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Macropus eugenii is an herbivore that specializes on grass. Members of the family Macropodidae have the characteristic ability to move the lower jaw forward and backward, maximizing the shredding effect.
To obtain food, M. eugenii grazes, moving on all four limbs.
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )
The controversy regarding the human consumption of kangaroo meat has resurfaced. Decades ago, many animal activist groups helped reduce the consumption of kangaroo meat and passed a ban on the sale of kangaroo meat as human food. The sale of kangaroo meat for human consumption is banned in every state of Australia except South Australia. Professor Gordon Grigg of the University of Sidney supports the establishment of kangaroo farms to harvest meat for human consumption in order to protect the Australian countryside. Grigg proposes a switch from sheep farming to kangaroo farming, claiming kangaroos cause less damage to Australia's rangelands. The stress caused by sheep and cattle's hard hooves and overgrazing strips Australian land of vegetation, leaving it dry and unproductive. Grigg sees kangaroo farming as a way to prevent further destruction of the rangelands because of kangaroo's soft feet and slightly more conservative grazing methods (Grigg reports that kangaroos only eat the tops of grasses enabling further growth and recovery).
Advocates of this plan point out that kangaroo meat is nutritious and considerably lower in fat than the cattle or sheep meat. Thus, this proposed change in diet can have health benefits for humans.
Although it may not be the case for the larger members of the family, kangaroo meat harvesting is a minor threat for tammar wallbies. Macropus eugenii, the smallest of the wallabies, is unlikely to be targeted for its meat as long as larger kangaroos are available.
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Humans have introduced tammar wallabies to islands previously uninhabited by this species. They have also played a part in the alteration of the habitat of M. eugenii. Domestic livestock have reduced the natural grassland vegetation, rendering it inappropriate for occupation by tammars.
Tamar wallabies continue to be shot for commercial purposes or pest control. The use and demand of kangaroo skins for leather products is high, although this species is not singled out for this purpose.
The habitat of M. eugenii may also be threatened by the introduction of new species. Rabbits were first introduced to Australia by European settlers and wreaked havoc ever since. Rabbit populations often reach astounding densities and their consumption of vegetation causes massive destruction to the grasslands. Since their first introduction, rabbits have posed a threat to native fauna, including kangaroos and wallabies.
With increased awareness and publicity, these animals should be protected to a greater degree.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Kangaroos and wallabies damage cereal crops, eat livestock food, drink stock water and destroy fences. The magnitude of their role as agricultural pests was well documented in the early 1980's. In 1983 to 1984, the loss of sheep food due to kangaroo and wallaby consumption led to an opportunity cost that accounted for 51 percent of total agriculural losses. (Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service: Kangaroos; Counting the Cost.)
Negative Impacts: crop pest
Macropus eugenii is a very important animal in scientific research. As mentioned earlier, the species is used in studies of human reproduction and sperm production in mammals. Also, according to Russell Jones, M. eugenii is a model animal for studies of the transport of androgens (hormones that stimulate the development of male sex characteristics) to the accessory organs of reproduction. These studies may have profound effects on the field of human developmental biology.
These animals used to be hunted for meat and leather.
Positive Impacts: food ; research and education
Tammar wallabies are found in Australia, New Zealand, and various islands off the western and southern coast of Australia. (Grzimek, 1990; Nowak, 1991)
Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )
These wallabies live in areas of dense vegetation with low trees and bushes, in thickets and around the outskirts of forests.
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; scrub forest
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 9.8 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 14.0 years.
Significant sexual dimorphism exists between the males and the females of this species, with males growing to be larger. The maximum recorded weight in males is 9.1 kg, while in females it is 6.9 kg. The body length is 59 to 68 cm in males and 52 to 63 cm in females. Both males and females are about 45 cm in height. The tails of males range from 38 to 45 cm and that of females from 33 to 44 cm.
Males have considerably larger forelimbs and wider claws than the females. Macropus eugenii is the smallest species of wallaby. It has a small head and large ears; the tail is long and thick at the base. The hind legs are larger than the forelimbs and specialized for leaping. This species has a gray to yellow belly and red legs. Like all marsupials, the female of this species has a pouch in the skin of the abdomen in which she nurses her young.
Range mass: 4 to 9.1 kg.
Range length: 52 to 68 cm.
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average basal metabolic rate: 7.78 W.
The gestation period of Macropus eugenii lasts 25 to 28 days. Young are born at a rudimentary stage of development. After birth, the joey remains in the pouch for 8 to 9 months until it is physically fully developed. Weaning occurs at about 10 to 11 months. Macropus eugenii has only one offspring per birth; the newborn weighs less than 1 gram. The young reaches sexual maturity at 9 months if it is a female, and 2 years if its a male.
The members of this family have a unique reproductive pattern called embryonic diapause. This phenomenon is also known as "delayed birth" because embryonic development is temporarily posponed until the proper conditions are available. A female that is nursing a joey in her pouch may also have a dormant embryo in its uterus. Then, when the joey stops nursing, the embryo resume its development.
Uterine gestation is very brief, and much of the development of the embryo takes place in the pouch outside of the uterus. The pouch contains the nipples.
The birthing process of Macropus eugenii starts with the newborn leaving the cloaca and freeing itself from the fetal membranes. Instinctively, led by sense of smell and gravity, it makes its way to the pouch. Once in the pouch, the newborn attaches its mouth to a single teat, from which the newborn gets milk high in fat and nutrients.
Male M. eugenii have a long duration of spermatogenesis and a long period of sperm transit in comparison with other mammals. These characteristics lend this species to studies of sperm production.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 25 to 28 days.
Range weaning age: 10 to 11 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 9 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; embryonic diapause
Average birth mass: 0.429 g.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 730 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 274 days.
The most notable mammal present is the endemic Kangaroo Island Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus), the icon for whom the island was named upon European discovery in 1802. A smaller marsupial present on the island is the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii). An endemic dasyurid is the Critically Endangered Kangaroo Island Dunnart (Sminthopsis aitkeni), which is found only in the west of the island in Eucalyptus remota/E. cosmophylla open low mallee, E. baxteri low woodland or E. baxteri/E. remota low open woodland. The Common Brush-tailed Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a widespread folivore native to Australia.
Monotremes are also represented on the island. There is also an introduced population of the Duck-billed Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the western part of the island in Flinders Chase National Park. The Short-beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is also found moderately widespread on Kangaroo Island.
Chiroptera species on Kangaroo Island include the Yellow-bellied Pouched Bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris), which species is rather widespread in Australia and also occurs in Papua New Guinea. Australia's largest molossid, the White-striped Free-tail Bat (Tadarida australis) is found on Kangaroo Island. Another bat found on the island is the Southern Forest Bat (Eptesicus regulus), a species endemic to southern Australia (including Tasmania).
Several anuran species are found on Kangaroo island: Brown Tree Frog (Litoria ewingii), Spotted Marsh Frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis), Painted Spadefoot Frog (Neobatrachus pictus), Brown Toadlet (Pseudophryne bibroni) and Brown Froglet (Crinia signifera).
The Heath Monitor (Varanus rosenbergi ) is a lizard that grows up to a metre in length, preying on smaller reptiles, juvenile birds and eggs; it is frequently observed on warmer days basking in the sunlight or scavenging on roadkill. The Black Tiger Snake (Notechis ater) is found on Kangaroo Island. Another reptile particularly associated with this locale is the Kangaroo Island Copperhead (Austrelaps labialis).
The Glossy Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) is found on the island, especially in the western part, where its preferred food, fruit of the Drooping Sheoak, is abundant. The Kangaroo Island Emu (Dromaius baudinianus) became extinct during the 1820s from over-hunting and habitat destruction due to burning.
Marine mammals that are observed on the island include the Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New Zealand Fur Seal (Arctocephalus forsteri), each species of which is native to Kangaroo Island, and abundant at Admiral's Arch as well as at Seal Bay.
Kangaroo Island is not so adversely impacted by alien species grazers as parts of the mainland. No rabbit species are present on the island, and introduced (but escaped) Domestic Goats (Capra hircus) and pigs (Sus scrofa) have generated only minor issues. However, a Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population introduced to the island in the 1920s has caused significant damage to certain woodland communities, especially to Manna Gum trees.
Wallabi Tammar (Macropus eugenii) a zo ur bronneg godellek a-orin eus mervent Aostralia.
El ualabi tammar (Macropus eugenii) és un petit membre de la família dels macropòdids[1] i és l'espècie tipus que s'utilitza per investigar els macròpodes i els marsupials. Viu en illes de la costa del sud i l'oest d'Austràlia. Se'l considera una plaga a Kangaroo Island, on cria estacionalment en grans nombres i danya l'hàbitat dels equidnes de l'illa.
L'activitat sexual dels mascles és provocada per la presència de femelles en estre.[2]
El ualabi tammar (Macropus eugenii) és un petit membre de la família dels macropòdids i és l'espècie tipus que s'utilitza per investigar els macròpodes i els marsupials. Viu en illes de la costa del sud i l'oest d'Austràlia. Se'l considera una plaga a Kangaroo Island, on cria estacionalment en grans nombres i danya l'hàbitat dels equidnes de l'illa.
L'activitat sexual dels mascles és provocada per la presència de femelles en estre.
Klokan dama (Macropus eugenii) je jeden z méně ohrožených zástupců vačnatců. Klokan téměř králičího vzrůstu, který se lehko plete s klokanem parmou, se vyskytuje především v jižní a západní Austrálii. Je jeden z nejmenších zástupců čeledi klokanovití, ale přesto má několik pozoruhodných schopností, třeba si dokáže udržet energii, i když skáče, vidí barevně a může pít mořskou vodu. V jejich mléce je také obsažena speciální látka, která má predispozice stát se novým antibiotikem. Je to noční živočich, který se přes den skrývá a vylézá jen v noci, býložravý. Ačkoliv bylo jeho teritorium značně omezeno při kolonizaci Evropany, stále se nejedná o ohrožené zvíře dle měřítek IUCN. Žije ve větších skupinách a dožívá se okolo devatenácti let, v zajetí i více.
Dříve byl rozšířen v početných izolovaných populacích na různých místech v jižní a jihozápadní Austrálii, mimo jiné i na různých ostrovech, na nichž částečně vyhynul. V současnosti žije již jen v jihozápadní Austrálii, na Eyreově poloostrově v jižní Austrálii a na Klokaním ostrově (Kangaroo Island), kde je hojný. Obývá oblasti s hustou vegetací, jaké vídáme v řídkých eukalyptových lesích, v pobřežních stepních formacích a v mallee (oblast suchých keřů). Původně vyhynul i na Novém Zélandu, kam byl později ale znovu dovezen. I přes to je zdejší populace jen malá. V českých zoo zatím není k vidění.
Pro australské domorodce byl klokan hlavní dostupný zdroj potravy. První Evropan, který měl možnost vidět klokany byl objevitel James Cook roku 1700. V 60. až 80. letech 20. století bylo klokaní maso z Austrálie vyváženo do Evropy, USA i Číny, kde se z něj většinou vyráběly konzervy pro psy. Postupně však s ohledem na ochranu přírody mnoho států dovoz klokaního masa omezuje. Dnes se již pro výrobu psího krmení neužívá, ale našlo uplatnění ve výživě lidí. Prodává i v evropských obchodech a restauracích. Maso má tmavou barvu a nízký obsah tuku, je dosti vláknité a má chuť podobnou srnčí nebo daňčí zvěřině. Nejchutnější je dušené nebo vařené.
Australští farmáři vidí v klokanech škůdce, ale většinou je nezabíjeli pro maso. Aby je zničili, otrávili farmáři vodu, takže v jedné oblasti v Západní Austrálii zahynulo během dvou měsíců 13 000 klokanů všech druhů, mezi nimi i mnoho klokanů dama. Na jiné farmě otrávili během pěti let 90 000 klokanů. Mnoho klokanů je také zabito srážkou s autem. Samotní klokani ale nejsou agresivní, strpí lidi ve svém okolí.
Klokan dama má malou hlavu a velké uši s dlouhým ocasem, silným u kořene. Má tmavě šedohnědý hřbet, který se směrem dolů po bocích zesvětluje až do téměř bílé srsti na břiše. Klokan dama vykazuje výrazný pohlavní dimorfismus. Samci váží okolo 9,1 kg, zatímco samice jen 6,9 kg. Délka těla je u samců 59 až 68 cm, samice mají 52 až 63 cm. Na výšku mají obě pohlaví asi 45 cm. Ocas samců může mít až 45 cm, u samic je to podstatně méně, okolo 34 cm. Dokáží skočit až 2 m do dálky.
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Tammar wallaby na anglické Wikipedii.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu klokan dama ve Wikimedia Commons
Galerie klokan dama ve Wikimedia CommonsKlokan dama (Macropus eugenii) je jeden z méně ohrožených zástupců vačnatců. Klokan téměř králičího vzrůstu, který se lehko plete s klokanem parmou, se vyskytuje především v jižní a západní Austrálii. Je jeden z nejmenších zástupců čeledi klokanovití, ale přesto má několik pozoruhodných schopností, třeba si dokáže udržet energii, i když skáče, vidí barevně a může pít mořskou vodu. V jejich mléce je také obsažena speciální látka, která má predispozice stát se novým antibiotikem. Je to noční živočich, který se přes den skrývá a vylézá jen v noci, býložravý. Ačkoliv bylo jeho teritorium značně omezeno při kolonizaci Evropany, stále se nejedná o ohrožené zvíře dle měřítek IUCN. Žije ve větších skupinách a dožívá se okolo devatenácti let, v zajetí i více.
Das Derbywallaby, auch Tammar- oder Dama-Wallaby genannt (Notamacropus eugenii), ist eine Känguruart aus der Gattung der Wallabys (Notamacropus). Es ist die kleinste Känguruart und lebt in vereinzelten Gebieten im südlichen Australien.
Das Fell der Derbywallabys ist an der Oberseite graubraun gefärbt, die Unterseite ist heller, meist gelblich-grau und die Beine sind rötlich. Wie bei den meisten Kängurus sind die Hinterbeine deutlich länger und kräftiger als die Vorderbeine, der Schädel ist langgestreckt und die Ohren groß. Die Art zeigt einen Geschlechtsdimorphismus, Männchen werden deutlich größer und schwerer als Weibchen und haben größere Vorderpfoten mit ausgeprägteren Krallen. Erwachsene Tiere sind rund 45 Zentimeter hoch, erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 52 bis 68 Zentimeter und eine Schwanzlänge von 33 bis 45 Zentimeter. Das Gewicht variiert zwischen 4 und 9 Kilogramm.
Bis in die 1920er-Jahre waren Derbywallabys in weiten Teilen des südlichen Australiens verbreitet, bevor die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums sie in kleine, vereinzelte Reliktpopulationen verdrängte. Heute leben sie noch im südwestlichen Western Australia sowie auf einigen Inseln vor der Küste von South Australia, etwa auf der Känguru-Insel. Seit rund 1870 gibt es eine kleine Population auf der neuseeländischen Insel Kawau.
Ihr Lebensraum sind mit dichtem Unterholz bestandene Wälder und Buschländer.
Derbywallabys leben in Gruppen von bis zu 50 Tieren, die im Gegensatz zu vielen anderer Känguruarten hierarchisch organisiert sind. Die Männchen kämpfen miteinander um die Führungsrolle in der Gruppe und um das Paarungsvorrecht. Durch Körperhaltungen wie das aufrechte Dastehen und das Beugen der Vorderarme wird Stärke und Dominanz ausgedrückt. Eine Gruppe beansprucht ein Revier von rund 100 Hektar Größe, dieses kann sich aber im Randbereich mit dem anderer Gruppen überlappen.
Wie alle Kängurus sind Derbywallabys ausgesprochene Pflanzenfresser, sie ernähren sich fast ausschließlich von Gräsern.
Da Jungtiere sehr unreif zur Welt kommen, ist es wichtig, dass sie im Januar geboren werden, um bis zu dem darauf folgenden Sommer einen gewissen Grad an Selbstständigkeit zu erreichen und die Hitze überstehen zu können. Ein falscher Geburtszeitpunkt würde die Überlebenschancen deutlich senken. Diese Planung berücksichtigt auch die Tatsache, dass das Jungtier die ersten acht bis neun Monate ausschließlich im Beutel ihrer Mutter verbringt. Damit das ein Gramm schwere Jungtier, trotz der kurzen Tragzeit von 25 bis 28 Tagen, in richtigen Moment zur Welt kommt, ist eine Keimruhe von bis zu elf Monaten möglich. In dieser Zeit entwickelt sich der Embryo nicht weiter, sondern ruht im Uterus, bis das einzige Jungtier dann zum optimalen Zeitpunkt geboren werden kann.[1]
Wenn das Jungtier den Beutel verlassen hat, wird es noch weitere ein bis zwei Monate gesäugt, bevor es mit 10 bis 11 Monaten entwöhnt wird. Die Geschlechtsreife tritt mit einem bis zwei Jahren ein.
Die Gründe für den drastischen Rückgang der Populationen Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts sind nicht genau bekannt. Vermutet wird eine Kombination aus verschiedenen Faktoren, darunter die Zerstörung ihrer Lebensräume zur Schaffung landwirtschaftlich genutzter Flächen, die Konkurrenz durch eingeschleppte Arten wie Kaninchen und Hausschafe und die Nachstellung durch eingeschleppte Räuber wie Hauskatzen und Rotfüchse. Heute haben sich die Bestände stabilisiert und die Art ist laut IUCN „nicht gefährdet“. Die Bestände auf der Känguru-Insel haben sich beträchtlich vermehrt und werden heute als Plage betrachtet, da sie Schäden in landwirtschaftlichen Flächen anrichten. Mehrere tausend Tiere dürfen dort jährlich erlegt werden.
Das Derbywallaby ist eine von acht Arten aus der Gattung der Wallabys (Notamacropus). Heute werden keine Unterarten mehr geführt, früher wurden drei Unterarten unterschieden: die Nominatform Notamacropus eugenii eugenii, die in South Australia lebte und deren Bestände auf de Insel Kawau die einzigen heutigen Vorkommen sind, daneben N. e. derbianus im südwestlichen Western Australia und N. e. decres auf der Känguru-Insel.
Das Derbywallaby, auch Tammar- oder Dama-Wallaby genannt (Notamacropus eugenii), ist eine Känguruart aus der Gattung der Wallabys (Notamacropus). Es ist die kleinste Känguruart und lebt in vereinzelten Gebieten im südlichen Australien.
The tammar wallaby (Notamacropus eugenii), also known as the dama wallaby or darma wallaby, is a small macropod native to South and Western Australia. Though its geographical range has been severely reduced since European colonisation, the tammar wallaby remains common within its reduced range and is listed as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It has been introduced to New Zealand and reintroduced to some areas of Australia where it had been previously extirpated. Skull variations differentiate between tammar wallabies from Western Australia, Kangaroo Island, and mainland South Australia, making them distinct population groups.
The tammar wallaby is among the smallest of the wallabies in the genus Notamacropus. Its coat colour is largely grey. The tammar wallaby has several notable adaptations, including the ability to retain energy while hopping, colour vision, and the ability to drink seawater. A nocturnal species, it spends the nighttime in grassland habitat and the daytime in shrubland. It is also very gregarious and has a seasonal, promiscuous mating pattern. A female tammar wallaby can nurse a joey in her pouch while keeping an embryo in her uterus. The tammar wallaby is a model species for research on marsupials, and on mammals in general. Its genome was sequenced in 2011.
The tammar wallaby was seen in the Houtman Abrolhos off Western Australia by survivors of the 1628 Batavia shipwreck, and recorded by François Pelsaert in his 1629 Ongeluckige Voyagie.[2]: 53 It was first described in 1817 by the French naturalist Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest, who gave it the name eugenii[3] based on a specimen found on an island then known as Ile Eugene in the Nuyts Archipelago off South Australia, which is now known as St. Peter Island. The island's French name was given in honour of Eugene Hamelin, caption of the ship Naturaliste;[4]: 333 whose name is now the specific name of the tammar wallaby. The common name of the animal is derived from the thickets of the shrub locally known as tamma (Allocasuarina campestris) that sheltered it in Western Australia.[5] It is also known as the dama wallaby or darma wallaby.[6]
The tammar wallaby is traditionally classified together with the kangaroos, wallaroos and several other species of wallaby in the genus Macropus, and in the subgenus Notamacropus with the other brush wallabies, all of which have a facial stripe.[7] However, some authors have proposed elevating the three subgenera of Macropus, Macropus (sensu stricto), Osphranter, and Notamacropus into distinct genera, making the tammar's specific name Notamacropus eugenii.[8] This has been supported by genetic studies.[9][10]
Fossil evidence of the tammar wallaby exists from the Late Pleistocene Era – remains were found in the Naracoorte Caves.[7] The mainland and island-dwelling tammar wallabies split from each other 7,000–15,000 years ago, while the South Australian and Western Australian animals diverged around 50,000 years ago. The extirpated tammar wallabies on Flinders Island were greyer in colour with thinner skulls than present-day Kangaroo Island tammars, which are in turn larger than the East and West Wallabi Islands animals. The island tammar wallabies were once thought to be a separate species from the mainland population.[4]: 332–334
A 1991 examination of tammar wallaby skulls from different parts of the species' range found that the populations can be divided into three distinct groups: one group consisting of the populations from mainland Western Australia, East and West Wallabi Islands, Garden Island and Middle Island; a second group consisting of the populations from Flinders Island, 19th-century mainland Southern Australia and New Zealand; and a third group consisting of the population from Kangaroo Island.[11] The Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation listed these populations as the subspecies Macropus eugenii derbianus, M. e. eugenii and M. e. decres, respectively.[5]
A 2017 study found many genetic differences between tammars from Western and South Australia and comparably little between the Kangaroo island and introduced New Zealand tammars. The researchers proposed dividing the species into two subspecies; the subspecific name eugenii for South Australian tammars and derbianus for those from Western Australia.[12]
One of the smallest wallaby species, the tammar wallaby features a proportionally small head with large ears, and an elongated tail, with a thick base.[13] It has dark greyish upperparts with a paler underside and rufous-coloured sides and limbs.[5] The tammar wallaby exhibits great sexual dimorphism, males reaching 9.1 kg (20 lb) in weight compared to 6.9 kg (15 lb) for males. Males are 59 to 68 cm (23–27 in) long while females are 52 to 63 cm (20–25 in), while both sexes stand 45 cm (18 in) tall. The tail has a length of 34 to 45 cm (13–18 in) for males and 33 to 44 cm (13–17 in) for females.[13]
As with most macropods, the tammar wallaby moves around by hopping. This species typically leap 0.8 to 2.4 m (2.6–7.9 ft) with 3.5 landings per second.[14] Proximal muscles at the knee and hip joints provide the power for each leap, which shifts to the ankle muscles as the animal pushes off.[15] As it lands, the energy of the jump is converted into strain energy made when its leg tendons are stretched. As it leaps back off the ground, the tammar wallaby can recover much of this energy for reuse through elastic recoil.[16] When on the move, animal's respiration is tried to its hopping cycle, inhaling when leaping and exhaling when landing. As it moves faster, its heart rate increases nearly twice as much as its hopping frequency.[14]
The amount of energy stored in the tendons increases with the animal's speed and the weight of the load it is carrying. This is particularly helpful for mothers carrying young,[17] and explains why tammar wallabies can increase their hopping speed without using more energy.[18] The tammar wallaby shares this characteristic with other macropods that move on flat terrain, like the red kangaroo. By comparison, rock-wallabies, such as the yellow-footed rock-wallaby, have traded efficient energy-saving for greater tendon strength: an adaption for rocky cliffs which allows them to leap higher and lowers the risk of their tendons breaking.[19]
The tammar wallaby can see at 324° peripheral vision and 50° binocular vision, give them a wide field view but still being about to see their hands in front of them.[4]: 312 It can discern light gradients better than most other small mammals, such as rabbits. Its vision is, nevertheless, not as good as that of a cat or human.[20] Tammar wallabies appear to have some colour vision: its eyes have only blue sensitive and green sensitive photoreceptor cones, allowing it to see colour in the blue-green band of the colour spectrum, but not the longer wavelengths of the red-yellow band. Nevertheless, in the band where it can see colour, it can differentiate between two monochromatic colours with wavelengths as close as 20 nm (2.0×10−8 m) apart.[21]
The pinna (ear) of the tammar wallaby is mobile, allowing it to track sounds from different parts of its surroundings without moving its head. A tammar wallaby can point its pinna at a sound source and increase its eardrum's sound pressure by 25–30 dB at 5 kHz. When the pinna moves away from the sound source, the animal's hearing level quickly drops.[22] When born, a tammar wallaby's sense of smell is already developed; this allows the newborn to find its mother's pouch by scent.[23]
Tammar wallabies lick their forearms and pant to keep cool in hot weather. They breathe more heavily and lose more water when the temperature is over 30 °C (86 °F). Tammar wallabies cannot survive in temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) and must find cooler surroundings.[24] To prevent dehydration, tammar wallabies urinate less and suck up water from the distal colon, which gives them relatively dry feces.[4]: 335 Being able to concentrate more urine in their kidneys allows them to survive on seawater.[25][4]: 335
During the day, tammar wallabies stay close to scrub for shade and move out to more open grassland by nightfall.In winter their home ranges are about 16 ha (40 acres), but in the dry summers they range further afield to search for quality food, needing about 42 ha (100 acres) of space. Tammar wallaby home ranges overlap with those of conspecifics.[4]: 335 Like all macropods, the tammar wallaby is herbivorous. They are known to both graze and browse, but the latter is less effective, as they commonly drop leaves when chewing on them. When eating large leaves, tammar wallabies handle them with their fingers.[26] Tammar wallabies consume several plant species such as heart-leaved poison (Gastrolobium bilobum), small-flowered wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia setacea), and marri (Corymbia calophylla).[5] They survive on several islands that have no fresh water, subsisting on seawater.[4]: 335
Tammar wallabies gather into groups which lessens the chance of an individual being taken by a predator. As the group increases in size, tammar wallabies spend more time feeding grooming and interacting and less time being vigilant and moving around. They are also more likely to rest on their sides rather than a more alert posture where their head held up.[27] Predators of the tammar wallaby include dingoes, feral cats, red foxes and wedge-tailed eagles. They may also have been preyed upon by the extinct thylacine. Tammar wallabies appear to respond more to the sight than the sound of predators.[28] They can also use their acute sense of smell to detect a potential threat.[29] When a predator is detected, a tammar wallaby will alert others by thumping its foot.[28] When lost, young tammar wallabies are known to emit a distress call and adult females may respond with a similar call.[30]
The tammar wallaby has a promiscuous mating system.[31] It is a seasonal breeder and with many births taking place between late January and early February.[32]: 77 During the breeding season, the male's prostate and bulbourethral gland enlarge while the weight of the testes remain the same.[33] Around two weeks prior to the first births, the males start checking the reproductive status of the females by sniffing their urogenital openings and pouches.[32]: 78 After giving birth, females enter estrus and allow males to mate with them. However, a male that attempts to mate with an estrous female may risk attacks from other males.[31] A male can achieve reproductive success by mate-guarding. During the estrous period, males establish a dominance hierarchy and the higher ranking males will try to prevent subordinates from mating with estrous females.[32]: 83 Several males may pursue a single female.[31]
The female tammar wallaby is receptive shortly after giving birth.[4]: 338 Tammar wallabies undergo embryonic diapause and the blastocyst remains dormant for nearly a year.[34] A joey in the pouch prevents the blastocyst from developing for the first six months and experiments have shown that removing the joey within this time period will stimulate the blastocyst's development. However, after this, the blastocyst remains dormant even after the joey has left. It begins to develop by the summer solstice at the end of December.[35][36][4]: 338 A 2019 study found that more males are born due to a greater amount of Y chromosome sperm in sires. To balance out the sex ratios, tammar mothers are more likely to abandon male joeys and more females survive to weaning periods.[37]
The lactation period of the tammar is divided into phases 2A, 2B and 3 (pregnancy is labeled phase 1). Phase 2A encompasses the first 100–120 days after birth, and the underdeveloped young is fed diluted milk which is richer in carbohydrates than proteins and lipids. This allows for the rapid growth of important organs and internal systems including the respiratory system, lymphoid system and nervous system. During this phase, the young remains latched on to a teat. Cross-fostering during in this phase (~67 to ~100 days old postpartum) led to an increased concentration of lipids in maternal milk.[38] Phase 2B lasts for another 100 days; the young suckles intermittently but still does not leave the pouch. The composition of the milk is similar, though the proteins are different. During phase 3, the joey can leave the pouch and eat plant material. The joey will continue to suckle, the teat having enlarged and the milk having become richer in proteins and lipids over carbohydrates to give the joey more energy. During this time, the joey also experiences rapid development and transitions from ectothermy to endothermy.[39] The joey no longer needs the pouch by 250 days and is fully weaned at 300–350 days.[40] The tammar wallaby has been observed to engage in alloparental care, in which an adult may adopt another's young.[41] Female tammar wallabies may mature at nine months and live to age fourteen, while males mature around two years and live for eleven years.[5]
In one population of tammar wallabies, the tick species Ixodes hirsti was found to infest them during autumn and winter while those of the genus Amblyomma were more common in spring and summer.[42] In late 1998 and again in early 1999, 120–230 tammar died suddenly in research facilities and zoos in New South Wales and Queensland, perishing less than 12 hours after their sickness was discovered, with most showing no symptoms prior. Necropsies revealed haemorrhaging of the muscles, and numerous internal organs. The syndrome is known as tammar sudden death syndrome and the pathogen is an orbivirus of the family Reoviridae.[43][44] It does not occur south of Sydney,[45] and treatment is difficult due to the rapid progression of the disease.[46]
The tammar wallaby is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN as of 2016, being particularly numerous on Kangaroo Island and four Western Australian islands. It has a maximum population of 50,000 mature individuals total.[1] However, the fragmentation of its range has led to high amounts of inbreeding and physical deformities in some populations.[47]
Since European colonisation, tammar wallabies on both mainland Australia and some of the islands have greatly declined or even eradicated. In the early 20th century, the mainland population in Western Australia was described as numerous throughout the southwest, but declining in agricultural areas to the north.[48] Clearings made for wheat and sheep caused the population to fall even further. Starting in the 19th century, tammar wallabies in the Eyre Peninsula and around Adelaide were decimated by mobs of hunters protecting agriculture. As a result, they were extirpated from both these areas in the 20th century. Tammars from Flinders Island and St Peter Island were eradicated in a similar manner.[4]: 332–33
Tammar wallabies from these areas were introduced to Kawau Island in New Zealand by Sir George Grey in 1870.[49] They were introduced to the Rotorua area in the early 20th century.[50] Since then, they have flourished to the point where their foraging has damaged local plants. Pest control operators have used sodium fluoroacetate to control their populations,[51] a practice which has been controversial because of its possible effect on organisms not targeted by the poison, including humans. Cyanide pellets have been used as an alternative.[52]
In 1985, tammar wallabies were introduced to the North Island of the Houtman Abrolhos and have made similar impacts on native vegetation. Their numbers grew to over 450 individuals, but by 2008 culling efforts appeared to have reduced their numbers to 25 individuals.[53]: 82–83 In 2003, the Monarto Zoo temporarily kept 85 tammar wallabies from New Zealand awaiting reintroduction to the Innes National Park on the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia.[54] Four releases have been made, and the population increased to 100–120 animals by 2012.[55] Tammar wallaby were reintroduced to Kalbarri National Park in 2010 though the project was not considered successful as the majority of radio-collared individuals did not last more than a year.[56]
Different tammar wallaby populations have varying levels of resistance to sodium fluoroacetate. Mainland Western Australian tammar wallabies appear to be the most resistant, while those on Kangaroo Island are much more vulnerable.[57] Tammar wallabies from New Zealand are also vulnerable, as poison has been successfully used to control their populations.[4]: 334 Tammar wallabies from East and West Wallabi Islands and Garden Island, which do not have plants containing sodium fluoroacetate, are less resistant than mainland Western Australian tammar wallabies, but are more resistant than those from Kangaroo Island.[57] This suggests that tammar wallabies originated in South Australia and developed a resistance to sodium fluoroacetate when they reached Western Australia, where the poison is found in plants.[4]: 334
The tammar wallaby is a model organism for studying marsupial biology, as well as mammal biology in general. It has been used in the fields of reproductive biology, immunology, metabolism, neurobiology and many others. Its "seasonal and lactational control of its reproduction" make its reproduction particularly suited for study.[34] Saunders and colleagues (2017) have suggested the bipedal tammar as a better model for research into human spinal cord injuries than quadrupedal rodents.[58] Tammar wallabies are easy to keep in captivity as they are non-aggressive, can adjust to surgeries and reproduce easily, requiring just one male for five females. Tammar wallabies used for scientific study are generally housed in outdoor pens with enough water and shelter, instead of a laboratory.[34]
The genomes of marsupials are of great interest to scientists studying comparative genomics, and the study of tammar wallabies has provided much information about the genetics of marsupials and mammals in general. Marsupials are at a convenient degree of evolutionary divergence from humans; mice are too close and have not developed many different functions, while birds are genetically too remote.[59] Key immune genes from the tammar wallaby were highlighted and studied in 2009.[60]
In 2011, the tammar would become the second marsupial to have its full genome sequenced after the grey short-tailed opossum. The researchers found "innovation in reproductive and lactational genes, rapid evolution of germ cell genes, and incomplete, locus-specific X inactivation". The researchers also found new HOX genes that control gene expression, as well as new microRNAs. Genes for producing milk were shown to be novel while gonad genes appeared to be more conserved.[61] Prior to the full genome sequencing of marsupials, the identification and characterization of important immunological components were limited in most marsupial species.[62] The current sequencing and annotation of whole marsupial genomes have been useful for the further understanding of marsupial immune systems by simplifying the characterization of immune molecules in marsupials, and has aided in biomedical research.[63] A 2017 molecular study of the tammar and the mink found the potential involvement of EGF, FOXO, CDKN1A in controlling mammalian embryonic diapause.[64] IL-10 and IL-10Δ3 are conserved in the tammar showing their immune system can respond to pathogens similarly to other eutherian mammals using these same immune components.[65]
A compound in the milk of the tammar wallaby called AGG01 has the potential to be a new and effective antibiotic. AGG01 is a protein, and in laboratory tests has proven to be far more powerful than penicillin. It kills many types pathogenic bacteria (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and at least one fungus.[66] Subsequent analysis of the genome has led to the finding of several cathelicidin peptides, which could also be used as antibiotics.[67] The foregut of the tammar wallaby contains species of bacteria belonging to the phyla Bacillota, Bacteroidota and Pseudomonadota. New species have been discovered: WG–1 of Pseudomonadota and TWA4 of Bacillota. These bacteria produce less methane than others and do not require CO2 to survive. This has important environmental implications, as this information could be used to reduce carbon production in livestock.[68][69]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The tammar wallaby (Notamacropus eugenii), also known as the dama wallaby or darma wallaby, is a small macropod native to South and Western Australia. Though its geographical range has been severely reduced since European colonisation, the tammar wallaby remains common within its reduced range and is listed as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It has been introduced to New Zealand and reintroduced to some areas of Australia where it had been previously extirpated. Skull variations differentiate between tammar wallabies from Western Australia, Kangaroo Island, and mainland South Australia, making them distinct population groups.
The tammar wallaby is among the smallest of the wallabies in the genus Notamacropus. Its coat colour is largely grey. The tammar wallaby has several notable adaptations, including the ability to retain energy while hopping, colour vision, and the ability to drink seawater. A nocturnal species, it spends the nighttime in grassland habitat and the daytime in shrubland. It is also very gregarious and has a seasonal, promiscuous mating pattern. A female tammar wallaby can nurse a joey in her pouch while keeping an embryo in her uterus. The tammar wallaby is a model species for research on marsupials, and on mammals in general. Its genome was sequenced in 2011.
El Ualabí de Tammar es una especie de marsupial diprotodonto popularmente conocido como ualabí en Australia, donde puede ser encontrado en el sur y al sudoeste.[1]
Datos: Q209645
Multimedia:
Especies: Notamacropus eugenii
El Ualabí de Tammar es una especie de marsupial diprotodonto popularmente conocido como ualabí en Australia, donde puede ser encontrado en el sur y al sudoeste.
Macropus eugenii Macropus generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Macropodinae azpifamilia eta Macropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Macropus eugenii Macropus generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Macropodinae azpifamilia eta Macropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Damavallabi (Macropus eugenii) on pienehkö laji jättikenguruiden suvussa. Sitä käytetään usein kenguruita ja muita pussieläimiä tutkittaessa.
Lajia tavataan eteläisen ja läntisen Australian rannikoiden saarilta. Kangaroo Islandilla sitä pidetään tuholaisena, koska lisääntymiskautena niitä syntyy niin paljon, että ne tuhoavat saaren kasvustoa.
Damavallabeja tavataan myös Uudessa-Seelannissa,[1] mihin sitä siirtoistutettiin Etelä-Australiasta, jossa ketut ja kissat olivat ajamassa sen sukupuuttoon.
Vallabin pieni koko (noin 8 kg) ja helppo hoito tekevät siitä hyvän hoidokin eläintarhoihin.
Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta on ehdottanut lajille uutta suomenkielistä nimeä harmaaselkäkenguru[2].
Damavallabi (Macropus eugenii) on pienehkö laji jättikenguruiden suvussa. Sitä käytetään usein kenguruita ja muita pussieläimiä tutkittaessa.
Lajia tavataan eteläisen ja läntisen Australian rannikoiden saarilta. Kangaroo Islandilla sitä pidetään tuholaisena, koska lisääntymiskautena niitä syntyy niin paljon, että ne tuhoavat saaren kasvustoa.
Damavallabeja tavataan myös Uudessa-Seelannissa, mihin sitä siirtoistutettiin Etelä-Australiasta, jossa ketut ja kissat olivat ajamassa sen sukupuuttoon.
Vallabin pieni koko (noin 8 kg) ja helppo hoito tekevät siitä hyvän hoidokin eläintarhoihin.
Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta on ehdottanut lajille uutta suomenkielistä nimeä harmaaselkäkenguru.
Le wallaby de l'île Eugène (Macropus eugenii) est un petit membre de la famille des kangourous, le plus petit des wallabies
Il mesure 60 cm (52 à 68 cm) de haut, a une queue de 40 cm (33 à 45 cm) et pèse de 4 à 9 kg. Son pelage gris foncé sur le dos vire au roux sur les côtés pour devenir gris pâle sur le ventre. Souvent, il a une raie blanche sur la joue. Il existe un type de wallaby albinos (albino tammar wallaby)
Il habite les régions de broussailles ou semidésertiques du Sud et du Sud-Ouest de l'Australie ainsi que quelques îles environnantes
Il est herbivore.
C'est un animal nocturne se cachant la journée dans les broussailles pour échapper aux prédateurs et dormir.
La période de reproduction est de fin décembre à début janvier. La gestation est de 28 jours. Le petit passe ensuite cinq mois dans la poche de sa mère.
Macropus eugenii est comme la plupart des mammifères très sensible à la longueur du jour. Cette durée est un repère chronobiologique important pour l'activation de la reproduction, mais aussi de la lactation et du soin aux petits chez les animaux à reproduction saisonnière, moment de grand investissement maternel qui doit coïncider avec des conditions environnementales favorables à l'espèce. En 2015 une étude a montré que l'éclairage artificielle nocturne est une source de pollution lumineuse qui perturbe la perception de ce signal naturel ; Deux populations sauvages de ce petit marsupial ont durant 5 ans été expérimentalement exposées à différents niveaux d'éclairage nocturnes de type "urbain". Les résultats montrent que ce type d'éclairage masque suffisamment les changements saisonniers de lumière ambiante pour altérer ou supprimer la production normale de mélatonine, avec un effet délétère sur le succès de reproduction. Ce travail confirme que la lumière artificielle introduite dans l'environnement nocturne altère la physiologie de la reproduction chez les mammifères qui y sont exposés, avec selon les auteurs de l'étude un potentiel d'impacts à plus grande échelle au niveau des populations[1].
Le wallaby de l'île Eugène (Macropus eugenii) est un petit membre de la famille des kangourous, le plus petit des wallabies
Il tammar (Notamacropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817)) è un piccolo membro della famiglia dei Macropodidi e la specie tipo per le ricerche sui canguri e sui marsupiali in generale.
È diffuso su alcune isole al largo dell'Australia meridionale e lungo le coste di quella occidentale. Sull'Isola dei Canguri, dove ogni anno si riproduce in gran numero, è considerato una specie nociva, dato che danneggia l'habitat delle echidne dell'isola.
Il tammar venne avvistato per la prima volta sull'isola di West Wallabi nel gruppo delle Houtman Abrolhos, al largo dell'Australia Occidentale, dai sopravvissuti del naufragio del Batavia nel 1629, e descritto l'anno seguente da Francisco Pelsaert[3] nel suo Ongeluckige Voyage. Si è trattato sicuramente del primo avvistamento di un Macropodide da parte degli europei[4] e probabilmente anche del primo avvistamento di un mammifero australiano[5].
Il tammar è suddiviso in tre sottospecie:
Le piccole dimensioni di questo wallaby (circa 8 kg, simili a quelle di un grosso gatto) e la facilità con la quale si alleva in cattività lo hanno reso un animale molto popolare negli zoo.
Nel latte di questo animale alcuni scienziati australiani, guidati dal Dr. Ben Cocks, hanno scoperto una proteina denominata AGG01. Nei test di laboratorio questo composto si è rivelato essere 100 volte più efficace della penicillina, dato che è in grado di debellare il 99% dei batteri patogeni (sia Gram-positivi che Gram-negativi) e dei funghi con i quali è stata incubata, compresi Salmonella, Proteus vulgaris e Staphylococcus aureus[6].
Il tammar (Notamacropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817)) è un piccolo membro della famiglia dei Macropodidi e la specie tipo per le ricerche sui canguri e sui marsupiali in generale.
È diffuso su alcune isole al largo dell'Australia meridionale e lungo le coste di quella occidentale. Sull'Isola dei Canguri, dove ogni anno si riproduce in gran numero, è considerato una specie nociva, dato che danneggia l'habitat delle echidne dell'isola.
Il tammar venne avvistato per la prima volta sull'isola di West Wallabi nel gruppo delle Houtman Abrolhos, al largo dell'Australia Occidentale, dai sopravvissuti del naufragio del Batavia nel 1629, e descritto l'anno seguente da Francisco Pelsaert nel suo Ongeluckige Voyage. Si è trattato sicuramente del primo avvistamento di un Macropodide da parte degli europei e probabilmente anche del primo avvistamento di un mammifero australiano.
Il tammar è suddiviso in tre sottospecie:
M. e. eugenii, dell'Australia Meridionale continentale; nel suo areale originario si è estinta a causa del disboscamento e della predazione da parte di gatti e volpi. Tuttavia, è stata introdotta nel XIX secolo sull'Isola di Kawau, in Nuova Zelanda. Là questa popolazione insulare è ritenuta nociva, ma sono in corso programmi per reintrodurla nel suo habitat nativo. M. e. derbianus, dell'Australia Occidentale (e di alcune isole vicine). M. e. decres, il wallaby darma o dama, la sottospecie diffusa sull'Isola dei Canguri, in Australia Meridionale.Le piccole dimensioni di questo wallaby (circa 8 kg, simili a quelle di un grosso gatto) e la facilità con la quale si alleva in cattività lo hanno reso un animale molto popolare negli zoo.
Nel latte di questo animale alcuni scienziati australiani, guidati dal Dr. Ben Cocks, hanno scoperto una proteina denominata AGG01. Nei test di laboratorio questo composto si è rivelato essere 100 volte più efficace della penicillina, dato che è in grado di debellare il 99% dei batteri patogeni (sia Gram-positivi che Gram-negativi) e dei funghi con i quali è stata incubata, compresi Salmonella, Proteus vulgaris e Staphylococcus aureus.
Macropus eugenii (binomen a Desmarest inventum anno 1817), (Anglice: damar wallaby; tammar wallaby) est animal Marsupiale herbivorum Australianum.
Macropus eugenii
M. eugenii cum infante
Duo macropodes
M. eugenii edentes
Macropus eugenii
ab Ioanne Gould pictus
Vide "Macropus eugenii" apud Vicispecies. 
Haec stipula ad biologiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes! Macropus eugenii (binomen a Desmarest inventum anno 1817), (Anglice: damar wallaby; tammar wallaby) est animal Marsupiale herbivorum Australianum.
De tammarwallaby (Macropus eugenii) is een wallaby uit het geslacht Macropus. Deze soort leeft in het zuiden van Australië.
De tammarwallaby heeft een lichaamslengte van 52 tot 68 cm en een staart van 33 tot 45 cm lang. Het gewicht bedraagt 4 tot 9 kg. Mannelijke dieren zijn over het algemeen groter dan vrouwelijke tammarwallaby's. De vacht is grijsbruin van kleur, de grijsgeelgekleurde buik uitgezonderd. De poten zijn roodbruin. De tammarwallaby heeft een relatief kleine kop, grote oren en een lange staart. Net als bij de meeste andere kangoeroes zijn de voorpoten kort en de achterpoten lang en sterk.
De tammarwallaby is een graseter die in groepen van maximaal vijftig soortgenoten leeft. Deze groepen omvatten wallaby's van beide geslachten en uiteenlopende leeftijden. Deze soort is overwegend actief tijdens de schemering en de nacht. De tammarwallaby heeft slechts weinig water nodig om te overleven en kan in nood zelfs zeewater drinken.
De tammarwallaby leeft in de open eucalyptusbossen en scrublands van zuidelijk Australië. Het verspreidingsgebied van deze soort loopt van de zuidwestpunt van West-Australië tot in Zuid-Australië. Ook op enkele eilanden voor de kust, waaronder Kangaroo-eiland, komt de tammarwallaby voor.
Er worden drie ondersoorten van de tammarwallaby onderscheiden: M. e. eugenii, M. e. derbianus en M. e. decres. M. e. eugenii leefde op het vasteland van Zuid-Australië en de naburige eilandjes Saint Peterseiland, Flinderseiland en Thistle-eiland, maar deze ondersoort is door habitatverlies, jacht door vroege pioniers en predatie door verwilderde katten en vossen tijdens de twintigste eeuw in het wild uitgestorven in Australië. Een kleine populatie leeft nog wel op Kawau-eiland in Nieuw-Zeeland, waar deze ondersoort rond 1870 was geïntroduceerd. M. e. derbianus of Derby-wallaby leeft in West-Australië en de naburige eilandjes Houtman Abrolhoseilanden, Gardeneiland en de Twin Peakeilanden. De populaties van deze ondersoort gelden als stabiel. M. e. decres of Dama-wallaby leeft op Kangaroo Island en is daar een algemeen voorkomend dier.
De tammarwallaby was de eerste kangoeroesoort die door Westerse ontdekkingsreizigers werd gezien. Op 15 november 1629 zag de Nederlander François Pelsaert, kapitein van de Batavia, deze soort op de Houtman Abrolhoseilanden (vernoemd naar een andere Nederlandse kapitein, Cornelis de Houtman). Pelseart beschreef de tammarwallaby's als "springende katten".
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe tammarwallaby (Macropus eugenii) is een wallaby uit het geslacht Macropus. Deze soort leeft in het zuiden van Australië.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Kangur mniejszy[3], dawniej: walabia dama[4][5] (Macropus eugenii) – gatunek torbacza z rodziny kangurowatych[3].
We wcześniejszej polskiej literaturze zoologicznej gatunek był oznaczany nazwą zwyczajową „walabia dama”[4][5]. Jednak w wydanej w 2015 roku przez Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN w Warszawie publikacji „Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata” gatunkowi nadano nazwę kangur mniejszy[3].
Długość ciała 52-68 cm, masa 4-9 kg. Wierzch ciała brunatno-rudawy (u samców czerwonawa barwa na bokach ciała i kończynach), spód ciała białawy, głowa i ogon szare[5].
Australia Południowa (okolice Cleve), płd.-zach. część Australii Zachodniej, wyspy Houtman Abrolhos, Garden, Wyspa Kangura, archipelag Recherche. Introdukowany na wyspę Kawau i w region Rotorua w Nowej Zelandii[2].
Krzewiaste obszary w pobliżu wybrzeża, suche lasy twardolistne. Żeruje na otwartych terenach trawiastych.
Prowadzą nocny tryb życia. Na niektórych wyspach Australii Zachodniej wskutek niedoboru wody pitnej pija wodę morską. Nie istnieje żadna struktura socjalna, wyłączając wyspę Kawau, gdzie zwierzęta żyją w grupach, którym przewodzą samce. Większość młodych przychodzi na świat w styczniu po trwającej 25–28 dni ciąży. W torbie lęgowej przebywają 8–9 miesięcy.
Kangur mniejszy, dawniej: walabia dama (Macropus eugenii) – gatunek torbacza z rodziny kangurowatych.
O Macropus eugenii é uma espécie de canguru popularmente conhecido como walabi na Austrália[2], onde pode ser encontrado no sudeste e sudoeste[1].
O Macropus eugenii é uma espécie de canguru popularmente conhecido como walabi na Austrália, onde pode ser encontrado no sudeste e sudoeste.
Damavallaby (Macropus eugenii[2][3][4][5]) är en pungdjursart som först beskrevs av Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest 1817. Macropus eugenii ingår i släktet Macropus och familjen kängurudjur.[6][7] Inga underarter finns listade.[6]
Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 52 till 68 cm och en svanslängd av 33 till 45 cm. När den står på bakbenen är den cirka 45 cm hög. De minsta fullvuxna individerna väger cirka 4 kg. Honor är något mindre än hannar och med en maximal vikt av 6,9 kg även lättare. Hannar kan väga upp till 9,1 kg. Damavallabyn kännetecknas av ett litet huvud, stora öron och en svans som blir smalare mot spetsen. Pälsen är på ovansidan grå till gråbrun och på buken ljusare grå till gul. Kring extremiteterna finns vanligen en röd skugga. Arten har liksom andra släktmedlemmar långa och kraftiga bakre extremiteter för att kunna hoppa.[8]
Denna vallaby förekommer i sydvästra Australien men hade där tidigare ett betydligt större utbredningsområde. Arten lever även på några mindre öar i regionen samt på Kangaroo Island. Populationen på fastlandet dog ut under 1930-talet. Året 1870 hade kolonialpolitikern Sir George Grey flyttat en population till Kawau Island som tillhör Nya Zeeland. Dessa populationer som nu lever på Australiens fastland blev återintroducerade med hjälp av exemplar som hämtades från australiska öar och från Kawau Island.[1][9] Utbredningsområdet är delvis täckt av träd och buskar men arten håller sig vanligen till de öppna gräsmarkerna.[1]
Hannar och honor bildar flockar och inom flocken upprättas en hierarki. Den största och kraftigaste hannen är flockens mest dominanta djur. För att avgöra positionens i hierarkin utförs även rituella och allvarliga strider. Under de senare drar motståndarna varandra med framtassarna i huvudet och de sparkar med bakbenen mot varandra. Detta beteende används även mot fiender som dingon. Med sina skarpa klor kan vallabyn skada dingon allvarligt. En flock kan ha upp till 50 medlemmar och reviret är maximalt 100 hektar stort.[8]
Vid långsamma rörelser går damavallabyn på fyra fötter. Vid ökningen av hastigheten byter den mellan 1,25 och 1,6 m/s till en hoppande rörelse på bakfötterna. Skuttarnas längd varierade under en studie från 1987 mellan 0,7 och 2,5 meter.[10]
Damavallabyn äter gräs, blad och andra växtdelar. Den föredrar gräs med strån som är upp till 50 cm långa. Arten är mindre framgångsrik när den väljer buskarnas blad och den tappar många blad. När damavallabyn äter från buskar håller den växten mellan fingrarna och handflatan.[11] En avhandling från 2011 registrerade 24 olika växter som ingår i födan.[12] Arten har förmåga att dricka havsvatten, något som oftast sker i torra regioner.[12]
Arten är främst aktiv på natten.[8] Individerna gömmer sig på dagen i områden med buskar.[12]
Flockens alfahanne är den förste som får para sig med en hona. Honan parar sig däremot flera gånger, även med andra hannar från flocken. Embryons utveckling vilar en längre tid när honan har en diande unge i pungen (marsupium). När syskonet lämnar pungen börjar den egentliga dräktigheten som varar i 25 till 28 dagar. Honan föder oftast en enda unge som är underutvecklad och som kravlar till pungen. Ungen stannar 8 till 9 månader i pungen och den får ytterligare en eller två månader di när den främst lever utanför pungen. Könsmognaden infaller för honor efter cirka 9 månader och för hannar efter ungefär två år.[8]
Uppskattningsvis lever honor 14 år och exemplar av hankön 11 år.[12]
Den första kängurun som observerades av europeiska upptäcktsresande var en damavallaby. Upptäckten gjordes 1629 när det holländska fartyget Batavia strandade vid Wallaby Islands.[12]
Arten konkurrerar liksom andra kängurur med betande tamfår. De kan minska fårens tillgång till föda betydligt. Damavallabyn jagas av människor för att förbättra fårens situation samt även för hudens skull; den förarbetas till läder.[8] Djuret påverkas negativt av introducerade fiender som rödräven och tamkatt. Några exemplar dör under okontrollerade bränder eller i trafiken.[1]
För att bevara arten placeras gift mot rävar i damavallbyns utbredningsområde. Djuret återintroduceras i områden där det var utdött. Damavallbyn förekommer i två nationalparker och i andra naturskyddsområden. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Damavallyn var det första australiska pungdjuret och det andra pungdjuret överhuvudtaget som fick sitt genom kartlagt.[13]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Damavallaby.
Wikispecies har information om Macropus eugenii.
Damavallaby (Macropus eugenii) är en pungdjursart som först beskrevs av Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest 1817. Macropus eugenii ingår i släktet Macropus och familjen kängurudjur. Inga underarter finns listade.
Першим з вчених дав опис таммара вчений А.Демаре у 1817 році. Це найменші з кенгуру. У тварин присутній статевий диморфізм — самці більше за самок. Довжина тулуба самців складає 59–68 см, самиць — 52–63 см, зріст у самців та самиць 45 см, довжина хвоста самців складає 38–45 см, самиць — 33–44 см, вага самців — 9,1 кг, вага самиць — ≈ 7 кг. Колір хутра — знизу світло-сірий, а до верху йде вже темно-сірий, з боків — рудий. Має великі вуха та маленьку голову. 2n=16.
Це нічний мешканець. Полюбляє чагарники, коли немає питної води може вживати морську воду. Таммари стадні тварини, дуже полохливі. Харчуються рослинною їжею, іноді комахами.
Народжують у січні. Вагітність триває 25–28 днів. З'являється одне кенгуреня, яке живе у торбі самиці від 8 до 9 місяців.
Таммар — дуже рідкісна тварини. Живе у деяких південних районах Східної та Західної Австралії, здебільшого перебуває у заповідниках.
Macropus eugenii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Macropodidae, nó có nguồn gốc tại Nam và Tây Úc.[3] Phạm vi phân bố của nó đã bị thu hẹp kể từ khi người châu Âu đến, nhưng nó vẫn phổ biến tại nơi nó sống và được xem là một loài ít quan tâm bởi Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế (IUCN).[1] Nó đã được du nhập tới New Zealand và tái du nhập tại các khu vực ở Úc mà trước đó nó đã bị tuyệt diệt.
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Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Macropus eugenii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Macropodidae, nó có nguồn gốc tại Nam và Tây Úc. Phạm vi phân bố của nó đã bị thu hẹp kể từ khi người châu Âu đến, nhưng nó vẫn phổ biến tại nơi nó sống và được xem là một loài ít quan tâm bởi Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế (IUCN). Nó đã được du nhập tới New Zealand và tái du nhập tại các khu vực ở Úc mà trước đó nó đã bị tuyệt diệt.
Macropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817)
Ареал
Кенгуру Евгении[1], или филандер Евгении[2], или кенгуру дама[2], или кенгуру Дерби[2], или тамнар[2] (лат. Macropus eugenii) — небольшое млекопитающее семейства кенгуровых. Видовой эпитет дан по названию острова (Ile Eugene), на котором были впервые обнаружены животные.
У животных присутствует половой диморфизм, самцы крупнее и тяжелее самок. Длина тела самцов составляет 59—68 см, самок — 52—63 см, рост самцов и самок — 45 см, длина хвоста у самцов — 38—45 см, у самок — 33—44 см, вес самцов — 9,1 кг, самок — около 7 кг. Окрас меха снизу светло-серый, сверху тёмно-серый, с боков рыжий. У кенгуру большие уши и маленькая голова.
Кенгуру Евгении очень редкое животное. Живёт в некоторых южных районах Восточной и Западной Австралии, в основном находится в заповедниках.
Кенгуру живут группами численностью до 50 особей. Самцы борются друг с другом за место лидера в группе. Площадь занимаемой группой территории составляет 100 га. Ведут ночной образ жизни. Питаются растительной пищей.
Беременность длится 25—28 дней. В январе появляется один детёныш, который живёт в сумке матери от 8 до 9 месяцев. В возрасте от одного года до двух лет он становится половозрелым.
Кенгуру Евгении, или филандер Евгении, или кенгуру дама, или кенгуру Дерби, или тамнар (лат. Macropus eugenii) — небольшое млекопитающее семейства кенгуровых. Видовой эпитет дан по названию острова (Ile Eugene), на котором были впервые обнаружены животные.
尤金袋鼠（Macropus eugenii）是袋鼠科中細小的成員，通常都是就袋鼠及有袋類的研究對象。
尤金袋鼠分佈在澳洲南部島嶼及西岸地區。由於牠們每季在袋鼠島都大量繁殖，破壞了針鼴島上的生活環境而被認為是害蟲。
尤金袋鼠最初是於1628年船難的生還者在西澳發現的，是歐洲人最早有紀錄的袋鼠發現[3]，且可能是最早發現的澳洲哺乳動物。[4]
尤金袋鼠共有三個亞種：
尤金袋鼠很細小，約只有8公斤重，適合飼養。
尤金袋鼠的奶中有一種物質，稱為AGG01，有可能是一種神奇藥及青黴素的改良。AGG01是一種蛋白質，在實驗中證實比青黴素有效100倍，可以殺死99%的細菌及真菌，如沙門氏菌、普通變型桿菌及金黃色葡萄球菌。[5]
|work= (帮助) 尤金袋鼠（Macropus eugenii）是袋鼠科中細小的成員，通常都是就袋鼠及有袋類的研究對象。
尤金袋鼠分佈在澳洲南部島嶼及西岸地區。由於牠們每季在袋鼠島都大量繁殖，破壞了針鼴島上的生活環境而被認為是害蟲。
尤金袋鼠最初是於1628年船難的生還者在西澳發現的，是歐洲人最早有紀錄的袋鼠發現，且可能是最早發現的澳洲哺乳動物。
尤金袋鼠共有三個亞種：
M. e. eugenii：分佈於南澳洲，但因開墾土地及被貓科或狐狸的獵殺而接近滅絕。牠們於1800年代被引入新西蘭的卡娃島，卻被認為是有害物種。不論怎樣，牠們都因此而得以保存。 M. e. derbianus：分佈西澳洲洲及一些島嶼。 M. e. decres：分佈在南澳洲的袋鼠島。尤金袋鼠很細小，約只有8公斤重，適合飼養。
尤金袋鼠的奶中有一種物質，稱為AGG01，有可能是一種神奇藥及青黴素的改良。AGG01是一種蛋白質，在實驗中證實比青黴素有效100倍，可以殺死99%的細菌及真菌，如沙門氏菌、普通變型桿菌及金黃色葡萄球菌。
타마왈라비(Macropus eugenii)는 캥거루과에 속하는 캥거루속 유대류의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아의 사우스오스트레일리아 주와 웨스턴오스트레일리아 주에서 발견된다.[2] 유럽 식민지인의 유입 이후 지리적 분포 범위가 심각하게 줄어들었으며 타마왈라비는 그 줄어든 지역 안에서 흔하게 발견되며 국제 자연 보전 연맹(IUCN)이 "관심대상종"(LC, Least Concern Species)로 지정하고 있다. 뉴질랜드에 도입되었고, 이전에 사라졌던 오스트레일리아 일부 지역에 재도입되었다. 웨스턴오스트레일리아 주 캥거루 섬과 사우스오스트레일리아 대륙의 타마왈라비는 두개골 구조가 차이가 나며, 별도의 개체군으로 간주하거나 다른 아종으로 추정하고 있다.
몸집은 대략 래빗 크기로 캥거루속에 속하는 왈라비 중에서 가장 작다. 털은 대체적으로 회색을 띤다. 뜀뒤기를 할 때 에너지를 유지하는 능력, 색채 지각과 바닷물을 먹을 수 있는 능력을 포함하여 여러 가지 뛰어난 적응력을 갖고 있다. 야행성 동물의 일종으로 초원 서식지에서 밤 시간을 보내고, 낮 시간에는 관목 지대에서 지낸다. 또한 풀을 뜯는 초식 동물로 성적으로 자유분방한 계절성 짝짓기를 한다. 암컷 타마왈라비는 자궁에 태아를 임신한 채, 유대낭에서 새끼를 기른다. 유대류 그리고 일반적인 포유류 연구에 이용되는 모델 생물이다. 지놈 분석이 이루어진 생물 중 하나이다.
타마왈라비(Macropus eugenii)는 캥거루과에 속하는 캥거루속 유대류의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아의 사우스오스트레일리아 주와 웨스턴오스트레일리아 주에서 발견된다. 유럽 식민지인의 유입 이후 지리적 분포 범위가 심각하게 줄어들었으며 타마왈라비는 그 줄어든 지역 안에서 흔하게 발견되며 국제 자연 보전 연맹(IUCN)이 "관심대상종"(LC, Least Concern Species)로 지정하고 있다. 뉴질랜드에 도입되었고, 이전에 사라졌던 오스트레일리아 일부 지역에 재도입되었다. 웨스턴오스트레일리아 주 캥거루 섬과 사우스오스트레일리아 대륙의 타마왈라비는 두개골 구조가 차이가 나며, 별도의 개체군으로 간주하거나 다른 아종으로 추정하고 있다.
몸집은 대략 래빗 크기로 캥거루속에 속하는 왈라비 중에서 가장 작다. 털은 대체적으로 회색을 띤다. 뜀뒤기를 할 때 에너지를 유지하는 능력, 색채 지각과 바닷물을 먹을 수 있는 능력을 포함하여 여러 가지 뛰어난 적응력을 갖고 있다. 야행성 동물의 일종으로 초원 서식지에서 밤 시간을 보내고, 낮 시간에는 관목 지대에서 지낸다. 또한 풀을 뜯는 초식 동물로 성적으로 자유분방한 계절성 짝짓기를 한다. 암컷 타마왈라비는 자궁에 태아를 임신한 채, 유대낭에서 새끼를 기른다. 유대류 그리고 일반적인 포유류 연구에 이용되는 모델 생물이다. 지놈 분석이 이루어진 생물 중 하나이다.
