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Trillium (lat. Trillium)[1] — melantkimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi.[2]
Birləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Trillium (lat. Trillium) — melantkimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi.
Trillium és un gènere de plantes perennes que són plantes natives de les regions temperades de l'Amèrica del Nord i Àsia.[2]
Anteriorment estava tractat dins la família Trilliaceae, una part de les Lilials.L'APG III system inclou Trilliaceae dins la família Melanthiaceae, en la tribu Parideae.[3]
Són plantes amb rizoma, produeixen, en moltes espècies, un escap erecte i recte. Les bràctees fan la fotosíntesi i de vegades són anomenades fulles. La inflorescència és una flor simple. El fruit és carnós. Les llavors tenen elaiosoma.[4][5] Es poden confondre amb l'espècie Paris quadrifolia
Trillium es fa servir com el símbol oficial per la província d'Ontàrio.
Els Trilliums són mirmecocòrics, amb les formigues que els dispersen.[7]
Diverses espècies contenen sapogenina. S'han utilitzat tradicionalment com uterotònics (estimulants uterins.[8]
Trillium és un gènere de plantes perennes que són plantes natives de les regions temperades de l'Amèrica del Nord i Àsia.
Anteriorment estava tractat dins la família Trilliaceae, una part de les Lilials.L'APG III system inclou Trilliaceae dins la família Melanthiaceae, en la tribu Parideae.
Treblad (Trillium) er en slægt med ca. 45 arter, der er udbredt i Nordamerika, Kamtjatka, Kina og Himalaya. Det er flerårige, urteagtige planter med underjordiske rodknolde. Stænglen er opret og ikke forgrenet. Den er opgivet af et brunt hylster på den nederste del. Bladene sidder som lavtsiddende, kransstillede stængelblade. De er ovale eller næsten rhombeformede med hel rand og tre eller fem hovedribber. De tre højblade er ovale til elliptiske og grønne eller plettede. Der er kun én enkelt, endestillet blomst. Den er 3-tallig og regelmæssig med røde, purpurfarvede, rosa, hvide, gule eller grønne kronblade. Frugterne er kapsler med mange, bittesmå frø.
Beskrevne arter
Die Waldlilien (Trillium), auch Dreiblätter oder Dreizipfellilien genannt, sind eine Pflanzengattung in der Familie der Germergewächse (Melanthiaceae). Die etwa 45 Arten sind in den gemäßigten Gebieten Asiens und Nordamerikas weit verbreitet.
Waldlilien-Arten sind ausdauernde krautige Pflanzen. Sie bilden unterirdische Rhizome, die horizontal oder schräg nach oben geneigt verlaufen, als Überdauerungsorgane aus. Sie haben eine Hauptachse und sind nicht oder nur wenig verzweigt. An ihren Enden bilden sich zusammengedrückte, fleischige Verdickungen hinter denen das Rhizom abbricht und aus denen Knospen auswachsen. Die Pflanzen tragen Adventivwurzeln, diese sind zusammenlaufend und beringt. Sie bilden viele Niederblätter aus.
Der Stängel ist einfach und aufrecht und an der Basis mit einer braunen Hülle überzogen. Die Laubblätter stehen nur bodennahe in Quirlen am Stängel. Die einfachen Laubblätter sind rhombisch mit abgerundeten Kanten oder oval. Sie tragen drei bis fünf Hauptnerven und zusammenlaufende kleinere Nerven.
Auffällig sind die drei Hochblätter, welche in einem Wirtel stehen, sie haben der Gattung ihren Namen gegeben. Sie sind einfarbig grün oder gefleckt, blattförmig oval bis elliptisch, mit oder ohne Stiel. Die Nerven verlaufen handförmig mit drei bis fünf Hauptnerven. Der Blütenstand ist geschlossen, mit einer einzelnen Blüte.
Die zwittrigen Blüten sind radiärsymmetrisch und dreizählig. Die zwei Kreise der Blütenhüllblätter sind meist deutlich unterschiedlich gestaltet. Die Blütenhüllblätter sind rot, purpur-, rosafarben, weiß, gelb, grün oder in Kombinationen aus diesen Farben gefärbt. Die Fruchtblätter sind zu einem oberständigen Fruchtknoten verwachsen. Es sind zwei Kreise mit je drei Staubblättern vorhanden; sie sind aufrecht, gebogen oder auseinanderstrebend. Die Staubfäden sind kurz und zur Basis verdickt. Die Staubbeutel sind zweiteilig und gleich lang oder länger als die Staubfäden.
Es werden beerenartige Kapselfrüchte ausgebildet, die fleischig sind mit obskuren Nähten, an denen sie dann aufplatzen. Sie enthalten viele Samen. Die weißen oder gelblichen und häufig ölhaltigen Samen sind bei einer Länge von 2 und 4 Millimetern ellipsoid.
Die Gattung Trillium wurde durch Carl von Linné aufgestellt. Typusart ist Trillium cernuum L.[1] Synonyme für Trillium L. sind: Delostylis Raf., Esdra Salisb., Huxhamia Garden, Phyllantherum Raf., Trillidium Kunth.[2]
Die Gattung Trillium ist in gemäßigten Gebieten auf der Nordhalbkugel in Nordamerika und in Asien verbreitet. In Nordamerika kommen etwa 38 Arten vor. Das Mannigfaltigkeitszentrum liegt in den Vereinigten Staaten. In Asien finden sich Trillium-Arten in der Volksrepublik China (von den vier Arten kommt eine nur dort vor[3]), in Indien, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar, Japan und auf Kamtschatka.
Die innere Systematik der Gattung Trillium wird kontrovers diskutiert. Beispielsweise wurde 1975 die Gattung Trillium in zwei Untergattungen, die Untergattung Trillium mit gestielten Blüten und die Untergattung Phyllantherum mit ungestielten Blüten geteilt. Es gibt aber noch viele andere Vorschläge diese Gattung zu gliedern.
Die Gattung Trillium enthält etwa 45 Arten:[2]
Viele Waldlilien-Arten werden als Zierpflanzen verwendet. Einige der Arten hybridisieren untereinander, vor allem die Arten um die Trillium erectum. Die Großblütige Waldlilie ist die offizielle Blume der kanadischen Provinz Ontario und ist auch auf der Flagge der Franko-Ontarier abgebildet.
„Waldlilie im See“ ist ein Abschnitt im Peter Roseggers Roman „Die Schriften des Waldschulmeisters“.[6]
Die Waldlilien (Trillium), auch Dreiblätter oder Dreizipfellilien genannt, sind eine Pflanzengattung in der Familie der Germergewächse (Melanthiaceae). Die etwa 45 Arten sind in den gemäßigten Gebieten Asiens und Nordamerikas weit verbreitet.
Trillium (trillium, wakerobin, toadshade, tri flower, birthroot, birthwort, and sometimes "wood lily") is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae. Trillium species are native to temperate regions of North America and Asia,[3][4] with the greatest diversity of species found in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States.[5][6]
Plants of this genus are perennial herbs growing from rhizomes. There are three large leaf-like bracts arranged in a whorl about a scape that rises directly from the rhizome. There are no true aboveground leaves but sometimes there are scale-like leaves on the underground rhizome. The bracts are photosynthetic and are sometimes called leaves. The inflorescence is a single flower with three green or reddish sepals and three petals in shades of red, purple, pink, white, yellow, or green. At the center of the flower there are six stamens and three stigmas borne on a very short style, if any. The fruit is fleshy and capsule-like or berrylike. The seeds have large, oily elaiosomes.[3][4]
Occasionally individuals have four-fold symmetry, with four bracts (leaves), four sepals, and four petals in the blossom.[7]. The tetramerous condition has been described for several species of Trillium including T. chloropetalum, T. erectum, T. grandiflorum, T. maculatum, T. sessile, and T. undulatum.[8]
In 1753, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established the genus Trillium by recognizing three species, Trillium cernuum, Trillium erectum, and Trillium sessile.[9] The type specimen Trillium cernuum described by Linnaeus was actually Trillium catesbaei,[10] an oversight that subsequently led to much confusion regarding the type species of this genus.
Initially the Trillium genus was placed in the family Liliaceae. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was sometimes placed in a smaller family, Trilliaceae.[11] By 1981 Liliaceae had grown to about 280 genera and 4,000 species.[12] As it became clearer that the very large version of Liliaceae was polyphyletic, some botanists preferred to place Trillium and related genera into that separate family. Others defined a larger family, Melanthiaceae, for a similar purpose, but included several other genera not historically recognized as close relatives of Trillium. This latter approach was followed in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, which assigned the genus Trillium, along with its close relative Paris, to the family Melanthiaceae.[13] However, other taxonomists have since preferred to break up the heterogenous Melanthiaceae into several smaller monophyletic families, each with more coherent morphological features, returning Trillium to a resurrected Trilliaceae.[14]
In 1850, German botanist Carl Sigismund Kunth segregated Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don into genus Trillidium.[15] Some authorities consider Trillidium Kunth to be a synonym for Trillium L.,[16] while others recognize the taxon Trillidium govanianum (Wall. ex D.Don) Kunth based on morphological differences (with other Trillium species) and molecular evidence.[17][18] Still others support the segregation of Trillium undulatum Willd. into genus Trillidium alongside Trillidium govanianum.[14][19]
All names used in this section are taken from the International Plant Names Index.[20] As of February 2022, Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts 49 species and 5 named hybrids,[2] all of which are listed below. The geographical locations are taken from POWO and the Flora of North America,[3] except where noted.
The Trillium genus has traditionally been divided into two subgenera, Trillium subgenus Trillium and Trillium subgenus Phyllantherum, based on whether the flower is pedicellate or sessile.[21][22] At the time, the former subgenus was considered to be the more primitive group.[23][24][3] Based on molecular systematics, Trillium subgen. Phyllantherum has been shown to be a monophyletic group, but its segregation renders the remaining Trillium subgen. Trillium paraphyletic.[25]
Trillium subgenus Phyllantherum was named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1820,[26] but since he did not provide a description, the name was declared invalid in 2014.[27] At that time, the correct name was thought to be Trillium subgen. Sessilium,[28] which was described by Rafinesque in 1830. However, that name was later found to be incorrect as well.[29] As of July 2022, the correct name of the subgenus is Trillium L. subgen. Sessilia Raf.[30] Its type species is Trillium sessile L.
In 1819, Rafinesque described and named the genus Delostylis,[31] and then placed Trillium stylosum Nutt. (now a synonym for Trillium catesbaei Elliott) into the new genus. Reversing himself a decade later, Rafinesque instead placed Trillium stylosum into a new subgenus Delostylium in 1830.[32] Presumably Rafinesque had intended the subgeneric name to replace the earlier generic name, and so the correct name of the former is Trillium L. subgen. Delostylis (Raf.) Raf..[33][29] Its type species is Trillium catesbaei. Historically, the subgenus has been known as the Catesbaei group.[34][35] The word Delostylis means "with a small but conspicuous style".[36]
Based on morphology and molecular evidence, a few taxa in genus Trillium have been segregated into other genera:
Phylogenetic analysis places Trillidium govanianum and Trillidium undulatum together in a clade with high support.[37] However, since Trillium and Trillidium are both individually and collectively monophyletic, it is a matter of choice whether or not to recognize genus Trillidium.
Excluding the segregate taxa listed above, the remaining taxa separate into four clades with the following names:[29]
Traditionally, Trillium subgen. Trillium has included all pedicellate-flowered species (which is a paraphyletic group), but in 2022, the subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of fourteen (14) species.[38] Its type species is Trillium erectum L. Historically, the subgenus has been known as the Erectum group.[34][39][40][35][41]
Trillium subgen. Callipetalon was described by Jayne A. Lampley and Edward E. Schilling in 2022.[42] The word Callipetalon means "beautiful petal", a reference to "the famously beautiful flowers" of its type species, Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.[43] Historically, the subgenus has been known as the Grandiflorum group.[34][39][40][35][41]
This leads to a four-part concept of Trillium that sharply contrasts with the traditional pedicellate vs. sessile dichotomy outlined previously.[44]
Trillium subgen. Trillium, the Erectum group, is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes Trillium erectum. The subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of fourteen (14) species in 2022.[38] Species in this subgenus have pedicellate flowers (on a stalk) with three distinct stigmas (no style) and solid green leaves (not mottled). They are distributed across North America and Asia. Hybrids are common within this subgenus (the only group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums with natural hybrids).
Trillium subgen. Callipetalon, the Grandiflorum group, is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes Trillium grandiflorum. The subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of three (3) species in 2022.[43] Species in the subgenus have pedicellate flowers (on a stalk) and solid green leaves (except T. ovatum on the west coast of California, which occasionally has mottled leaves). The stigmas are fused together at their bases (basally connate) but lack a definite style. They are distributed across North America (but not Asia). Flowers were and still are consumed and used by indigenous peoples in various regions of North America.
Trillium subgen. Delostylis, the Catesbaei group, is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes Trillium catesbaei. The subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of seven (7) species in 2022.[61] Species in this subgenus have pedicellate flowers (except for one variety of T. pusillum) with a definite style and solid green leaves (not mottled). Distribution is restricted to the southeastern and south central United States.
Trillium subgen. Sessilia, the sessile-flowered trilliums, is a group of species that includes Trillium sessile. The subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of twenty-six (26) species in 2022.[62] Species in this subgenus have sessile flowers (no flower stalk), erect petals (except in T. stamineum), and mottled leaves (except in T. petiolatum and occasionally in plants of other sessile-flowered species).[22]
The following pair of taxa do not fit into any of the above groups since they are markedly different from other Trillium species. There is evidence to support the segregation of these species into a separate genus (Trillidium) but the proposal is controversial.
As of April 2023, Plants of the World Online does not accept these taxa:
The following taxa are of historical interest:
Trillium species are native to North America and Asia.[3][4][74]
More than three dozen Trillium species are found in North America,[3] most of which are native to eastern North America. Just six species are native to western North America: T. albidum, T. angustipetalum, T. chloropetalum, T. kurabayashii, T. ovatum, and T. petiolatum. Of these, only T. ovatum is pedicellate-flowered.
Trillium species are found across Canada, from Newfoundland to southern British Columbia. The greatest diversity of species are found in Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia.[3]
Except for the desert regions of the southwestern United States, Trillium species are found throughout the contiguous U.S. states. In the western United States, species are found from Washington to central California, east to the Rocky Mountains. In the eastern United States, species range from Maine to northern Florida, west to the Mississippi River valley. Trillium species are especially diverse in the southeastern United States, in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[3] The state of Georgia is home to 21 species of trillium.
In Asia, the range of Trillium species extends from the Himalayas across China, Korea, Japan, and eastern Russia to the Kuril Islands. The greatest diversity of Trillium species is found on the islands of Japan and Sakhalin.
A fully general dichotomous key requires a mature, flowering plant.[3][77][78][79] The first step is to determine whether or not the flower sits on a pedicel, which determines the subgenus. (Any mature plant may be identified to this extent, even if it is not in bloom.) Identification proceeds based on flower parts, leaves, and other characteristics. A combination of characteristics is usually required to identify the plant.
Identification of a non-flowering, non-fruiting plant with bare leaves may be difficult. Although some species of Trillium have petioles (leaf stalks) and/or distinctive leaf shapes, these features are seldom sufficient to identify the plant down to the species level.
In eastern North America, jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) is often mistaken for bare-leaved Trillium. Both species are about the same height with trifoliate leaves but the former lacks 3-way rotational symmetry and has leaf veins unlike those of Trillium.
Trilliums are myrmecochorous, that is, ants act as agents of seed dispersal. Each seed of a ripe fruit has a white fleshy appendage called an elaiosome. Ants are attracted to the elaiosome, so much so they often bore holes into the fruit instead of waiting for it to drop off on its own.[80] The ants carry the seeds back to their nest where they eat the elaiosomes and discard the seeds. Here the seeds eventually germinate, an average of about 1 meter away from the parent plant.
For example, the seeds of Trillium camschatcense and T. tschonoskii are collected by ant species Aphaenogaster smythiesi and Myrmica ruginodis.[81] Sometimes beetles interfere with the dispersal process by eating the elaiosomes, which makes the seeds less attractive to ants.
Yellow jackets (Vespula spp.) and other wasps are similarly attracted to elaiosomes. The wasps carry off the seeds and feed on the elaiosomes an average of about 1.4 meters away from the parent plant. Yellow jackets are documented seed dispersers for at least three species of Trillium (T. catesbaei, T. cuneatum, T. undulatum).[82]
As of February 2022, Plants of the World Online recognizes five named hybrids,[2] four in Asia and one in North America. Three of the Asian hybrids, T. × hagae, T. × miyabeanum, and T. × yezoense, are well studied,[83] but little is known about the Asian hybrid T. × komarovii. One of its parents is T. camschatcense but the other parent is unknown.[53]
The only named hybrid in North America is T. × crockerianum whose type specimen was collected in Del Norte County, California.[72] As originally described, its parents are Trillium ovatum and Trillium rivale, but the latter species is now a member of genus Pseudotrillium, and so T. × crockerianum has become an intergeneric hybrid.
In 1982, Haga and Channell crossed the Asiatic species Trillium camschatcense with several North American species. Of those, the crosses with T. erectum, T. flexipes, and T. vaseyi produced solid, seemingly viable seed. Seeds of the cross between T. camschatcense and T. erectum flowered in 9 to 10 years.[84]
Various Trillium species are susceptible to a greening disorder caused by bacterial organisms called phytoplasmas that alter the morphology of infected plants.[85] Symptoms of phytoplasma infection include abnormal green markings on the petals (floral virescence), extra leaves (phyllody), and other abnormal characteristics.[86] Infected populations occur throughout the species range but are prevalent in Ontario, Michigan, and New York.[87]
For many years, this condition was thought to originate from mutation, and so many of these forms were given taxonomic names now known to be invalid. In 1971, Hooper, Case, and Meyers used electron microscopy to detect the presence of mycoplasma-like organisms (i.e., phytoplasmas) in T. grandiflorum with virescent petals. The means of transmission was not established but leafhoppers were suspected.[88] As of November 2021, the insect vector for Trillium greening disorder is unknown.
Phytoplasmas were positively identified in T. grandiflorum and T. erectum in Ontario in 2016. Phylogenetic analysis supported the grouping of the phytoplasmas isolated from infected plants as a related strain of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' (subgroup 16SrIII-F) with 99% sequence identity.[89] This subgroup of phytoplasmas is associated with various other diseases, including milkweed yellows, Vaccinium witches' broom, and potato purple top.[90]
Picking parts off a trillium plant can kill it even if the rhizome is left undisturbed.[91] Some species of trillium are listed as threatened or endangered and collecting these species may be illegal. Laws in some jurisdictions may restrict the commercial exploitation of trilliums and prohibit collection without the landowner's permission. In the US states of Michigan[91] and Minnesota[92] it is illegal to pick trilliums. In New York it is illegal to pick the red trillium.[93]
In 2009, a Private Members Bill was proposed in the Ontario legislature that would have made it illegal to in any way injure the common Trillium grandiflorum (white trillium) in the province (with some exceptions), however the bill was never passed.[94] The rare Trillium flexipes (drooping trillium) is also protected by law in Ontario, because of its decreasing Canadian population.[95]
High white-tailed deer population density has been shown to decrease or eliminate trillium in an area, particularly white trillium.[96]
Some species are harvested from the wild to an unsustainable degree. This is particularly dire in the case of T. govanianum, whose high selling price as a folk medicine has motivated harvesters to destroy swathes of ecologically sensitive Himalayan forests, causing mudslides.[97]
Several species contain sapogenins. They have been used traditionally as uterine stimulants, the inspiration for the common name birthwort. In a 1918 publication, Joseph E. Meyer called it "beth root", probably a corruption of "birthroot". He claimed that an astringent tonic derived from the root was useful in controlling bleeding and diarrhea.[98]
The white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) serves as the official flower and emblem of the Canadian province of Ontario. It is an official symbol of the Government of Ontario. The large white trillium is the official wildflower of Ohio.[99] In light of their shared connection to the flower, the Major League Soccer teams in Toronto and Columbus compete with each other for the Trillium Cup.
Citizen scientists regularly report observations of Trillium species from around the world. T. grandiflorum, T. erectum, and T. ovatum (in that order) are the most often observed Trillium species.[100]
Trillium is the literary magazine of Ramapo College of New Jersey, which features poetry, fiction, photography, and other visual arts created by Ramapo students.[101]
In Mexican LGBT culture, the trillium is included as a symbol on their version of the bisexual pride flag.[102]
Nodding trillium (Trillium cernuum)
Idaho trillium (Trillium petiolatum)
White trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)
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Red trillium (Trillium erectum)
Pacific trillium (Trillium ovatum)
Prairie trillium (Trillium recurvatum)
Relict trillium (Trillium reliquum) an endangered species
Painted trillium (Trillium undulatum)
Trillium (trillium, wakerobin, toadshade, tri flower, birthroot, birthwort, and sometimes "wood lily") is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae. Trillium species are native to temperate regions of North America and Asia, with the greatest diversity of species found in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States.
Trilio (latine Trillium) estas holarktisa genro de arbara floro, kiu apartenas al la familio de triliacoj (latine trilliaceae). Ĝi estas parenca al la genro Paris kaj Trillidium, kiuj ambaŭ ne indiĝenas en Norda Ameriko. Kvin aŭ ses specioj de trilio troviĝas en orienta Azio, sep specioj en okcidenta Nord-Ameriko, kaj 35 specioj en orienta Nord-Ameriko.
Ontario, Kanado, posedas plurajn speciojn da trilioj kaj la blanka trilio Trillium grandiflorum estas la oficiala floro de la provinco.
Trillium es un género de cerca de 40-50 especies de hierbas perennes, nativa de regiones templadas de Norteamérica y Asia.[1][2] Podrían estar en la familia Trilliaceae, una parte de las Liliales u orden de los lirios. El AGP II trata a Trilliaceae como sinónimo de la familia Melanthiaceae.
Hay rizomas bajo el suelo que forman escapos con forma de escamas. No hay verdaderas hojas fuera del suelo sino brácteas que son capaces de fotosíntesis y se las suele llamar hojas.
Trillium es un género de cerca de 40-50 especies de hierbas perennes, nativa de regiones templadas de Norteamérica y Asia. Podrían estar en la familia Trilliaceae, una parte de las Liliales u orden de los lirios. El AGP II trata a Trilliaceae como sinónimo de la familia Melanthiaceae.
Hay rizomas bajo el suelo que forman escapos con forma de escamas. No hay verdaderas hojas fuera del suelo sino brácteas que son capaces de fotosíntesis y se las suele llamar hojas.
Kolmilehdet (Trillium) on karhunruohokasveihin kuuluva kasvisuku. Kolmilehtiin kuuluu noin 30 lajia monivuotisia ruohokasveja, joista suurin osa kasvaa metsäkasveina Pohjois-Amerikassa. Muutamia lajeja esiintyy lisäksi Länsi-Himalajalla ja Koillis-Aasiassa. Kolmilehdille tunnusomaista on kolmen lehden kiehkura pystyssä varressa ja sen päässä yksittäinen kolmilukuinen kukka, jonka sisemmät kehälehdet ovat värikkäät. Lukuisia kolmilehtiä viljellään perennana. Ne sopivat erityisesti metsäpuutarhaan.[1]
Jättikolmilehti.
Komeakolmilehti.
Punakolmilehti.
Isokolmilehti.
Keltakolmilehti.
Karolinankolmilehti.
Kastanjakolmilehti.
Kolmilehdet (Trillium) on karhunruohokasveihin kuuluva kasvisuku. Kolmilehtiin kuuluu noin 30 lajia monivuotisia ruohokasveja, joista suurin osa kasvaa metsäkasveina Pohjois-Amerikassa. Muutamia lajeja esiintyy lisäksi Länsi-Himalajalla ja Koillis-Aasiassa. Kolmilehdille tunnusomaista on kolmen lehden kiehkura pystyssä varressa ja sen päässä yksittäinen kolmilukuinen kukka, jonka sisemmät kehälehdet ovat värikkäät. Lukuisia kolmilehtiä viljellään perennana. Ne sopivat erityisesti metsäpuutarhaan.
Trille
Trillium est un genre de plantes, les trilles, monocotylédones de la famille des Liliaceae selon la classification classique, ou des Melanthiaceae selon la classification phylogénétique.
Le nom « Trillium », donné par Carl von Linné viendrait peut-être du suédois « trilling », triplet. Les différentes parties de la plantes sont en effet ternaires : un verticille unique de trois feuilles généralement sessiles, une fleur solitaire à trois sépales verts et trois pétales colorés, six étamines et trois carpelles soudés. Le fruit est une capsule à trois loges. Les trilles sont des plantes vivaces à rhizome.
Les fleurs qui apparaissent au printemps ont une odeur plus ou moins prononcée, souvent fruitée ou épicée. Certaines, comme Trillium flexipes et Trillium albidum, ont une odeur parfumée, d’autres ont une odeur désagréable : Trillium erectum et Trillium underwoodii, voire putride : Trillium foetidissimum, Trillium ludovicianum et Trillium stamineum.
Le genre compte 43 espèces, dont 38 sont originaires d'Amérique et 5 sont asiatiques. Il comporte deux sous-genres : Trillium, à fleur pédonculée à pétales étalés et à feuilles généralement immaculées, et Phyllantherum, à fleur sessile à pétales généralement dressés et à feuilles plus ou moins tachetées.
Les espèces asiatiques sont rattachées au sous-genre Trillium.
Trillium smallii est une espèce allopolyploïde très variable d'origine hybride (Trillium apetalon × Trillium sp.).
Trillium hagae est une espèce triploïde ou hexaploïde d'origine hybride (Trillium camschatcense × Trillium tschonoskii).
Trillium govanianum Wall., une espèce miniature à fleur à 6 tépales identiques vert pourpré, est actuellement rattachée à un genre séparé appelé Trillidium.
Les espèces de l’est de l’Amérique du Nord sont les plus faciles à cultiver. Celles de l’ouest de l’Amérique du Nord et d’Asie requièrent un climat maritime doux et humide, comme celui de la Normandie ou des îles Britanniques.
Les Trilliums demandent un sol limoneux, riche en humus, légèrement ombragé et bien drainé, à pH généralement neutre. Quelques espèces toutefois, comme Trillium rivale, sont calcicoles et quelques autres, comme Trillium undulatum, sont calcifuges. Les rhizomes doivent être plantés à une profondeur de 5 à 7,5 cm. Il faudra ensuite faire preuve de patience, car il faudra souvent deux ans avant que les plantes montrent leurs premières fleurs. Comme les feuilles des Trilliums disparaissent assez vite, il ne faut pas trop les grouper : il est préférable d'intercaler d’autres plantes prospérant dans les mêmes conditions.
Quelques producteurs spécialisés des Pays-Bas et du pays de Galles présentent régulièrement une vingtaine d’espèces. Les variétés les plus rares, comme Trillium grandiflorum f. roseum et ‘Flore Pleno’, sont très recherchées ; elles peuvent être obtenues à prix d’or.
Parmi les espèces les plus décoratives du sous-genre Trillium, Trillium grandiflorum et Trillium erectum sont les plus faciles à cultiver ; Trillium catesbaei, Trillium undulatum et Trillium rivale sont plus délicats. Trillium sessile est l’espèce du sous-genre Phyllantherum le plus fréquemment cultivée.
Une 44e espèce, Trillium oostingii, a été récemment caractérisée[1].
Ce taxon, qui est proche de Trillium lancifolium et de Trillium recurvatum, est endémique de la plaine alluviale de la Wateree River en Caroline du Sud. Une vingtaine de stations de cette nouvelle espèce y sont répertoriées.
Trille
Trillium est un genre de plantes, les trilles, monocotylédones de la famille des Liliaceae selon la classification classique, ou des Melanthiaceae selon la classification phylogénétique.
Le nom « Trillium », donné par Carl von Linné viendrait peut-être du suédois « trilling », triplet. Les différentes parties de la plantes sont en effet ternaires : un verticille unique de trois feuilles généralement sessiles, une fleur solitaire à trois sépales verts et trois pétales colorés, six étamines et trois carpelles soudés. Le fruit est une capsule à trois loges. Les trilles sont des plantes vivaces à rhizome.
Les fleurs qui apparaissent au printemps ont une odeur plus ou moins prononcée, souvent fruitée ou épicée. Certaines, comme Trillium flexipes et Trillium albidum, ont une odeur parfumée, d’autres ont une odeur désagréable : Trillium erectum et Trillium underwoodii, voire putride : Trillium foetidissimum, Trillium ludovicianum et Trillium stamineum.
Le genre compte 43 espèces, dont 38 sont originaires d'Amérique et 5 sont asiatiques. Il comporte deux sous-genres : Trillium, à fleur pédonculée à pétales étalés et à feuilles généralement immaculées, et Phyllantherum, à fleur sessile à pétales généralement dressés et à feuilles plus ou moins tachetées.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Trójlist (Trillium L.) – rodzaj wieloletnich, ziemnopączkowych roślin zielnych z rodziny melantkowatych, obejmujący 45 gatunków, występujących w Azji (od Afganistanu do Dalekiego Wschodu) oraz w Ameryce Północnej[2]. Charakterystyczną cechą morfologiczną tych roślin jest występowanie poszczególnych elementów ich budowy w trójkach. Wiele gatunków trójlistów znajduje zastosowanie jako rośliny lecznicze i ozdobne.
Rośliny z rodzaju trójlist występują naturalnie na obszarze klimatu umiarkowanego, na dwóch kontynentach: w Azji (7 gatunków) i w Ameryce Północnej (38 gatunków), przy czym żaden gatunek nie występuje na obu kontynentach.
Na półkuli wschodniej rośliny te występują na obszarze od Afganistanu, przez północną część subkontynentu indyjskiego (Himalaje, Nepal i Pakistan), Mjanmę i Chiny do dalekiego wschodu Rosji (Kraj Kamczacki, Kraj Chabarowski, Kraj Nadmorski i obwód sachaliński), Japonii, Korei i Tajwanu.
Na półkuli zachodniej przedstawiciele rodzaju występują w całej Ameryce Północnej, z wyjątkiem północnych obszarów subarktycznych i Meksyku[2]. Największe zróżnicowanie rodzaju stwierdza się we wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych (w Georgii, Alabamie, Północnej i Południowej Karolinie, Tennessee, Wirginii i Kentucky), w których to występuje ponad 10 gatunków trójlistów. Jedynie cztery gatunki zaliczane do tego rodzaju cechują się szerokim zasięgiem, obejmującym ponad 25 stanów USA i prowincji Kanady: trójlist zwisły, trójlist wyprostowany, trójlist wielkokwiatowy i trójlist falisty[3].
Trójlisty zasiedlają różne typy siedlisk. Większość gatunków zaliczanych do podrodzaju Trillium występuje w lasach liściastych zrzucających liście na zimę, zdominowanych przez dęby, klony lub buki. Z kolei gatunki zaliczane do podrodzaju Phyllanterum preferują zacienione i wilgotne stanowiska na brzegach rzek, narażone na okresowe zalewania, zdominowane przez wiecznie zielone magnolie i dęby. Niektóre gatunki, np. trójlist falisty i trójlist Govana, zasiedlają lasy iglaste lub mieszane, a trójlist długoogonkowy suche i kamieniste łąki[9].
Trójlisty są roślinami wolno dojrzewającymi, co bezpośrednio wpływa na ograniczony rozrost ich populacji i stanowi o podatności tych roślin na zagrożenia zewnętrzne. Głównym zagrożeniem dla trójlistów jest niszczenie ich siedlisk, związane z eksploatacją i wycinką lasów. Bezpośredni wpływ na populacje tych roślin ma żerowanie jeleni i zwierząt hodowlanych oraz pozyskiwanie roślin z natury przez człowieka, ze względu na zastosowania lecznicze i ozdobne[19]. Szczególnie problematyczne jest silne zapotrzebowanie na trójlisty pozyskiwane z wolnej przyrody przez ogrodników japońskich i amerykańskich[20].
Czerwona Lista IUCN z 1997 wymienia jako zagrożone 17 gatunków trójlistów. 10 gatunków z tego rodzaju wymienionych jest w załączniku D Unii Europejskiej do Konwencji CITES (T. catesbaei, T. cernuum, T. flexipes, T. grandiflorum, T. luteum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. undulatum). Oznacza to że konieczne jest zawiadomienie o każdorazowym imporcie żywych roślin tych gatunków do Unii Europejskiej[20].
Trillium persistens i Trillium reliquum objęte są w USA ochroną gatunkową na podstawie prawa federalnego. Poza tym 17 gatunków tych roślin objętych jest ochroną na bazie regulacji poszczególnych stanów[21].
Trójlist wielkokwiatowy jest oficjalnym kwiatem kanadyjskiej prowincji Ontario[30] oraz stanu Ohio[31]. Rośliny te są niezwykle popularne w północno-wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych. Ich imieniem nazywane są między innymi restauracje, hotele, przedsiębiorstwa i ośrodki wypoczynkowe[30].
Trójlist (Trillium L.) – rodzaj wieloletnich, ziemnopączkowych roślin zielnych z rodziny melantkowatych, obejmujący 45 gatunków, występujących w Azji (od Afganistanu do Dalekiego Wschodu) oraz w Ameryce Północnej. Charakterystyczną cechą morfologiczną tych roślin jest występowanie poszczególnych elementów ich budowy w trójkach. Wiele gatunków trójlistów znajduje zastosowanie jako rośliny lecznicze i ozdobne.
Trillium L. é um género botânico pertencente à família Melanthiaceae.[1]
Trillium L. é um género botânico pertencente à família Melanthiaceae.
Treblad (Trillium)[1] är ett växtsläkte i familjen nysrotsväxter med 42 arter i Nordamerika och Asien. Flera arter odlas som trädgårdsväxter i Sverige.
Fleråriga örter med underjordisk jordstam. Bladen är tre och sitter i toppen på en kort stjälk, de kan vara gröna eller marmorerade, skaftade eller oskaftade. Blommorna är toppställda, ensamma med tre foderblad och tre kronblad. Kronbladen kan vara röda, purpur, rosa vita, gula eller gröna. Frukten är en kapsel eller ett bär.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Trillium.
Wikispecies har information om Trillium.
Treblad (Trillium) är ett växtsläkte i familjen nysrotsväxter med 42 arter i Nordamerika och Asien. Flera arter odlas som trädgårdsväxter i Sverige.
Fleråriga örter med underjordisk jordstam. Bladen är tre och sitter i toppen på en kort stjälk, de kan vara gröna eller marmorerade, skaftade eller oskaftade. Blommorna är toppställda, ensamma med tre foderblad och tre kronblad. Kronbladen kan vara röda, purpur, rosa vita, gula eller gröna. Frukten är en kapsel eller ett bär.
Chi Cỏ duyên linh (tên khoa học: Trillium) là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Melanthiaceae.[3] Nó là chi thực vật sống lâu năm bản địa khu vực ôn đới Bắc Mỹ và châu Á.[2]
Trước đây nó được coi là họ Trilliaceae, một phần của bộ Liliales. Hệ thống APG III gộp Trilliaceae vào họ Melanthiaceae, nơi nó được coi là thuộc tông Parideae.[4]
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Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Loa kèn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Chi Cỏ duyên linh (tên khoa học: Trillium) là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Melanthiaceae. Nó là chi thực vật sống lâu năm bản địa khu vực ôn đới Bắc Mỹ và châu Á.
Trillium L.
Виды
Три́ллиум (лат. Tríllium) — род многолетних травянистых растений семейства Мелантиевые. Включает в себя около 50 видов, произрастающих в хвойных и широколиственных лесах Азии (от Афганистана до Дальнего Востока) и Северной Америки. В России растут 2—3 вида, все на Дальнем Востоке. Многие виды триллиумов используются как лекарственные и декоративные растения.
Название происходит от лат. trilix — тройной и отражает тот факт, что почти все части растения существуют в тройном количестве.
Представители рода встречаются в зонах умеренного климата на двух континентах: в Азии (7 видов) и Северной Америке (38 видов). Видов, которые произрастают на обоих континентах, нет.
На восточном полушарии растения встречаются на участке от Афганистана, на Гималаях, в Непале и Пакистане, Бирме, Китае, на Дальнем Востоке России (Камчатка, Сахалин, Курилы, Хабаровский край), в Японии, Корее и Тайване.
В западном полушарии представители рода произрастают на всей территории Северной Америки, за исключением северных субарктических областей и Мексики. Наибольшее разнообразие видов сосредоточено в восточной части Соединенных Штатов (в штатах Джорджия, Алабама, Северная и Южная Каролина, Теннеси, Вирджиния и Кентукки), в которой растёт более чем 10 видов триллиума.
Триллиум — многолетнее травянистое растение высотой не более 50 см с коротким толстым корневищем.
Стебли прямостоячие с многочисленными чешуевидными листьями при основании, стеблевые — собраны по три в мутовку.
Чашелистиков, лепестков, тычинок и плодолистиков также по три. Околоцветник состоит из шести долей — трёх наружных зеленоватых и трёх внутренних лепестковидных, белых, красноватых, тускло-жёлтых, более длинных, чем наружные. Цветки одиночные, белого, зеленовато-белого, жёлтого, розового или пурпурного цвета.
Плод — трёхгнёздная зелёная коробочка. Важный показатель, позволяющий отличить разные виды триллиумов, — положение цветка. У одних видов цветоножка отсутствует, цветки как бы сидят на листьях; у других цветок располагается на прямой цветоножке и обращён вверх, а у некоторых цветоножки пониклые и цветки обращены к земле.
По информации базы данных The Plant List, род включает 9 видов[2]:
Три́ллиум (лат. Tríllium) — род многолетних травянистых растений семейства Мелантиевые. Включает в себя около 50 видов, произрастающих в хвойных и широколиственных лесах Азии (от Афганистана до Дальнего Востока) и Северной Америки. В России растут 2—3 вида, все на Дальнем Востоке. Многие виды триллиумов используются как лекарственные и декоративные растения.
Название происходит от лат. trilix — тройной и отражает тот факт, что почти все части растения существуют в тройном количестве.
延龄草属（学名：Trillium）是黑藥花科下的一个属，为直立、不分枝草本植物。该属共有约30种，分布于东亚和北美的溫帶地區。[1]
此屬植物為多年生草本植物，植株自根莖長出。其種子則由螞蟻傳播。
採摘延齡草的一部分可以導致整棵植株的死亡，不論其根莖是否完整無缺。某些種的延齡草被列為易危或瀕危。在美國密歇根州[2]和明尼蘇達州[3]，採摘延齡草已被立法禁止。在紐約，採摘紅色延齡草是犯法的。[4]
點頭延齡草(Trillium cernuum)
紅色延齡草(Trillium erectum)
Great white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)
Western wake-robin (Trillium ovatum)
Prairie trillium (Trillium recurvatum)
Relict trillium (Trillium reliquum) 一瀕危物種
Painted trillium (Trillium undulatum)
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
分類 界 : 植物界 Plantae 門 : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta 綱 : 単子葉植物綱 Liliopsida 亜綱 : ユリ亜綱 Liliidae 目 : ユリ目 Liliales 科 : ユリ科 Liliaceae 属 : エンレイソウ属 Trillium 学名 Trillium L. 種 エンレイソウ属（エンレイソウぞく、学名：Trillium、和名漢字表記：延齢草属）はユリ科の属の一つ。APG植物分類体系では、メランチウム科に分類される。
多年草。地下に太く短い根茎がある。茎は1本立ちして、茎の先端に葉が3輪生し、その先に1個の花をつける。花被片は離生し6個ある。外花被片は3個で、緑色または緑褐色、内花被片も3個で、花弁状になり白色または淡紫色になるが、ときに内花被片が欠けて無いこともある。雄蕊は6個あり、花糸は短く、葯は線形になる。子房は上位で3室あり、各室に多数の胚珠がある。花柱は3裂し、裂片は反り返る。果実は液果で、多数の種子がはいる。
ヒマラヤから東アジア、北アメリカに40-50種あり、日本には4-5種が分布する。種間の自然雑種も知られている。
エンレイソウ
Trillium smallii
オオバナノエンレイソウ
Trillium camschatcense
ミヤマエンレイソウ
Trillium tschonoskii
Trillium albidum
Trillium catesbaei
Trillium cernuum
Trillium chloropetalum
Trillium cuneatum
Trillium decipiens
Trillium decumbens
Trillium discolor
Trillium erectum
この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:植物／Portal:植物）。
연영초속(延齡草屬, 학명: Trillium 트릴리움[*])은 여로과의 속이다. 50여 종의 초본식물로 이루어져 있으며, 삿갓나물속과 가까운 관계에 있다.[1] 과거에는 연영초과(Trilliaceae)로 분류했으나, APG III 분류 체계에서는 여로과 삿갓나물족 아래의 연영초속으로 분류했다.[2] 아시아와 북아메리카의 온대 지역에 분포하며, 한국에서는 연영초와 큰연영초 두 종이 자생한다.
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