sind von Südosteuropa bis Südostasien verbreitet.
Kletternattern sind land- und teilweise baumbewohnend. Sie sind ovipar und ihre Beschuppung ist leicht gekielt mit von Art zu Art stark variierenden Farben und Mustern. Die Kletternattern haben eine Länge von etwa 60 cm (Steppennatter Elaphe dione) bis 250 cm (Elaphe moellendorffi und Schönnatter Elaphe taeniura).[1]
Beschuppung einer Insel-Kletternatter (Elaphe climacophora)
Kopf einer Steppennatter (Elaphe dione)
Eier der Steppennatter
Kletternde Steppennatter
Kletternattern sind von Südosteuropa bis Südostasien verbreitet.[2] Die IUCN stuft die Art Elaphe moellendorffi als gefährdet[3] ein und die Vierstreifennatter (Elaphe quatuorlineata) als potentiell gefährdet.[4] Alle anderen Arten für die eine Bewertung vorliegt gelten als nicht gefährdet.[5]
Die Gattung wurde 1833 von dem österreichischen Zoologen Leopold Fitzinger erstbeschrieben und umfasste zeitweise über 30 Arten, die sich über mehrere Kontinente (Asien, Europa, Amerika) verteilten. Nach Untersuchungen von Helfenberger (2001) und Utunger u. a. (2002) wurden einige Arten anderen Gattungen zugewiesen. Zuletzt schlugen Collins & Taggart (2008) eine neue Einteilung vor und eine neue Gattung Mintonius.[6] Stand Mai 2022 werden der Gattung im Allgemeinen 17 Arten zugeordnet.[1] Im Folgenden sind diese nach Taxon geordnet gelistet, zusammen mit dem Trivialnamen, den Autoren, dem Datum der Erstbeschreibung und dem Hauptverbreitungsgebiet. Bei Arten deren Erstbeschreibung ursprünglich unter einer anderen Gattung geschah, ist Autor und Jahr eingeklammert.
Die Kletternattern (Elaphe) sind eine Schlangengattung aus der Unterfamilie der Eigentlichen Nattern (Colubrinae) innerhalb der Familie der Nattern (Colubridae). Sie sind von Südosteuropa bis Südostasien verbreitet.
धामिन (रैट स्नेक) एक सांप है जो मध्यम आकार से लेकर बहुत बड़े आकार के होते हैं। ये उत्तरी गोलार्ध में पाये जाते हैं। ये चूहा, चिड़िया आदि खाते हैं। यह साँप विषैला नहीं होता।
धामिन (रैट स्नेक) एक सांप है जो मध्यम आकार से लेकर बहुत बड़े आकार के होते हैं। ये उत्तरी गोलार्ध में पाये जाते हैं। ये चूहा, चिड़िया आदि खाते हैं। यह साँप विषैला नहीं होता।
alungdas錦蛇
u zuma a kamu:
nu Hulam:錦蛇
nu Amilika:elaphe
nu Lipun:ナメラ属（ナメラぞく)
salaedan(cie)：Animalia(Amilika a kamu)
panan(men)：Chordata(Amilika a kamu)
upiz(kang)：Reptilia(Amilika a kamu)
mata(mu)：Squamata(Amilika a kamu)
sapamat(ke)：Colubridae, Colubrinae(Amilika a kamu)
mikitinay(su)：Elaphe(Amilika a kamu)
Wright, A.H. & A.A. Wright. (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Comstock. Ithaca & London.
TIGR爬蟲類資料庫：錦蛇屬(Amilika a sulit)
Elaphe is a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae. Elaphe is one of the main genera of the rat snakes, which are found in many regions of the northern hemisphere. Elaphe species are medium to large constrictors by nature. Although all of the species in Elaphe are nonvenomous, bites from rat snakes are still irritably painful and can potentially cause bacterial infections, especially due to the saliva.[1]
Based on the mitochondrial DNA analysis results, many species of Elaphe have been moved to the genera Bogertophis, Coelognathus, Gonyosoma, Orthriophis, Pantherophis, Rhinechis, Senticolis, Zamenis, and others.[2] Nevertheless, the generic name Elaphe is still widely used.
Like most of the rat snakes, Elaphe spp. generally have slender but sturdy bodies, square heads, and extremely flat bellies.[3] Their sizes range from large medium to very large,[4] growing even as large as 2.75m (108 in). Elaphe spp. have large numbers of vertebrae, ribs, and ventral scales, but few rows of dorsal scales, which are characterized by having slight keels. In cross section, Elaphe spp. are shaped like a loaf of bread, the flat belly meeting the sides of the body at an angle.[5] This special physical characteristic is well observed in Elaphe obsoleta (now considered Pantherophis obsoletus), whose belly scales curve upward. The curving of the ventral scales gives them better traction for tree climbing.[6] The color and pattern of Elaphe spp. are quite variable and hard to generalize.[6]
Internally, Elaphe spp. do not have any observable vestiges of hind limbs or coronoid bones of the lower jaw like any other members of the family Colubridae. Another important characteristic of Elaphe as part of the Colubridae is the presence of Duvernoy's gland, a modified salivary and digestive gland.[7] In addition, Elaphe spp. have equal and smooth maxillary teeth.[4] The teeth are small and slightly curved, and occur in several rows. The curved teeth help fix the prey and prevent them from escaping once they are caught.[2]
Elaphe spp. have very developed sensory organs which support their daily activities. They have internal ears that enables them to detect sounds at low frequencies. The ears consist of a single ear bone connected to a jaw bone. Compared to other snakes, they are considered to have highly developed vision that allows them to detect the movement of their predators and prey. The eyes are protected by single transparent brilles. In addition, the analysis of scents is carried out by Jacobson's organ in the palate. To stimulate Jacobson's organ, they use their tongues to transport air and ground molecules to Jacobson's organ. Then, the organ analyzes the molecules to identify the scent. Among these detectable scents are pheromones, which indicate the presence of other snakes and their reproductive readiness.[2]
The lifespan of Elaphe spp. is generally 15 years. Males live a little longer than females,[1] but some species, such as E. guttata (now considered Pantherophis guttata), live up to 23 years in captivity.[8] However, species such as E. emoryi (now considered Pantherophis emoryi) usually have lifespans around 2 years and 2 months.[4]
Elaphe spp. generally reach sexual maturity after 18–24 months. They usually mate with the opposite sex after emerging from hibernation in the spring. The gestation period of females is around 1.5 months, and females can lay up to 30 eggs in a clutch, the number varying between species. E. guttata and E. obsoleta, among others, are mostly diurnal, but some species are more active in late afternoon or at dusk. Throughout the year, they are usually active from April to October, followed by a period of hibernation.
Elaphe spp. hibernate, especially those that live in cold regions, because snakes are cold-blooded, which makes their body temperature susceptible to the temperature of their environments. Thus, they need to maintain their body energy by switching locations and remaining physiologically inactive when winter comes.[9] The hibernacula sites vary depending on the habitats they live in, yet the most important requirement of a hibernaculum site is that it needs to be frost-free. Some Elaphe spp. hibernate in the rock crevices, rock faults, and burrows.[10] However, other species choose to hibernate in rotting logs, roots of trees, and hollow spaces in elevated tree trunks. Some snakes that live close to human communities even hibernate in old wells and barns.[11]
Most members of the genus Elaphe start their hibernation in October and emerge again the next spring. The length of the hibernation varies by species. Elaphe longissima, or Aesculapian snake, may hibernate from October to May,[10] as it is among the northernmost occurring rat snakes. However, Elaphe bimaculata, or the twin-spotted rat snake, only needs to hibernate for 2 to 3 months.[12] Species such as black rat snakes, or E. obsoleta, hibernate with other rat snakes and/or many other snake species, most notably timber rattlesnakes, racers, and bull snakes.[13]
E. obsoleta generally starts to mate in late April, May, and early June after the winter hibernation. Males try to attract females with pheromones, as the females pass through their territories. Male Aesculapian snakes pursue female snakes until they can coil around them. They continue in such position, which is then followed by dancing for up to an hour before copulation, during which the male snake lines up with the female and holds her in place by wrapping his tail around hers and grasping her with his mouth. Then, the male everts one of his hemipenes into the female's cloaca. The mating process lasts from a few minutes to a few hours.[14]
After copulation, Elaphe spp. seek an appropriate place to lay the developing eggs. They usually lay eggs in the soft heart of a rotten log or in sandy soil under a rock. A good place for laying eggs is one that is damp but not wet, and warm but not hot. After laying eggs, the female snake covers them up with sand or soil, and then she leaves.[15] A few species remain with the eggs until they hatch about 9 weeks later.
Oviparous E. obsoleta lays 12–20 eggs under logs or leaves in late summer, which hatch in the fall. The adult snakes return to their hibernation dens in the late fall.[13] E. guttata breeds from March to May. The mating process is similar to E. obsoleta. E. guttata lays 10–30 eggs in late May to July. The eggs are generally not protected by the adults. After 60–65 days, the eggs hatch in July through September.[8]
Many species of Elaphe are known for being nonaggressive and shy. They are prone to freeze their movements when they are shocked or encountering danger. This motionless response has contributed to many road kills of Elaphe. However, some Elaphe spp. tend to be more defensive if they are continually provoked. For example, Texas rat snakes, Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri, are well known as one of the most snappy and combative rat snakes. In general, their defense system can be broken down to two levels. The first line of defense involves specific behaviors that they use to warn the intruders. One of the most common ways is by coiling their bodies and vibrating their tails, which simulates a rattle. Fox snakes, Elaphe vulpina (now considered Pantherophis vulpinus) and Elaphe gloydi (now considered Pantherophis gloydi), exemplify this type of defense mechanism; they mimic the rattling vibration of rattlesnakes when they encounter danger.[3] Another common way of defense is by smearing a foul-smelling musk on their predators. The musk is originated from the contents of the anal gland and the intestinal tract.[2] The second line of defense, generally involves striking the intruder with their teeth if they are further provoked.[14]
Elaphe spp. move forward using side-to-side, serpentine movement. They use the curved ventral scales of their bodies to grab the rough ground surfaces and then push against the ground to generate a forward movement. Thus, the smoother the ground is, the harder it is for them to move across it.[2] Many species apply similar mechanisms when climbing trees.
Adult Elaphe spp. primarily prey on rodents (i.e., mice and chipmunks), bird eggs, and young birds. Juveniles feed on small lizards, young mice, and occasionally small frogs (i.e., tree frogs). Elaphe spp. hunt by waiting motionless in a fixed position until the prey comes near enough to attack. Then, they strike the prey and bite it. They use their Jacobson's organ to track and find their prey.[9] Being constrictors, Elaphe spp. kill the prey by creating enormous pressure on the prey's chest. As they continue to coil more tightly, the pressure on the chest prevents the blood from circulating into the heart, which eventually leads to heart failure.[16] They usually bite the prey first to maintain their grip on the prey before they start this deadly mechanism. In addition, they do not chew their food, but swallow it whole.[8]
Elaphe spp. live in a great variety of environments, depending on species and subspecies. Most are terrestrial or semiarboreal, but some burrow in sand or loose soil. The genus formerly contained species found on every continent except Antarctica. Taxonomic revisions have renamed most of these former Elaphe, leaving only 10 Eurasian taxa remaining in Elaphe. [17]
The following 18 species are recognized as being valid.[18]
Elaphe is a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae. Elaphe is one of the main genera of the rat snakes, which are found in many regions of the northern hemisphere. Elaphe species are medium to large constrictors by nature. Although all of the species in Elaphe are nonvenomous, bites from rat snakes are still irritably painful and can potentially cause bacterial infections, especially due to the saliva.
Based on the mitochondrial DNA analysis results, many species of Elaphe have been moved to the genera Bogertophis, Coelognathus, Gonyosoma, Orthriophis, Pantherophis, Rhinechis, Senticolis, Zamenis, and others. Nevertheless, the generic name Elaphe is still widely used.
Elaphe es un género de serpientes no venenosas de la familia Colubridae de América del Norte y Central. Son todas poderosas constrictoras y valiosas aliadas del humano en el manejo poblacional de roedores (se alimentan de ratones por lo que algunas se les denomina ratoneras). Se reconocen diez especies.[1]
*) No incluyen las subespecies (forma típica).
Elaphe es un género de serpientes no venenosas de la familia Colubridae de América del Norte y Central. Son todas poderosas constrictoras y valiosas aliadas del humano en el manejo poblacional de roedores (se alimentan de ratones por lo que algunas se les denomina ratoneras). Se reconocen diez especies.
Roninastik (Elaphe) on maoperekond.[1]
Roninastikute perekonda klassifitseeritakse roomajate andmebaasis järgmised maoliigid[2]:
Nad on levinud Euraasias, Austrias, Horvaatias, Hiinas ja Jaapanis .
Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Elaphe seisuga 17.12.2013.
Elaphe Colubridae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Austria eta Kroaziatik Txina eta Japoniara aurki daitezke.
Elaphe Colubridae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Austria eta Kroaziatik Txina eta Japoniara aurki daitezke.
Kiipijäkäärmeet[1] (Elaphe) on tarhakäärmeiden heimoon kuuluva myrkyttömien käärmeiden suku.[2] Nykykäsityksen mukaan sukuun kuuluu 15 lajia, joiden levinneisyysalue ulottuu Japanista, Koreasta ja Amurista läntiseen Eurooppaan.[3][4] Vaikka kiipijäkäärmeitä tavataan pääosin Aasiassa, lajit Elaphe dione ja Elaphe sauromates elävät Euroopassa Aasian lisäksi ja nelijuovakäärme (E. quatuorlineata) elää yksinomaan Euroopassa.[5][6][7]
Kiipijäkäärmeiden sukuun luettiin aiemmin yli 50 lajia, jotka elivät paitsi Euraasiassa, myös Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikassa. Lajeja yhdistivät löyhästi jotkut ulkonäölliset piirteet, mutta suku ei ollut monofyleettinen, ja lajit kuuluvat tosiasiassa useaan sukuun.[5][8] Lajeille yhteistä oli se, että ne olivat keski- ja suurikokoisia, usein kiiltäväsuomuisia, olemukseltaan rauhallisia käärmeitä, joista osa myös kiipeilivät puissa.[5] 2000-luvun ensikymmenellä tehdyt DNA-tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että amerikkalaiset lajit ovat läheisempää sukua kuningaskäärmeille kuin Elaphe-suvulle, ja ne luokitellaan nykyään muun muassa sukuihin Bogertophis, Pantherophis ja Pseudelaphe.[2][9][10] Lisäksi euraasialaisia lajeja on siirretty muun muassa sukuihin Coelognathus, Euprepiophis, Gonyosoma, Hemorrhois ja Zamenis.[10] Neljä lajia luettiin jonkin aikaa sukuun Orthriophis, mutta ne on nyttemmin palautettu Elaphe-sukuun.[9][11]
Rottakäärmeiksi (engl. rat snake) kutsutaan monia suosittuja lemmikkikäärmeitä. Aiemmin suurin osa rottakäärmeistä luettiin Elaphe-sukuun, mutta taksonomisten muutosten takia niitä on nykyään huomattavasti aiempaa useammassa suvussa.[12][13] Lemmikkikaupassa lajit tunnetaan englanninkielisillä nimillään.[14]
Kiipijäkäärmeisiin kuuluu 15 lajia:[3]
Kiipijäkäärmeet (Elaphe) on tarhakäärmeiden heimoon kuuluva myrkyttömien käärmeiden suku. Nykykäsityksen mukaan sukuun kuuluu 15 lajia, joiden levinneisyysalue ulottuu Japanista, Koreasta ja Amurista läntiseen Eurooppaan. Vaikka kiipijäkäärmeitä tavataan pääosin Aasiassa, lajit Elaphe dione ja Elaphe sauromates elävät Euroopassa Aasian lisäksi ja nelijuovakäärme (E. quatuorlineata) elää yksinomaan Euroopassa.
Kiipijäkäärmeiden sukuun luettiin aiemmin yli 50 lajia, jotka elivät paitsi Euraasiassa, myös Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikassa. Lajeja yhdistivät löyhästi jotkut ulkonäölliset piirteet, mutta suku ei ollut monofyleettinen, ja lajit kuuluvat tosiasiassa useaan sukuun. Lajeille yhteistä oli se, että ne olivat keski- ja suurikokoisia, usein kiiltäväsuomuisia, olemukseltaan rauhallisia käärmeitä, joista osa myös kiipeilivät puissa. 2000-luvun ensikymmenellä tehdyt DNA-tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että amerikkalaiset lajit ovat läheisempää sukua kuningaskäärmeille kuin Elaphe-suvulle, ja ne luokitellaan nykyään muun muassa sukuihin Bogertophis, Pantherophis ja Pseudelaphe. Lisäksi euraasialaisia lajeja on siirretty muun muassa sukuihin Coelognathus, Euprepiophis, Gonyosoma, Hemorrhois ja Zamenis. Neljä lajia luettiin jonkin aikaa sukuun Orthriophis, mutta ne on nyttemmin palautettu Elaphe-sukuun.
Rottakäärmeiksi (engl. rat snake) kutsutaan monia suosittuja lemmikkikäärmeitä. Aiemmin suurin osa rottakäärmeistä luettiin Elaphe-sukuun, mutta taksonomisten muutosten takia niitä on nykyään huomattavasti aiempaa useammassa suvussa. Lemmikkikaupassa lajit tunnetaan englanninkielisillä nimillään.
Elaphe est un genre de serpents de la famille des Colubridae[1].
Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Eurasie, de l'Italie et des Balkans jusqu'à la Chine, le Japon et l'Indonésie.
Les espèces de ce genre sont des couleuvres moyennes à très grandes au corps élancé mais robuste. Leur tête est assez carrée et leur ventre est très plat. Les juvéniles présentent souvent des motifs différenciés et plus marqués que ceux des adultes.
Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (31 mai 2019)[2] :
Le genre Elaphe contenait jusqu'à récemment de nombreuses espèces dont les points communs étaient d'être des couleuvres moyennes à grandes, à l'écaillure souvent brillante, au comportement souvent assez calme, et avec des mœurs semi-arboricoles pour une partie des espèces. On les nomme fréquemment « serpents ratiers » du fait de leur régime alimentaire (d'après la dénomination anglophone « ratsnake » qui peut nommer toutes les espèces du genre en anglais, bien que des espèces d'autres genres sont aussi dénommés ainsi). Ce genre était pratiquement un taxon fourre-tout. Plusieurs études génétiques récentes ont permis d'établir une classification phylogénétique des espèces du groupe, et sans surprise ce groupe s'est révélé polyphylétique, car il aurait dû inclure d'autres genres traditionnellement séparés et il contenait par ailleurs des espèces fortement différenciées. Cela a conduit à la création de nouveaux genres pour accueillir une grande partie des espèces, afin d'établir des taxons plus restreints et monophylétiques. Ces genres sont Archelaphe, Coelognathus, Euprepiophis, Gonyosoma, Oocatochus, Oreocryptophis, Pantherophis, Pseudelaphe, Senticolis et Zamenis (et provisoirement Rhinechis aujourd'hui intégré dans Zamenis, et Orthriophis actuellement réintégré dans Elaphe). La nouvelle version du genre Elaphe est donc désormais fortement réduite, comprenant des espèces d'Eurasie uniquement, en prenant en compte que l'espèce type de ce taxon depuis l'origine est Elaphe quatuorlineata[3],[4].
Les genres cités ci-dessus, en excluant Gonyosoma et Coelognathus qui sont plus différenciés, et en incluant d'autres qui n'étaient pas traditionnellement inclus dans Elaphe et qui restent des genres séparés (Coronella, Pituophis, Bogertophis, Arizona, Lampropeltis, Cemophora et Rhinocheilus), sont assez apparentés et forment ensemble un clade cohérent au sein des Colubridés, répandu en Eurasie et en Amérique du Nord. Les origines de ce clade se trouvent probablement en Asie durant l'Oligocène. L'ensemble des genres américains de ce clade forment eux-mêmes un sous-clade cohérent, probablement issu d'une seule migration de l'Asie vers l'Amérique durant le Miocène, suivie par une diversification (radiation évolutive) en occupant les nombreuses niches écologiques nouvellement disponibles[4].
Parmi les espèces anciennement référencées dans ce genre on trouve :
La classification phylogénétique est toujours en évolution. Ainsi Elaphe taeniura et quelques espèces assez proches avaient été reclassées dans le genre Orthriophis à partir de 2002 (Elaphe taeniura devenant donc Orthriophis taeniurus), à la suite de premières études génétiques encore assez imprécises (basées sur un petit nombre de marqueurs). Mais d'autres études génétiques plus approfondies sont venues contester la cohérence de ce genre qui a fini par être récemment invalidé, notamment depuis 2017. Le genre Elaphe (nouveau sens restreint) s'insère en effet au sein de l'arbre des Orthriophis. Ces espèces sont donc de nouveau intégrées dans le genre Elaphe, en retrouvant leurs anciens noms.
Le nom de ce genre, Elaphe, vient du grec ελοψ, ελοπος, nom d'une couleuvre décrite par Nicandre de Colophon[5].
Elaphe est un genre de serpents de la famille des Colubridae.
Elaphe adalah genus ular tikus yang terdapat di Eurasia. Sebelumnya, genus ini meliputi seluruh genus-genus ular yang sering memangsa tikus, termasuk ular tikus dari Amerika. Beberapa genus yang merupakan separasi dari genus ini diantaranya: Coelognathus sp. (Ular tikus Nusantara), Zamenis sp., Pantherophis sp., dan Gonyosoma sp..[2]
Semua jenis ular ini memiliki tubuh yang ramping dan silindris. Seperti halnya ular tikus pada umumnya, ular-ular ini memangsa jenis-jenis tikus, biasanya tikus sawah dan tikus rumah.[3][4]
Semua jenis ular tikus tinggal di belahan bumi bagian utara. Untuk genus Elaphe terdapat di Eurasia mulai Austria dan Kroasia di barat hingga Tiongkok dan Jepang di timur.
Elaphe adalah genus ular tikus yang terdapat di Eurasia. Sebelumnya, genus ini meliputi seluruh genus-genus ular yang sering memangsa tikus, termasuk ular tikus dari Amerika. Beberapa genus yang merupakan separasi dari genus ini diantaranya: Coelognathus sp. (Ular tikus Nusantara), Zamenis sp., Pantherophis sp., dan Gonyosoma sp..
Rottusnákar er stór fjölskylda snáka. Sem hópur eru þeir ekki einstofna heldur af samsíða þróunarlínum Það er einhver munur milli tegunda en flestir þeirra eru miðlungs til stórir og borða nagdýr.
Áður voru þeir flestir flokkaðir í eina ættkvísl Elaphe en margir hafa síðan fengið ný nöfn. Rottusnákum hefur venjulega verið skipt í tvo hópa, nýjaheims- og gamlaheimstegundir.
Fyrirmynd greinarinnar var „Elaphe“ á ensku útgáfu Wikipedia. Sótt 26. október 2006.
Rottusnákar er stór fjölskylda snáka. Sem hópur eru þeir ekki einstofna heldur af samsíða þróunarlínum Það er einhver munur milli tegunda en flestir þeirra eru miðlungs til stórir og borða nagdýr.
Áður voru þeir flestir flokkaðir í eina ættkvísl Elaphe en margir hafa síðan fengið ný nöfn. Rottusnákum hefur venjulega verið skipt í tvo hópa, nýjaheims- og gamlaheimstegundir.
Pantherophis Fitzinger, 1833 è un genere di serpenti della famiglia dei Colubridi diffuso in Eurasia.[1] La pelle del Pantherophis è utilizzata dall'industria della moda per la produzione di borse e calzature, in quanto non soggetta alle norme internazionali CITES (convenzione di Washington). La larghezza della pelle è di circa 10 cm e l'utilizzo in pelletteria richiede che vengano cucite insieme più pelli per generare pannelli abbastanza grandi da coprire la superficie di una borsa o una scarpa.
Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:[1]
Molte altre specie che in passato erano inquadrate in questo genere hanno attualmente una differente collocazione tassonomica. Tra di esse:
Pantherophis Fitzinger, 1833 è un genere di serpenti della famiglia dei Colubridi diffuso in Eurasia. La pelle del Pantherophis è utilizzata dall'industria della moda per la produzione di borse e calzature, in quanto non soggetta alle norme internazionali CITES (convenzione di Washington). La larghezza della pelle è di circa 10 cm e l'utilizzo in pelletteria richiede che vengano cucite insieme più pelli per generare pannelli abbastanza grandi da coprire la superficie di una borsa o una scarpa.
Elaphe est unum ex praecipuis generibus Colubrinarum, quae in multis hemisphaerii septentrionali regionibus reperiuntur. Elaphe sunt a mediis ad magnos constrictores. Omnes species Elaphis sunt non venenosae, sed earum morsus iam sunt molesti, qui inflammationes bacteriales per salivam efficere possunt.[2] Species huius generis hibernare solent.
Hae species ad genus Coelognathum translatae sunt:
Hae species ad genus Gonyosoma translatae sunt:
Haec species ad genus Rhinechem (monotypicum) translata est:
Hae species ad genus Zamenis translatae sunt:
Hae species ad genus Senticolem translata est:
Hae species ad genus Bogertophem translatae sunt:
Hae species ad genus Pantherophem translatae sunt:
Genera quae olim in Elaphen digebantur sunt Bogertophis, Coelognathus, Euprepiophis, Gonyosoma, Orthriophis, Pantherophis, Pseudelaphe, Ptyas, Rhadinophis, Rhynchophis, Senticolis, et Zamenis.
Elaphe est unum ex praecipuis generibus Colubrinarum, quae in multis hemisphaerii septentrionali regionibus reperiuntur. Elaphe sunt a mediis ad magnos constrictores. Omnes species Elaphis sunt non venenosae, sed earum morsus iam sunt molesti, qui inflammationes bacteriales per salivam efficere possunt. Species huius generis hibernare solent.
Žiurkinės gyvatės (lot. Elaphe) – žaltinių (Colubridae) šeimos roplių gentis. Kūnas vidutinio ilgio. Gaudo žiurkes. Viršutinio žandikalulio dantys vienodi, jų yra 12-22. Apatiniame žandikaulyje priekiniai dantys stambesni už likusius. Nuo akių link burnos kampo nusitęsia juoda juosta.
Paplitę Šiaurės ir Centrinėje Amerikoje, Azijoje, Pietų ir Centrinėje Europoje.
Gentyje yra 36 rūšys:
Žiurkinės gyvatės (lot. Elaphe) – žaltinių (Colubridae) šeimos roplių gentis. Kūnas vidutinio ilgio. Gaudo žiurkes. Viršutinio žandikalulio dantys vienodi, jų yra 12-22. Apatiniame žandikaulyje priekiniai dantys stambesni už likusius. Nuo akių link burnos kampo nusitęsia juoda juosta.
Paplitę Šiaurės ir Centrinėje Amerikoje, Azijoje, Pietų ir Centrinėje Europoje.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Elaphe – rodzaj węża z podrodziny Colubrinae w rodzinie połozowatych (Colubridae).
Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w Bułgarii, Rumunii, Mołdawii, Chorwacji, Serbii, Słowenii, Bośni i Hercegowinie, Macedonii Północnej, Albanii, we Włoszech, w Grecji, na Ukrainie, w Rosji, Turcji, Syrii, Izraelu, Gruzji, Armenii, Azerbejdżanie, Kazachstanie, Kirgistanie, Tadżykistanie, Uzbekistanie, Turkmenistanie, Iranie, Iraku, Afganistanie, Mongolii, Chinach, Indiach, Nepalu, Bhutanie, Mjanmie, na Tajwanie, w Tajlandii, Laosie, Kambodży, Wietnamie, Malezji, Indonezji, Korei i Japonii[8].
Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[8]:
Elaphe – rodzaj węża z podrodziny Colubrinae w rodzinie połozowatych (Colubridae).
Elaphe este un gen de șerpi neveninoși din familia colubride (Colubridae), foarte apropiat de genul Coluber. Este un grup de șerpi destul de numeros, larg răspândit și prosper, care include circa 11 specii.
De șerpii genului Coluber ei diferă, în special, prin structura dinților; au dinții maxilari de lungime egală, și rândul lor nu este întrerupt de un interval fără dinți (diastemă). Capul este alungit, distinct de gât; ochiul de mărime mijlocie, cu pupila rotundă. Trunchiul lung; coada mijlocie sau lungă; solzii netezi sau ușor carenați, cu găuri apicale rotunjite. Au peste 200 plăci ventrale (exclusiv subcaudalele); două plăci temporale anterioare și 21-29 șiruri de solzi dorsali. Scutul frenal (atunci când există) este puțin mai lung decât înalt; osul palatin cu un proces median mai mare decât procesul lateral. Carena hemală a vertebrelor trunchiului se termină anterior față de condil. Pe părțile laterale ale capului, se întinde o dungă închisă de la ochi la colțul gurii
Genul Elaphe poate fi considerat ca un grup intermediar între șerpii pur tereștri și formele cățărătoare adevărate. Multe specii ale acestui gen își petrec cea mai mare parte din timp în arbori, unde își găsesc hrana, devastând cuiburile de pasări de pe crengi sau din scorburi.
Se hrănesc cu rozătoare de talie mare și mijlocie (șoareci de câmp, șobolani, popândăi, hârciogi), iepuri tineri, păsări (de mărimea unui porumbel) și cu puii și ouăle lor, mai rar cu șopârle. După ce au apucat prada cu gura, se încolăcesc în jurul ei până ce o sugrumă prin constricție și nu se desfac din jurul ei până ce simt că victima nu se mai mișcă, apoi își desprind inelele corpului musculos și o înghit. Prada o înghit întreagă, începând de regulă de la cap.
Multe specii se hrănesc cu plăcere cu ouă de păsări și au mecanisme speciale pentru a-le mânca. Coaja ouălor înghițite în gură nu este stricată, iar sfărâmarea ei se face cu ajutorul apofizelor inferioare spinoase alungite ale vertebrelor (hipapofize), care pătrund în peretele superior al esofagului, fuzionând mai mult sau mai puțin cu țesuturile care acoperă coloana vertebrala. Câteva hipapofize ale vertebrelor anterioare sunt îndreptate înapoi și în jos, iar următoarele - înainte și în jos, astfel că la contractarea mușchilor corespunzători ai trunchiului ouăle sunt strânse între ei iar hipapofizele apasă de sus pe capetele opuse ale oului sfărâmând coaja. Rămășițele cojii sfărâmate trec prin tractul intestinal și sunt apoi eliminate în afară.
Majoritatea șerpilor acestui gen se reproduc prin depunerea ouălor, adică sunt ovipari.
Sunt răspândiți în Europa de Sud și Europa Centrală, regiunile temperate și tropicale din Asia, în America de Nord și America Centrală. Spre deosebire de șerpii din genul Coluber ei evită regiunile de deșert și semideșert; cea mai mare diversitate a acestora se află în țările din sud-estul Asiei.
În România trăiește o singură specie - balaurul sau balaurul dobrogean (Elaphe sauromates, cu o denumire mai veche Elaphe quatuorlineata sauromates).
După Reptile Database genul include 11 specii: [1]
Cladogramă conform Catalogue of Life:[2]
Alte specii:
|access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link) 
Elaphe este un gen de șerpi neveninoși din familia colubride (Colubridae), foarte apropiat de genul Coluber. Este un grup de șerpi destul de numeros, larg răspândit și prosper, care include circa 11 specii.
Elaphe, po slovensky užovka alebo štíhlovka, je rod z čeľade užovkovité.
Bývalé druhy:
Pantherophis, Rhinechis, Senticolis, Bogertophis, Zamenis, Oocatochus, Oreophis, Oreocryptophis, Euprepiophis, Orthriophis, Coelognathus, Pseudelaphe a čiastočne aj Gonyosoma sú nové (obnovené) rody vytvorené nedávno vyčlenením uvedených druhov z rodu Elaphe.
Elaphe, po slovensky užovka alebo štíhlovka, je rod z čeľade užovkovité.
锦蛇属（学名：Elaphe），均是无毒蛇，主要分布于东亚。
該屬蛇共有11種物種：
锦蛇属（学名：Elaphe），均是无毒蛇，主要分布于东亚。
（下記参照）
ナメラ属（ナメラぞく、Elaphe）は、爬虫綱有鱗目ナミヘビ科に属する属。無毒。
全長50cmほどの小型種から3mを超える種までさまざまであり、生息環境もさまざまであるが、これらの共通点として、まず卵型ないしは方型の頭部が挙げられる。これは、鳥やその卵、齧歯類を中心とした中小型の哺乳類など、体に対して大型の獲物を食べるのに最も適した形で、大抵の種は鶏卵でもすんなりと飲み込める。また、シュウダのように体鱗にキール（筋状の盛り上がり）を有する種もいるが、多くの種では体鱗は滑らかである。「ナメラ」という名称もこの鱗の特徴（滑らかな甲羅の意味。甲羅=鱗と考えても差し支えない。また、「羅」の字は表面を意味することもある。）から名付けられた。
森林や草原などに生息する。主に地表性だが樹上に登るなど、立体的な活動を行う種もいる。
食性は動物食で、小型哺乳類、鳥類やその卵、小型爬虫類、両生類などを食べる。食性は種や亜種、地域によっても異なり、日本に分布する種を例に挙げると、
などが挙げられる。毒は持たないので、獲物に身体を巻き付けて絞め殺してから、死体を注意深く調べ、頭から飲み込む。
繁殖形態はミズナメラ（この種は別名をコモチナメラといわれるだけあり、卵胎生である）を除いて、卵生である。
この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／プロジェクト:生物）。
뱀속(Elaphe 엘라페[*])은 뱀과 뱀아과에 속한 뱀들의 한 속이다. 북반구에 널리 사는 중대형 뱀들로, 모두 독이 없고 먹이를 졸라 죽이는 뱀(constrictor)들이다. 독은 없지만 물리면 아프고 타액을 통해 세균 감염이 일어날 수 있으므로 주의하는 편이 좋다.[1]
원래 엄청나게 큰 속이었지만, 미토콘드리아 DNA 분석 결과 속해 있던 종들 중 상당수가 바하칼리포르니아구렁이속(Bogertophis), 장신구뱀속(Coelognathus), 교목구렁이속(Gonyosoma), 옥수수뱀속(Pantherophis), 아스클레피오스뱀속(Zamenis), 녹색구렁이속(Senticolis) 등등으로 분산되어[2] 현재는 16종만 남아 있다.
뱀속(Elaphe 엘라페[*])은 뱀과 뱀아과에 속한 뱀들의 한 속이다. 북반구에 널리 사는 중대형 뱀들로, 모두 독이 없고 먹이를 졸라 죽이는 뱀(constrictor)들이다. 독은 없지만 물리면 아프고 타액을 통해 세균 감염이 일어날 수 있으므로 주의하는 편이 좋다.
원래 엄청나게 큰 속이었지만, 미토콘드리아 DNA 분석 결과 속해 있던 종들 중 상당수가 바하칼리포르니아구렁이속(Bogertophis), 장신구뱀속(Coelognathus), 교목구렁이속(Gonyosoma), 옥수수뱀속(Pantherophis), 아스클레피오스뱀속(Zamenis), 녹색구렁이속(Senticolis) 등등으로 분산되어 현재는 16종만 남아 있다.
