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Eremophila a c'hell bezañ :
Die Emusträucher (Eremophila) sind eine Pflanzengattung innerhalb der Familie der Braunwurzgewächse (Scrophulariaceae). Die etwa 233 Arten kommen nur in Australien vor. Der Name Emustrauch (emubush) beruht auf der irrigen Annahme, die Früchte würden von Emus gefressen und die Samen würden erst durch die Darmpassage ihre Keimfähigkeit erhalten.
Eremophila-Arten sind meist kleine bis mittelgroße Sträucher, nur wenige Arten sind kleine Bäume.[1][2] Die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile sind kahl, behaart oder mit Schuppen bedeckt.[1]
Die Laubblätter sind meist wechselständig, selten gegenständig oder wirtelig angeordnet. Die Laubblätter sind sitzend oder es ist eine blattstielartige Basis vorhanden. Die einfachen Blattspreiten besitzen einen glatten oder gezähnten Blattrand.[1]
Die Blüten stehen einzeln in Blattachseln oder bis zu acht Blüten sind in einem Blütenstand angeordnet.[1]
Die zwittrigen Blüten sind fünfzählig und meist zygomorph oder selten radiärsymmetrisch mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Die meist fünf, selten vier gleichen oder ungleichen Kelchblätter sind frei oder an ihrer Basis verwachsen, selten sind sie zu einer Kelchröhre verwachsen; oft vergrößern sie sich nach der Anthese.[1] Die Blüten sind relativ groß und häufig auffallend gefärbt (weiß, cremefarben, gelb, orange, rot, pink, purpurn oder braun), manchmal auch der Kelch. Die fünf Kronblätter sind röhrenförmig verwachsen. Die Kronröhre ist gekrümmt. Die Krone ist schwach bis stark zweilippig.[1] Die Oberlippe ist meist zwei- oder vierlappig und die Unterlippe ist ein- oder dreilappig.[1] Es sind meist vier Staubblätter vorhanden, die die Blütenkrone überragen können. Die Staubbeutel sind nieren- oder pfeilförmig[1] Der oberständige Fruchtknoten ist zwei- oder vierkammerig. Es sind meist ein bis drei Samenanlagen je Fruchtknotenkammer vorhanden. Der Griffel ist im oberen Bereich gebogen oder hakenförmig.[1]
Die fleischigen oder trockenen Kapselfrüchte glatt, gerippt oder selten geflügelt[1] und enthalten einen bis zwölf Samen.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt x = 27.[2]
Viele Arten haben graue, behaarte Laubblätter als Strahlungsschutz, andere Arten haben Laubblätter mit klebriger Oberfläche als Verdunstungsschutz.
Rund drei Viertel der Arten werden von Insekten bestäubt (Entomophilie), die anderen von Vögeln (Ornithophilie).
Die Eremophila kommen nur in Australien vor. Sie wachsen hauptsächlich in den trockenen Gebieten der Mulga in Zentral- und Westaustralien. Wegen des Vorkommens auf äußerst armen Böden werden viele Arten auch poverty bush („Armutsstrauch“) genannt.
Die Gattung Eremophila wurde 1810 durch Robert Brown in Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, ..., S. 518 aufgestellt.[3] Synonyme für Eremophila R.Br. sind: Exemophila F.Muell. orth. var., Stenochilus R.Br., Pholidia R.Br., Eremodendron A.DC., Pseudopholidia A.DC., Pholidiopsis F.Muell., Duttonia F.Muell. nom. illeg., Pholidia sect. Sentis F.Muell., Eremophila sect. Sentis (F.Muell.) F.Muell., Sentis F.Muell., Santis Wettst. orth. var.[3]
Die Gattung Eremophila gehörte früher in die Familie Myoporaceae, die Gattungen dieser Familie wurden in die Tribus Myoporeae innerhalb der Familie Scrophulariaceae eingegliedert.[3]
Es gibt etwa 233 Eremophila:[4][3]
Viele Arten werden wegen der Blüten als Zierpflanzen verwendet.
Etliche Arten sind giftig, was zu Vergiftung von Weidetieren führen kann. Die Aborigines verwenden einige Arten für medizinische Zwecke.
Die klebrigen Blätter von E. galeata werden von den Ureinwohnern des Landes als traditionelle Medizin verwendet. In dieser Pflanze wurden Verbindungen gefunden, die möglicherweise bei der Krebsbehandlung helfen könnten. Rohextrakte aus ihrem Harz scheinen Krebszellen daran zu hindern, Medikamente über die Effluxpumpe wieder auszuscheiden, was sie unerwünschterweise gegen die Behandlung resistent macht.[5]
Die Emusträucher (Eremophila) sind eine Pflanzengattung innerhalb der Familie der Braunwurzgewächse (Scrophulariaceae). Die etwa 233 Arten kommen nur in Australien vor. Der Name Emustrauch (emubush) beruht auf der irrigen Annahme, die Früchte würden von Emus gefressen und die Samen würden erst durch die Darmpassage ihre Keimfähigkeit erhalten.
Eremophila is a genus of more than 260 species of plants in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae all of which are endemic to mainland Australia. (One species, Eremophila debilis is thought to be a recent arrival in New Zealand). Eremophilas are widespread in the arid areas of Australia, especially Western Australia and range in size from low-growing shrubs to small trees. The petals are joined, at least at their bases, into a tube with the upper petals different in size and shape from the lower ones. Some species have common names including emu bush, poverty bush or fuchsia bush, reflecting the belief that emus eat the fruit, their arid environment or a superficial resemblance to the flowers of plants in the genus Fuchsia.
Eremophilas vary in size and habit from low, prostrate shrubs such as E. serpens to small trees in the case of E. bignoniiflora. Leaf size and shape is also variable but the leaves are usually small and are often shiny or hairy. The flowers usually have 5 spreading sepals and 5 petals which are joined into a tube, at least at the base. The most common flower colours are red, purple, lilac and mauve but others are white and even green. Many species have flowers which have a combination of colours, or have spotted or streaked markings, or both. Sometimes only the petals are coloured but often the sepals are also colourful.[2][3][4]
There is variation in flower shape, the most common being two petals at the top of the tube and three below, with the stamens enclosed in the tube as in the case of E. exilifolia. Species with this arrangement are generally insect-pollinated, the lower petals acting as a landing area. Less common are those that have four petal lobes at the top of the flower, one below which is curled under the flower and the stamens extending beyond the petal tube, as in the case of E. glabra. These flowers are generally bird pollinated, the bird holding the plant stem while it visits the flower. A few others have flowers with a combination of these arrangements.[2][3][4]
As the flower ages, the corolla falls off, then the calyx enlarges and becomes coloured as the fruit enlarges. The fruits contain from 2 to 12 seeds and may lie dormant in the ground for many years until disturbed by fire, heavy rainfall and sometimes by human activity such as roadworks. Some species such as E. sturtii reproduce by suckering and have become troublesome weeds in some areas. However, many more are rare or threatened by human activities such as land clearing, pastoral activity and mining.[2][3][4][5]
The genus Eremophila was first formally described in 1810 by the botanist Robert Brown in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae[6] and the first species to be named were E. oppositifolia and E. alternifolia but Brown did not nominate a type species.[7] The Victorian government botanist, Ferdinand von Mueller was the most influential early naturalist to take an interest in the genus and described 47 species, many of which were collected during expeditions to remote areas of Australia. Robert Chinnock is the modern authority who has named more than 100 species of eremophilas but because many species grow in rarely visited places, more remain to be named. So far, 221 species have been described but another 40 have been discovered but not yet described.[3] The most recent additions to the list are Eremophila buirchellii and Eremophila calcicola which were formally described in 2016.[8]
The name Eremophila is derived from the Ancient Greek ἐρῆμος (erêmos) meaning "lonely" or "desert" and φίλος (phílos) meaning “dear" or "beloved”[9] alluding to the species' adaptation to arid environments.[10]
See List of Eremophila species
A significant number of eremophilas have the term emu bush or poverty bush as part of their common names, although sometimes two species have the same common name and sometimes one species has more than one common name. Of the approximately 220 species, the following have at least one common name:
Eremophilas are distributed across the Australian mainland, primarily in arid regions and the majority of species occur in Western Australia. Eremophila maculata is found in all Australian states but there are no eremophilas in Tasmania. Eremophila debilis is found in New Zealand although its appearance there is thought to be recent, most likely as a result of introduction by people.[5][11]
At least 229 species are found in Western Australia and about 80% of those are endemic to that state. They are most common in arid areas - in the Meekatharra-Wiluna area there are more than 50 eremophila species and are the most common shrubs encountered. A few species, including E. complanata and E. mirabilis have very restricted distributions and only occur on one or two rocky outcrops.[3]
Eremophila includes entomophilous species, with flowers adapted to attract insects, and ornithophilous species, with flowers that attract birds. Entomophilous flowers have protruding lower lips, which provide a landing area for insects, and they are often blue, purple, or white. Bird-adapted flowers are red, orange, yellow, or green, and have lobes pointing downwards which discourages insects. Bird pollinated species also tend to have longer stamens, which brush pollen onto and off the bird's head as it feeds.[5] The fruits are eaten by emus, which disperse the seeds in their droppings[5] although the belief that this aids in the germination of the seeds is mistaken.[4]
Some species of Eremophila, such as E.freelingii and E.latrobei are toxic to stock whereas others, including E.bignoniiflora and E.oppositifolia are useful fodder plants.[4]
Aboriginal people used eremophilas for cultural and health reasons. For example, the Adnyamathanha people used Varti-varka (Eremophila longifolia) in burial ceremonies and in initiation ceremonies. Skin complaints were treated with a mixture of emu oil and the ash from burned bark of the plant.[4]
Eremophilas have not often been cultivated in the past, although some species, including Eremophila maculata are well known. Their rarity in gardens was partly because they were difficult to propagate or because they were rarely seen, even in nature. As methods of propagating and growing have improved, the popularity of eremophilas has increased. The beauty and abundance of their flowers, variety of foliage and habit, and extended flowering period make them attractive garden plants. They are mostly drought resistant and many also tolerant of frost, allowing them to be grown in most situations. The difficulty of propagating from seed, and also sometimes from cuttings has prevented many species from being commercially available, but most species can be grafted onto rootstock of Myoporum species, giving the added advantage of being able to grow in almost any soil type, including heavy clay. Myoporum insulare, M. montanum and M. acuminatum are suitable, depending on where the plant is to be grown.[12][13][14][15] It is possible to germinate eremophila seeds but the process involves either leaving the fruit in the ground for long periods or removing the seed from the fruit without damaging the seed.[16]
In nature, most eremophila grow where rainfall is infrequent and are adapted to dealing with long dry spells, even droughts lasting years. Eremophilas are therefore suited to low maintenance gardens, those where water supply is limited or where gardeners want a garden that does not require large volumes of water. In fact, excessive water can kill many species. In a severe drought, some species, such as E. microtheca can lose their leaves and appear to be dead after a long dry period, only to recover and turn into a compact, healthy-looking shrub after a deep watering. Most also grow in nutrient-poor soil, and fertiliser is rarely needed or beneficial.[12]
Media related to Eremophila at Wikimedia Commons
Eremophila abietina Eremophila glabra 'Murchison Magic' 
Eremophila hygrophana 
Eremophila oldfieldii Eremophila is a genus of more than 260 species of plants in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae all of which are endemic to mainland Australia. (One species, Eremophila debilis is thought to be a recent arrival in New Zealand). Eremophilas are widespread in the arid areas of Australia, especially Western Australia and range in size from low-growing shrubs to small trees. The petals are joined, at least at their bases, into a tube with the upper petals different in size and shape from the lower ones. Some species have common names including emu bush, poverty bush or fuchsia bush, reflecting the belief that emus eat the fruit, their arid environment or a superficial resemblance to the flowers of plants in the genus Fuchsia.
Eremophila es un género con 182 especies de plantas de flores perteneciente a la familia Scrophulariaceae.
Datos: Q1171483
Multimedia:
Especies: Eremophila (Scrophulariaceae)
Eremophila es un género con 182 especies de plantas de flores perteneciente a la familia Scrophulariaceae.
Eremophila est un genre de plantes classiquement placé dans la famille des Myoporaceae, maintenant incluse dans la famille des Scrophulariaceae. Ce genre compte près de 214 espèces, toutes originaires d'Australie[1].
Le nom de genre Eremophila dérive du grec ἔρεμος, eremos (désert) et φιλέω, philéô (« aimer ») pour définir un groupe de plantes qui vit principalement en zone désertique[2].
Eremophila est un genre de plantes classiquement placé dans la famille des Myoporaceae, maintenant incluse dans la famille des Scrophulariaceae. Ce genre compte près de 214 espèces, toutes originaires d'Australie.
Eremophila (Scrophulariaceae) é um género botânico pertencente à família Scrophulariaceae..[1].[1]
Eremophila (Scrophulariaceae) é um género botânico pertencente à família Scrophulariaceae...
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