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Holocnemus pluchei ist eine Art der Zitterspinnen und hauptsächlich im Mittelmeerraum verbreitet.
Weibchen werden 5–8,5 mm lang, Männchen 5–7 mm. Der Vorderkörper ist hell, mit einem dunklen Längsstrich. Der hellgraue Hinterleib ist oberseits versehen mit einem unregelmäßig gezackten, dunklen Längsband auf braun oder grau geschecktem Grund. Dieses ist meist weiß eingerahmt. Die gesamte Zeichnung kann aber auch zu einer undefinierbaren Fleckung verschmelzen. An den Seiten findet man wellenförmige Bänder von weißer bis silberner Farbe. Auf der Unterseite befindet sich eine schwarze Binde. Die Schenkel sind am äußeren Ende weiß geringelt.
Im Mittelmeerraum ist die Art häufig und findet sich auch im Freien. In Deutschland kommt sie nur selten und in Gebäuden vor. Eingeschleppt wurde die Art auch außerhalb von Europa und Nordafrika, beispielsweise in die USA.[1]
Die Art findet sich in warmen, trockenen Gebieten unter Steinen, in Häusern oder in Mauerlöchern. Hier finden sie sich in den Räumen zwischen Felsblöcken in einem grobmaschigen Raumnetz mit eingewebter Querdecke. In Deutschland wird die Art meist in Gartencentern und Gewächshäusern gefunden, während sie in Griechenland oft in Eingangsbereichen von Höhlen, Kellern und verfallenen Gebäuden anzutreffen ist.[2]
Die Weibchen tragen ihre violett getönten, von einem Netz umsponnenen Eiballen in den Oberkiefern.[3] Wie auch viele andere Zitterspinnen zeigt diese Art das für die Familie namensgebende Verhalten: Bei Störung oder Bedrohung zittert bzw. schwingt die Spinne in ihrem Netz sehr stark, wodurch sie für Feinde kaum zu erkennen ist.
Holocnemus pluchei ist eine Art der Zitterspinnen und hauptsächlich im Mittelmeerraum verbreitet.
Holocnemus pluchei, commonly known as the marbled cellar spider, is a species of Pholcidae, a family commonly referred to as "cellar spiders" or "daddy long-legs". This species is distributed across the North Pacific region of the United States, as well as in parts of North Africa, Europe, and the Mediterranean.[1] It is considered a common household spider and builds its nest in attics, basements, and eaves of houses.[1] Although some members of the species live in solitary webs, the majority join already existing webs[2] and migrate to new webs multiple times throughout the course of their lives. A unique feature of H. pluchei is that while in many species of spiders, stridulation commonly occurs by males during sexual encounters, in H. pluchei, females also possess stridulatory organs, and both sexes engage in stridulation.[3]
Males and females of the species are approximately the same size, with males ranging between 5–7 mm and females ranging between 5-7.5 mm.[4] H. pluchei have long fragile legs with black and white circles around the joints. Immature members of the species resemble adults. Females have swollen pedipalps that resemble the pedipalps of a male before his final molt.[1] Females also have a sternum projection, which is thought to play an important role in mate selection by improving females’ control over copulation.[5] Both females and males have stridulatory organs of the type where the pedipalp rubs against the chelicera, and no morphological differences in these organs have been observed between the sexes.[3]
Holocnemus pluchei belongs to the family Pholcidae, which contains over 1800 species, including multiple types of "daddy long-legs". Within this family, H. pluchei belongs to the genus Holocnemus, which contains just two other species, H. caudatus, found in Spain and Sicily, and H. hispanicus, found in Spain.
The marbled cellar spider is native to the Mediterranean area of Europe and Northern Africa. It may have been introduced to the North Pacific region of the United States in the mid-1900s.[1] It is now commonly found in Southern California, and is considered an urban pest. It builds its web under rocks, in basements, or on walls of buildings.[4] This species primarily inhabits warm terrain, spaces below rocks, caves, and basement areas.[4]
Holocnemus pluchei prey on various species of insects, including fruit flies, houseflies, and damselflies. Some members of the species live in groups, and although this incurs an additional cost of decreased food per spider, it also allows each spider to expend less energy in producing silk for the web.[2]
In a group setting, size determines prey consumption, as the largest spider that detects the prey wins the prey about 80% of the time. Because food is limited in a natural habitat, increased food level significantly decreases development time of the spider from egg to adult and increases size, especially in males. This allows larger males to have a competitive advantage when stealing food from females’ webs. For females, however, the extra molt that they sometimes undergo when the food supply is low increases their size. Since larger individuals often steal food from smaller individuals, females that were raised under low-food conditions have a competitive advantage.[6]
H. pluchei build two types of webs, curved prey-capture sheets to capture prey and dome-shaped webs. Dome-shaped webs are built by egg-carrying members of the species. They completely surround the female and the eggs in a spherical structure and are attached to branches or the side of buildings. Once the eggs hatch, the female exits the dome and the spiderlings remain until their first molt. The spiderlings then either construct their own prey-capture sheet web or join an already existing one.[7]
Holocnemus pluchei move to new webs frequently throughout their lifespan, making it difficult to follow an individual over the course of its life.[8]
During fertilization, the female’s projecting sternum interacts with the male’s clypeus specifically during sperm transfer, indicating that, rather than having a stridulatory purpose, the female’s sternum instead plays a role in sexual selection. This interaction may allow the female to exert some level of control over the copulatory actions of the male, since contact has been observed specifically when the male exerts genital pressure on the female during sperm transfer. The projecting sternum may act as a mating filter and selective pressure on the males, allowing only those males who are still able to transfer sperm despite the physical constraint of the sternum.[5] Females tend to mate multiple times, and the second male has a higher likelihood of reproductive success, fertilizing 65-82% of the female’s eggs.[9]
Once fertilized, the female carries the egg sac in her fangs while waiting for the spiderlings to hatch.[1] Females do not feed during this time and instead devote their energy to guarding the egg sac from predators.[8]
Each brood contains approximately fifty spiderlings.[8] In addition, although it is difficult to follow individuals in the field due to web migration, females occasionally produce multiple clutches over their lifetime, sometimes as soon as two months after the successful hatching of the first brood.[6]
During development, spiderlings normally undergo five molts, with females more likely to undergo a sixth molt than males and poorly fed individuals more likely to undergo a sixth molt than well-fed individuals.[6]
Although the lifespan of H. pluchei has been difficult to track due to web migration, individuals raised in the lab can have a lifespan of up to one year.[8] Males’ lifespan in a natural habitat is often terminated prematurely by various environmental conditions, so a faster rate of development for males often yields a higher rate of reproductive success.[6]
Unlike in many other species of spiders, both males and females of H. pluchei possess stridulatory organs, with the females possessing comparatively thicker pedipalp segments. Stridulations in males of many spider species play a role in courtship, and although H. pluchei female stridulations also play a role in courtship, they may indicate aggressive or preventative behavior. When females copulate with males immediately and willingly, they do not stridulate. Stridulation only occurs in cases where the female is less receptive towards the male’s advances, often leading to an unsuccessful mating attempt by the male.[3] Females can also regulate mate choice through their sternum projections, which serve as filters by limiting male success during sperm transfer.[5]
Although other species in the family Pholcidae exhibit “chivalrous” behavior, in which the male will step aside to cede prey to the female or wrap up the prey and bring it to her, this behavior does not occur in H. pluchei. In contrast, males of H. pluchei often enter females’ webs for the purpose of aggressively stealing food. In competitive interactions over prey, males tend to lose interactions only when they are smaller than their competitor. This, as well as a lack of wrapping or exchanging of the prey, indicates a lack of chivalrous behavior on the part of the male. For males in other species of Pholcidae, chivalrous behavior may induce a female to mate, thereby increasing the male’s reproductive success. Since the first male that mates with the female H. pluchei is unlikely to be the one to fertilize her eggs, there may not be as great of an advantage to engaging in chivalrous behavior.[9]
Spiderlings can choose to join a group web or build their own web, with the majority of individuals choosing to live in a group. They make this decision when they are 4–5 days old. Each strategy has its own costs and benefits, as group living decreases the amount of food allocated to each spider but also decreases the amount of silk each spider must produce, benefitting individuals by demanding less energy expenditure. Although spiders in groups tend to have smaller abdomens than those living alone, indicating lower foraging success,[10] spiders live in groups more often than would be predicted by chance. This may be due to the high energetic cost of producing silk and increased amount of silk needed to build a web alone as opposed to within a group. An individual's decision to build its own web or join a group web is based on its level of recent feeding success.[2]
H. pluchei spiderlings co-inhabiting a web do not cooperate in other realms, such as prey capture or wrapping remainders of prey in silk, and instead engage in display and fighting behaviors as they compete for prey, with larger spiders tending to win these fights. These conflicts can sometimes escalate to death, especially when the spiders are of similar sizes. Spiders in the same web will occasionally cooperate on wrapping prey, but only when the prey is very large. This cooperation may only occur because the spiders cannot see each other and are therefore unaware of each other’s presence.[2]
Holocnemus pluchei are preyed upon by jumping spiders of the family Salticidae, including Portia fimbriata and Portia labiata. In response to invasions from other species, H. pluchei will “bounce,” or move their legs rapidly up and down while remaining grounded on the web in an attempt to dislodge the intruder.[11] Invading species employ aggressive mimicry tactics when invading the webs of H. pluchei and are often able to avoid setting off the resident’s “bouncing” strategy, enabling these web invaders to successfully capture their prey.[12]
Holocnemus pluchei are considered household spiders and build webs in the eaves, basements, and attics of houses.[1] Although they are venomous, they are not dangerous to humans, likely due to the inability of their fangs to produce a strong enough bite.[13]
There has been one case study reported of asthma in a human stemming from an allergy associated with the arginine kinase stretch of a protein within H. pluchei,[14] but no other evidence of harm to humans from this species has been documented.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Holocnemus pluchei, commonly known as the marbled cellar spider, is a species of Pholcidae, a family commonly referred to as "cellar spiders" or "daddy long-legs". This species is distributed across the North Pacific region of the United States, as well as in parts of North Africa, Europe, and the Mediterranean. It is considered a common household spider and builds its nest in attics, basements, and eaves of houses. Although some members of the species live in solitary webs, the majority join already existing webs and migrate to new webs multiple times throughout the course of their lives. A unique feature of H. pluchei is that while in many species of spiders, stridulation commonly occurs by males during sexual encounters, in H. pluchei, females also possess stridulatory organs, and both sexes engage in stridulation.
Holocnemus pluchei est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Pholcidae[1]. Elle vit parfois en groupe, parfois solitairement[2]. Pour échapper à un prédateur, cette araignée peut se séparer d'une patte (autotomie), ce qui ne semble pas ensuite la handicaper significativement[3].
Cette espèce se rencontre en Europe, en Afrique du Nord, en Turquie et en Azerbaïdjan[1]. Elle a été introduite aux États-Unis, en Argentine, au Japon, et en Australie.
Après avoir été récemment introduite en Amérique du Nord (premier signalement en 1974[4] mais elle pourrait d'abord être passée inaperçue car relativement ressemblante à une autre pholcidée Pholcus phalangioides (également introduite par l'homme à partir de l'Europe, mais antérieurement), elle y a localement produit des populations, notamment en Californie[4]. En 1990, elle était trouvée jusqu'à Las Cruces au Nouveau-Mexique[4]. Il a été remarqué en Californie qu'elle vit parfois en groupe, et parfois solitairement[4]. En 2008, un premier signalement de l'espèce est fait en Amérique du Sud[5].
Cette espèce semble remonter vers le nord (ex : signalée en Pologne pour la 1re fois en 2010[6]).
Les mâles mesurent de 5 à 7 mm et les femelles de 5 à 7,5 mm[7].
Le mâle décrit par Huber en 2022 mesure 6,0 mm[8].
Holocnemus pluchei montre sur sa face ventrale une bande noire longitudinale caractéristique étendue du labium aux filières (Fig.1). Cette marque est en rapport avec une étrange pigmentation interne mise en évidence par Lopez et Legendre en 1975[9], liée à la présence de cellules particulières rameuses, plus ou moins stellaires, les chromatophores, chargées de granulations brunâtres, s'insinuant jusque dans les muscles (Fig.2). La nature chimique et la signification du pigment sont imprécises. Pareilles cellules n'ont pas été retrouvées chez les autres Araignées où une pigmentation profonde est toutefois possible (Diguetidae)[10].
Holocnemus pluchei possède un appareil stridulatoire découvert par Lopez en 1988[11] dans des coupes histologiques et au microscope électronique à balayage et décrit aussi par Huber en 1995[12] qui ne cite pas le précédent dans sa bibliographie. Différent de celui des Argyrodes (Theridiidae), cet appareil, présent dans les deux sexes et même chez les immatures, se compose d'un "archet" constitué par un tubercule trochantérien du pédipalpe, et d'une "lyre" située sur la tige chélicérienne (Fig.3 à 5).
Elle a été étudiée par Lopez et Boissin en 1976[13] qui ont montré, comme chez d'autres araignées, une particularité unique du flagelle, propre, semble-t-il, à l'ordre des Araneae : la présence d'un triplet axonématique axial, soit trois tubules centraux au lieu de deux...
Contrairement à celle d'autres Pholcidae, elle peut comporter une retraite en forme de "gobelet" (Fig.6).
Un cas d'allergie asthmatiforme a pu être associé (en 2010) à une enzyme (arginine kinase) produite par cette espèce (mais non par la tégénaire Tegenaria domestica)[14].
Cette espèce a été décrite sous le protonyme Aranea pluchii par Scopoli en 1763. Elle est placée dans le genre Pholcus par Simon en 1866[15] puis dans le genre Holocnemus par Simon en 1914[16].
Aranea rivulata[17] a été placée en synonymie par Simon en 1866[15].
Pholcus impressus[18], Pholcus barbarus[19] et Pholcus ruralis[20] ont été placées en synonymie par Simon en 1873[21].
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de l'abbé Pluche[22].
Holocnemus pluchei est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Pholcidae. Elle vit parfois en groupe, parfois solitairement. Pour échapper à un prédateur, cette araignée peut se séparer d'une patte (autotomie), ce qui ne semble pas ensuite la handicaper significativement.
Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763) è un ragno appartenente alla famiglia Pholcidae.
La specie è stata reperita in diverse località dell'area mediterranea; i rinvenimenti di esemplari in altri luoghi sono da intendersi per introduzione della specie in quel territorio[1].
Al 2013 non sono note sottospecie e dal 2006 non sono stati esaminati nuovi esemplari.[1]
De marmertrilspin (Holocnemus pluchei) is een spinnensoort uit de familie der trilspinnen (Pholcidae). Deze spin komt oorspronkelijk alleen voor in het Middellandse Zeegebied. In België[2][3][4] komt de soort tegenwoordig ook voor en de spin is recentelijk ook aangetroffen in Nederland.
Deze spin wordt 7 tot 10 mm groot en ontleent zijn naam aan de marmering op het achterlijf. Ze leven bij ingangen van grotten, kelders en verwoeste gebouwen. Het is een van oorsprong mediterrane soort die naar het noorden oprukt.
De marmertrilspin (Holocnemus pluchei) is een spinnensoort uit de familie der trilspinnen (Pholcidae). Deze spin komt oorspronkelijk alleen voor in het Middellandse Zeegebied. In België komt de soort tegenwoordig ook voor en de spin is recentelijk ook aangetroffen in Nederland.
Deze spin wordt 7 tot 10 mm groot en ontleent zijn naam aan de marmering op het achterlijf. Ze leven bij ingangen van grotten, kelders en verwoeste gebouwen. Het is een van oorsprong mediterrane soort die naar het noorden oprukt.
Holocnemus pluchei este o specie de păianjeni araneomori din familia Pholcidae.
Lungimea corpului variază între 5–7 mm la adulți. În comparație cu alte specii de folcide, H. pluchei este un specimen relativ mare. Pe partea ventrală a corpului se află o dungă maronie. Carapacea prezintă o linie longitudinală de culoarea mai îtunecată decât restul corpului [1].
Ouăele sunt purtate de către femelă în chelicere. Femela țese o sferă cu diametrul de 5 cm, atașată de un suport, care o învăluie în întregime. După eclozarea ouălelor, femela părăsește sfera. Juvenilii rămân până la prima năpârlire, apoi se răspândesc și construiesc propriile plase sau locuiesc o perioadă pe pânzele altor păianjeni [2].
Păianjenii din acestă specie duc un mod de viață solitar sau în grupuri. Pânzele neregulate[2] sunt țesute în peșteri, în interiorul locuințelor umane, pe construcții, pe arbuști. Se hrănește cu diverse insecte prinse în pânză [3]. Nu este periculoasă pentru om.
Holocnemus pluchei este o specie originară din zona mediteraneană, din care a pătruns în Europa Centrală, SUA[4] și America de Sud [5]
Holocnemus pluchei este o specie de păianjeni araneomori din familia Pholcidae.
Holocnemus pluchii - Timm, 1976
Pholcus pluchei - Simon, 1866
Aranea pluchii - Scopoli, 1763
Holocnemus rivulatus - Simon, 1873
Pholcus rivulatus - Audouin, 1826
Aranea rivulata - Forsskål, 1775
Pholcus barbarus - Lucas, 1846
Pholcus impressus - C.L. Koch, 1837
Pholcus ruralis - Blackwall, 1858
Wikimedia Commons'ta Holocnemus pluchei ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. 
Wikispecies'te Holocnemus pluchei ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur. Holocnemus pluchei, Pholcidae familyasından, esas olarak Akdeniz ülkeleri kökenli olsa da kuzeye (Belçika, Hollanda, Macaristan) ve Atlantik ötesine de (Kuzey Amerika, Güney Amerika) yayılan bir örümcek türü. Türkiye'de de bulunur.
Erginleri 5–7 mm uzunluğundadır. Diğer Pholcidae türlerinden nispeten büyüktür. Gövdenin ventralinde kahverengi bir şerit vardır. Karapaksta gövde renginden daha koyu dikey bir çizgi vardır[1].
Mağara girişlerinde, bodrum ve yıkık bina kalıntılarında bulunurlar. Yavruları tek ya da gruplar hâlinde yaşarlar[1].
Akdeniz ülkeleri anavatanıdır. Sonradan kuzeye doğru yayılmıştır. Belçika[2][3][4] ve Hollanda'ya sonradan yerleşmiş türdür. 2006 yılında Macaristan'da da görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bulgaristan'da[5] da görülür. Atlantik ötesine de yayılmış Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde[6] ve Güney Amerika'da[7] da görülmeye başlanmıştır.
Türkiye'de[8] ise yerlidir ve burada cinsinin tek türüdür.
Holocnemus pluchei, Pholcidae familyasından, esas olarak Akdeniz ülkeleri kökenli olsa da kuzeye (Belçika, Hollanda, Macaristan) ve Atlantik ötesine de (Kuzey Amerika, Güney Amerika) yayılan bir örümcek türü. Türkiye'de de bulunur.
Holocnemus pluchei là một loài nhện trong họ Pholcidae. Đây là loài bản địa Địa Trung Hải.[2][3][4] Loài nhện này là dài từ 7 đến 10 mm, và có nguồn gốc tên của nó từ vân mỡ trên bụng. Nó sống ở lối vào hang động, tầng hầm và các tòa nhà bị phá hủy. Đây là một trong những nguồn gốc Địa Trung Hải.
Holocnemus pluchei là một loài nhện trong họ Pholcidae. Đây là loài bản địa Địa Trung Hải. Loài nhện này là dài từ 7 đến 10 mm, và có nguồn gốc tên của nó từ vân mỡ trên bụng. Nó sống ở lối vào hang động, tầng hầm và các tòa nhà bị phá hủy. Đây là một trong những nguồn gốc Địa Trung Hải.
