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Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev.

Associated Forest Cover ( Inglês )

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In Puerto Rico, ausubo is associated with tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa), guaraguao (Guarea guidonia) granadillo (Buchenavia capitata), and motillo (Sloanea berteriana) in the Subtropical Wet Forest classification according to Holdridge (18). In the Luquillo Mountains of northeastern Puerto Rico, species assemblages produced by the use of statistical clustering techniques revealed that ausubo occurs on upper slopes along with granadillo (13).

Elsewhere within its range, ausubo is a constituent of several different forest types (table 1), attaining its best development in Lowland Rain Forest, or Lower Montane Rain Forest (classification according to Beard) (1,2,4,5).

Species associated are numerous and vary with locale (4). In Trinidad, for example, ausubo is found in the Dry Evergreen Formation and Littoral Woodland along with royal palm (Roystonea oleracea), sierra palm (Prestoea montana), and timite (Manicaria saccifera). It is also found in Evergreen Seasonal Forest in the Carapa-Eschweilera association and in the Peltogyne association. Finally, it is found scattered in the Lower Montane Rain Forest.

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Climate ( Inglês )

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In Puerto Rico, ausubo is found in the Subtropical Moist, Subtropical Wet, and Subtropical Rain Forest life zones. Annual rainfall in these forests varies from 1500 to 4000 mm (59 to 157 in). Temperatures range from a mean minimum in January of 16° C (61° F) to a mean maximum of 31° C (88° F) in August (8), the extremes for the range of ausubo or the island. Evapotranspiration over the same regions varies between 1400 and 1800 mm/yr (55 and 71 in/yr), with the lowest measurements in the mountainous interior.

Throughout the West Indies, ausubo grows in areas where the annual rainfall varies from 1500 to 4000 mm (59 to 157 in) (table 1). In South America many areas probably receive more than that amount In the Bajo Calima region of Colombia, west of the city of Cali, annual rainfall in Tropical Rain Forest approaches 7000 min (276 in). All sites are frost free.

Table 1- Presence of ausubo (Manilkara bidentata) in tropical forests of the Western Hemisphere Country Forest type classification¹ Annual rainfall mm in Puerto Rico (16) Subtropical Moist Forest¹ 1000 to 2000 39 to 79   Subtropical Wet Forest¹ 2000 to 4000 79 to 157 Dominica (16) Lower Montane Rain Fore St² -3000 -118   Secondary Rain ForeStS² -2000 -79 St. Lucia (4) Lowland Rain ForeStS² 2000 to 2500 79 to 98   Lower Montane Rain ForeSt² -3000 -118   Secondary WoodlandS² 2000 to 2500 79 to 98 Grenada (4) Lowland Rain ForeSt² 2000 to 2500 79 to 98   Lower Montane Rain ForeSt² -3000 -118   Dry Scrub Woodland² -1500 -59   Secondary Rain Forest² 2000 to 2500 79 to 98 Barbados (4) Dry Scrub Woodland² -1500 -59 British Virgin Islands (4) Xerophytic Rain ForeSt² -1500 -69 Trinidad (3) Lower Montane Rain ForeSt² 2000 to 2500 79 to 98 Colombia (19,32) Tropical Rain Forest¹ -7000 -276   Tropical Moist Forest¹ 2000 to 4000 79 to 157 British Guyana (17) Evergreen Seasonal ForeSt² 1700 to 1900 67 to 75 Venezuela (3) Lower Montane Rain Forest¹ 2000 to 3000 79 to 118 Suriname (20,31) Rain Forest³ 2000 to 2500 79 to 98   Upland Rain Forest³ 2000 to 2500 79 to 98 ¹Holdridge (18)-Puerto Rico.
²Beard (1,2,3,4,5)-Dominica, St. Lucia, Grenada, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Trinidad, Columbia, Guyana, and Venezuala.
³Schultz (31)-Suriname.       


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Damaging Agents ( Inglês )

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Survival is hampered by the very slow rate of seedling growth, and the fact that during this stage ausubo is succulent and eaten by animals (27). The leaves are frequently darkened by a layer of sooty mold that probably reduces the amount of light received. In a study of microfungal populations on ausubo leaves, it was found that a statistically greater number of fungi were present on the leaves at lower levels of the canopy than at mid- and upper-levels (11).

Ausubo tolerates exposure well. Along the north coast of Trinidad, several groups of trees grew in areas exposed to the full force of the northeasterly tradewinds. Marshall (27) observed that even the clearing of a site for the construction of a cabin, leaving numerous large ausubo isolated, apparently had no effect on their survivial.

Some infestations have been observed. In Trinidad, large trees with hollow bases were infested with both termites and a fungus, but it was not determined which agent was the primary cause of infection (27). In Puerto Rico, a canker has been observed that results in the dieback of branches, but the causative agent is unknown (33).

Perhaps the agent most damaging to ausubo is man. In the process of "bleeding" trees to obtain balata gum, trees may be indiscriminately slashed and later die. Sometimes they are felled to obtain the latex.

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Flowering and Fruiting ( Inglês )

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In Puerto Rico, the white perfect flowers are borne annually on a stalk at the beginning of the wet season, mainly from May through late August, with occasional late autumn flowering. Fruits develop through the autumn with the principal fruit drop in winter and early spring (15). In Trinidad, ausubo flowers at the beginning of the dry season, January to February, and the fruit ripens by April and May (27). In both regions, good flowering and fruiting is at intervals of 3 to 4 years.

At randomly placed collection stations comprised of 0.5 m² (5.4 ft²) screen baskets in the Subtropical Wet Forest of Puerto Rico, ausubo dropped some 70 fruits in 39 months. Of the species of trees observed, ausubo ranked 16th in number of fruits collected (15).

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Genetics ( Inglês )

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No information was found on population differences, races, or hybrids. The genus is pantropical, contains more than 150 species, and is the most important within the Sapotaceae family Ausubo extends from latitude 23' N. to about 18' S. in the American tropics, and it is possible that varieties remain to be described.

Zapote de costa (Manilkara pleeana) (Pierre) Cronq. is a related tree of moist coastal forests known only from Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. John, and Tortola (21). Several other closely related species of Manilkara grow in Central and South America and are confused with M. bidentata (23). Much taxonomic study is needed in the Sapotaceae family, genus Manilkara.

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Growth and Yield ( Inglês )

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Growth of ausubo is slow in the sapling stage, and slow to intermediate in the pole stage through maturity. Height is about 0.3 m (1 ft) at 1 year, and about 4.5 m (15 ft) in 5 years. Annual diameter increment in an early secondary stand in St. Just (table 2), where the stems ranged from 4 to 13 cm (1.6 to 5.1 in) in diameter, averaged 0.58 cm (0.23 in) over a 2-year period.

On an understocked 0.4 ha (1 acre) plantation in Trinidad, after 21 years volume mean annual increment (MAI) averaged only 2.37 m³/ha (33.86 ft³/acre). Diameter and height MAI for plantations in both Trinidad and Puerto Rico show that the former varies from 0.51 to 0.81 cm (0.20 to 0.32 in), and the latter from 0.2 to 1.1 m (0.66 to 3.6 ft), depending on site (table 2). Measurements of annual diameter increments for 17 years in previously thinned Subtropical Wet Forest of the Luquillo Mountains shows an average annual growth of 0.51 to 0.58 cm (0.20 to 0.23 in).

Site characteristics Stand Annual increment Location Elevation Rainfall Soil Density¹ Age Height D.b.h. Basal area Volume m mm trees/ha yr m mm m²/ha m³/ha Plantations                   Puerto Rico                   Toro Negro (24) 900 2500 deep, acid clay NA² 5 1.1 6.4 NA NA Toro Negro (25) 900 2500 deep, acid clay NA 9 0.2 5.1 NA NA Trinidad                   Central Range (27) 100 2000 NA 370 21 0.8 8.1 0.4 2.37 Natural stands                   Puerto Rico                   El Verde (29) 450 3000 deep, acid clay 700 2.5 NA 3.2 NA NA Sabana (14) 180 to 360 2300 deep, acid clay 800 17 NA 5.1 NA NA Rio Grande (14) 420 to 600 3000 deep, acid clay 800 17 NA 5.8 NA NA St. Just (34) 60 1900 shallow, acid clay 2460 2 NA 5.8 0.04 NA   ft in   trees/acre yr ft in ft²/acre ft³/acre Plantations                   Puerto Rico                   Toro Negro 2,950 100 deep, acid clay NA 5 3.6 0.25 NA NA Toro Negro 2,950 100 deep, acid clay NA 9 0.7 0.2 NA NA Trinidad                   Central Range 330 80 NA 150 21 2.6 0.32 1.74 33.86 Natural stands                   Puerto Rico                   El Verde 1,480 120 deep, acid clay 283 2.5 NA 0.13 NA NA Sabana 590 to 1, 180 90 deep, acid clay 324 17 NA 0.2 NA NA Rio Grande 1,380 to 1,970 120 deep, acid clay 324 17 NA 0.23 NA NA St. Just 200 75 shallow, acid clay 996 2 NA 0.23 0.09 NA ¹For natural stands, all species of trees greater than 4 cm (1.6 in) in d.b.h.
²Not available.

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Reaction to Competition ( Inglês )

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Ausubo is classed as very tolerant of shade throughout most of its life. It regenerates and is capable of growing through sapling, pole, and immature stages in dense shade. Basal area and diameter growth, however, are more rapid in trees that are exposed to the sun (29). In Trinidad, it was ranked second among the more valuable timber species with regard to shade tolerance (27). Its slow growth in seedling stages exposes it to damage by grazing animals and results in low survival rate for the species. In Puerto Rico, ausubo has been transplanted under fairly dense shelterwood (24) with good survival and satisfactory growth.

Ausubo was found on each of six permanent plots measured since the mid-1940's in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. On plots that normally contain 40 to 50 species per 0.4 hectare (1 acre), ausubo ranked 5th in density, and 10th in both basal area and volume (6). Recurrent measurement of all trees on these plots revealed a 30-year chronology of stand dynamics after a hurricane. Ausubo, a primary species, increased in dominance over time, doubling its proportion of stand basal area to 10.7 percent and tripling its stand biomass to 9.1 percent (12). Large size at maturity, a long life cycle, good root development, and tolerance of shade enable ausubo to persist for 300 to 400 years and emerge as one of the canopy species in the Luquillo Forest.

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Rooting Habit ( Inglês )

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By 2 years of age, the selling has a taproot. When older, it has a strong, moderately deep root system making the species wind-firm (27).

In the study of a single ausubo tree in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, a root-to-shoot-to-leaf ratio of 24 to 68 to 8 was found. Fibrous roots constituted 28 percent of the total root biomass (10).

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( Inglês )

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Ausubo fruits are globose berries about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and usually contain a single, shiny, black seed, surrounded by a sweet, gummy pulp that is edible. Occasionally, two seeds per fruit are found (21,27).

In unpublished experimental work conducted at the Institute of Tropical Forestry, 1,280 air-dried seeds per kilogram (580/lb) were counted. Cutting tests showed that 35 percent of the seeds were hollow. Moisture accounted for about 30 percent of the weight of the seeds.

Seed dispersal is limited to the vicinity of the parent tree unless animals consume or carry the fruits. Agouti and other animals eat the fruit in Trinidad (27), while in Puerto Rico birds have been identified as dispersal agents.

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Seedling Development ( Inglês )

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Germination is epigeous and irregular over a long period, with some seed germinating in the second year. Trials in Trinidad yielded only 10 percent germination, and efforts to improve it by soaking in water or slightly cracking the seed were a failure (27). In Puerto Rico, 100 seeds per treatment were stored at room temperature and at 4° C (40° F) in paper sacks and sealed jars for periods of 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. A control was sown immediately. Germination for the treated seeds was essentially nil while the control showed 60 percent success. It was concluded that storage by the means tested was unsatisfactory. Seedlings in the wild are capable of growing under heavy shade and in herbaceous cover. Average height at the end of the first year is 12 cm (5 in), and after 5 years about 4.5 m (15 ft).

Artificial regeneration is best attained by direct sowing of fruits or transplanting of potted seedlings Ausubo seeds should be sown in moist leaves because they are not capable of emerging from the soil (26). "Limited success" has been achieved with bare root plantings after I year in the nursery, but if seedling are left too long in the beds, the taproot proves to b a problem (27).

In experimental work at the Institute of Tropical Forestry, seeds were sown in nursery beds in the su and under shaded conditions. After 10 months, those in the sun were twice as tall as the shade specimens. Direct out-planting of potted seedling under heavy shade in the limestone forest on the north coast showed survival rates greater than 9 percent after 10 months. The seedlings, however were sensitive to drought. Most had wilted and yellowed after a prolonged period without rain.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Except when quite young, ausubo does not coppice, nor does it produce root suckers (27).

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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Sapotaceae -- Sapodilla family

P. L. Weaver

Ausubo (Manilkara bidentata), also known a balata, is a large evergreen forest tree that was probably the most important timber tree of Puerto Rico. It grows best in Puerto Rico on alluvial plain where it may reach the age of 400 years. Ausubo is extremely tolerant of shade. The strong and attractive wood makes it highly valued commercially an it is widely used in the tropics for many woo products. The tree is often tapped for its milky latex the source of balata gum. Although growth is slow, ausubo is planted for shade and timber.

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Distribution ( Inglês )

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Ausubo is native to Puerto Rico, widely distribute throughout the West Indies, and ranges from Mexico through Panama to northern South America, including the Guianas and Venezuela, to Peru, and to northern Brazil (9,22).

In Puerto Rico, ausubo is native to the moist coastal and limestone forests, and to lower mountain forests. Ausubo ranges from near sea level up to 60 in (2,000 ft) in elevation. The tree is a primary species and is very shade tolerant.

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Balatabaum ( Alemão )

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 src=
Manilkara bidentata, Holz

Der Balatabaum (Manilkara bidentata) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Sapotengewächse (Sapotaceae). Er ist weit verbreitet auf den Karibischen Inseln und im tropischen Mittel- und nördlichen Südamerika.[1]

Beschreibung

Der Balatabaum ist ein langsamwachsender, meist immergrüner Baum, seltener ein kleiner Strauch, der an besten Standorten Wuchshöhen von mehr als 30 Metern und einen Stammdurchmesser von 1,3 Meter erreichen kann. Ausgewachsene Bäume bilden eine dichte Baumkrone mit horizontalen Ästen. Ältere Bäume besitzen öfters breite Brettwurzeln. Die Pflanzenteile enthalten einen weißen Milchsaft.

Die wechselständigen und ganzrandigen, ledrigen, kurz gestielten Laubblätter sind mit einer Länge von bis etwa 7–20 Zentimeter, elliptisch bis verkehrt-eiförmig. Die Blätter sind unterseits bronzefarben, die Spitze ist abgerundet bis spitz oder bespitzt, seltener stumpf, und teils eingebuchtet. Der Blattstiel ist bis 1,5–4,5 Zentimeter lang. Die Nervatur ist gefiedert mit vielen undeutlichen parallelen Seitenadern. Die größeren oder kleineren Nebenblätter sind mehr oder weniger haltbar oder fehlen ganz.

Die Blütezeit liegt am Beginn der Regenzeit. Die bis 2,5 Zentimeter lang gestielten, zwittrigen, radiärsymmetrischen, leicht duftenden, kleinen und sechszähligen Blüten mit doppelter Blütenhülle, sind grünlich-gelb bis weiß. Sie erscheinen in meist achsenständigen Gruppen, Büscheln, endständig an den Zweigen. Der meistens sechszählige Kelch ist in zwei ungleichen Kreisen angeordnet. Die sechs, meist dreiteiligen, bzw. mit zwei petaloiden Anhängseln, und kahlen Kronblätter, sind cremefarben, weiß, die Kronröhre ist nur kurz. Es sind sechs antipetale, kurze Staubblätter und sechs kurze, unregelmäßig geformte Staminodien vorhanden die basal zu einem Ring verwachsen sind. Der sechs- bis achtkammerige, kahle Fruchtknoten ist oberständig mit relativ kurzem, kegelförmigem Griffel mit kleiner kopfiger Narbe.

Die mit einem Durchmesser von bis etwa 2,5–3 cm kugeligen bis ellipsoiden und orangen bis gelben, glatten Beeren besitzen ein essbares, süßes Fruchtfleisch, das den meist nur einzigen, manchmal auch zwei, und glatten, eiförmigen, harten, glatten und abgeflachten, dunkelbraunen Samen mit deutlichem Hilum umgibt. An der Frucht ist an der Spitze oft der haltbare Griffelrest und an der Basis der haltbare Kelch.

Nutzung

Das Holz des Balatabaums wird unter den Bezeichnungen Massaranduba, Balata rouge, Beefwood etc. gehandelt. Es ist eine tropische Hartholzart, ähnlich wie Bangkirai.

Die Farbe des Holzes ist ein sehr dunkles Rot bis Rotbraun. Mit einem Gewicht von 1100 bis 1300 kg/m3 schwimmt dieses Eisenholz nicht. Es wird für Zimmermannsarbeiten, Bautischlerarbeiten, Eisenbahnschwellen, Wasserbau, Brückenbau, Schiffbau, Möbel, Furnier, Musikinstrumente, Werkzeuge und Sportgeräte verwendet. In Europa sind aufgrund seiner Witterungsbeständigkeit besonders Produkte für den Außenbereich als Massaranduba auf dem Markt. Eine negative Eigenschaft dieses Holzes ist das verstärkte Quell- und Schwindverhalten. Für maßhaltige Bauteile ist das Holz daher nicht geeignet.

Weitere Handelsnamen: Maçaranduba (BR), Baiata (SR, CO), Nisperillo (CO), Quinilla (PE), Purguo morado (VE), Bulletwood, Beefwood (GB).

Aufgrund seiner Herkunft und der damit verbundenen, zumeist schwer kontrollierbaren „Produktion“ ist die Nutzung dieses Tropenholzes nicht unumstritten. Wegen seines langsamen Wachstums ist fraglich, ob eine nachhaltige und ökologische forstwirtschaftliche Nutzung möglich ist.

Der Milchsaft des Balatabaumes, die Balata, ist guttaperchaartig und dient zur Herstellung von Treibriemen und Transportbändern, früher wurde sie auch häufig für Golfbälle verwendet. Aus dieser Art lässt sich auch Chicle, eine Kaugummimasse, gewinnen.

Systematik

Diese Art wurde 1844 unter dem Namen Mimusops bidentata durch Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, 8, S. 204–205 erstbeschrieben. Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier veröffentlichte 1932 den heute gültigen Namen Manilkara bidentata in Revue de Botanique Appliquée et d'Agriculture Tropicale 12 (128), S. 270.

Weitere Synonyme für Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. sind: Manilkara balata (Aubl.) Dubard, Manilkara williamsii Standl., Manilkara balata var. cruegeri (Pierre) Dubard, Manilkara balata var. gutta (Pierre) Dubard, Manilkara balata var. hartii (Pierre) Dubard, Manilkara balata var. melinonis (Pierre) Dubard, Manilkara balata var. schomburgkii (Pierre) Dubard, Manilkara balata var. sieberi (A.DC.) Dubard, Manilkara bidentata var. cruegeri (Pierre) Chev., Manilkara darienensis (Pittier) Standl., Mimusops balata var. cruegeri Pierre, Mimusops balata var. gutta Pierre, Mimusops balata var. hartii Pierre, Mimusops balata var. melinonis Pierre, Mimusops balata var. schomburgkii Pierre, Mimusops balata var. sieberi (A.DC.) Pierre, Mimusops darienensis (Pittier) Standl., Mimusops surinamensis Miq., Mimusops sieberi A.DC., Mimusops globosa C.F.Gaertn., Mimusops balata Crueg. ex Griseb. illeg., Sapota mulleri Blume ex Bleekrode, Kaukenia globosa (C.F.Gaertn.) Kuntze u. a.[2][3]

Eine andere Art ist Mimusops balata (Aubl.) C.F.Gaertn.

Man unterscheidet zwei Unterarten:

  • Manilkara bidentata subsp. bidentata: Sie kommt von Panama bis ins tropische Südamerika und zu den Kleinen Antillen vor.[1]
  • Manilkara bidentata subsp. surinamensis (Miq.) T.D.Penn.; sie unterscheidet sich in den fehlenden Neben- und Tragblättern bei den Blüten, den etwas kleineren Blättern, sowie kürzeren Blattstielen.[4] Sie kommt von der Karibik bis ins tropische Südamerika vor.[1]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Manilkara bidentata. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 4. Juni 2020.
  2. Manilkara bidentata bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  3. Manilkara bidentata in The Plant List.
  4. Terence D. Pennington: Sapotaceae. In: Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 52, 1990, S. 1–770, JSTOR i400231, ISBN 978-0-89327-344-6, online bei NYBG.
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Balatabaum: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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 src= Manilkara bidentata, Holz

Der Balatabaum (Manilkara bidentata) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Sapotengewächse (Sapotaceae). Er ist weit verbreitet auf den Karibischen Inseln und im tropischen Mittel- und nördlichen Südamerika.

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Manilkara bidentata ( Inglês )

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Manilkara bidentata is a species of Manilkara native to a large area of northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Common names include bulletwood,[5] balatá, ausubo, massaranduba, quinilla, and (ambiguously) "cow-tree".

Description

The balatá is a large tree, growing to 30–45 m (98–148 ft) tall. The leaves are alternate, elliptical, entire, and 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) long. The flowers are white, and are produced at the beginning of the rainy season. The fruit is a yellow berry, 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) in diameter, which is edible; it contains one (occasionally two) seed(s). Its latex is used industrially for products such as chicle.

Uses

The latex is extracted in the same manner in which sap is extracted from the rubber tree. It is then dried to form an inelastic rubber-like material. It is almost identical to gutta-percha (produced from a closely related southeast Asian tree), and is sometimes called gutta-balatá.

Balatá was often used in the production of high-quality golf balls, to use as the outer layer of the ball. Balatá-covered balls have a high spin rate, but do not travel as far as most balls with a Surlyn[6] cover. Due to the nondurable nature of the material the golf club strikes, balatá-covered balls do not last long before needing to be replaced. While once favored by professional and low-handicap players, they are now obsolete, replaced by newer Surlyn and urethane technology.

Today, Brazil is the largest producer of Massaranduba wood, where it is cut in the Amazon rainforest.

The tree is a hardwood with a red heart, which is used for furniture and as a construction material where it grows. Locals often refer to it as bulletwood for its extremely hard wood, which is so dense that it does not float in water. Drilling is necessary to drive nailed connections. In trade, it is occasionally (and incorrectly) called "brazilwood".

The fruit, like that of the related sapodilla (M. zapota), is edible.

Though its heartwood may present in a shade of purple, Manilkara bidentata should not be confused with another tropical tree widely known as "purpleheart", Peltogyne pubescens.[7]

This timber is being used to produce outdoor furniture and is being marketed as "Pacific Jarrah" in Australia.

References

  1. ^ a b Rev. Bot. Appliq. 1932, xii. 270. "Plant Name Details for Manilkara bidentata". IPNI. Retrieved December 25, 2009. Notes: Mimusops bidentata
  2. ^ Prodr. (DC.) 8: 204. 1844 [mid Mar 1844] "Plant Name Details for Mimusops bidentata". IPNI. Retrieved December 25, 2009. Notes: =globosa
  3. ^ Suppl. Carp. 132 (t. 205). 1807 "Plant Name Details for Mimusops globosa". IPNI. Retrieved December 25, 2005.
  4. ^ "Mimusops balata Crueg. ex Griseb". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  5. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Manilkara bidentata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  6. ^ "Ionomer Resin- DuPont™ Surlyn® - DuPont USA". 2.dupont.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  7. ^ "Lumber". Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2009-05-19.

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Manilkara bidentata: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Manilkara bidentata is a species of Manilkara native to a large area of northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Common names include bulletwood, balatá, ausubo, massaranduba, quinilla, and (ambiguously) "cow-tree".

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Manilkara bidentata ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Manilkara bidentata

La balatá, ácana , ausubo, massaranduba, maçaranduba o quinilla (Manilkara bidentata) es una especie botánica del género Manilkara perteneciente a las sapotáceas.

Distribución geográfica

Es nativa de una gran área del norte de Sudamérica, América Central, Caribe. Produce látex de su savia. Los de Guyana llaman a su madera: corazón púrpura.

Descripción

Es un árbol grande, que alcanza 30-45 m de altura. Las hojas son alternas, elípticas, enteras, de 1-2 dm de longitud. Las flores son blancas, y se encuentran al comenzar la estación de las lluvias. El fruto es una drupa amarilla, de 3-5 cm de diámetro, comestible; que contiene una (ocasionalmente dos) semilla (s).

Usos

Su látex se extrae de la misma manera como se hace con la savia del Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. "árbol de la goma". Luego se seca formando una inelástica goma. Es muy parecida a la gutapercha (producida por un árbol asiático muy emparentado, a veces llamado guta-balatá).

Se utiliza, en luthería, para fabricar arcos para instrumentos musicales de cuerda frotada (violín, viola, violonchelo, contrabajo).

A veces se lo usa para producir la cobertura de pelotas de golf. Es muy bueno pero dura poco en las pelotas de golf, necesitando un nuevo recubrimiento, seguido. Así todo son favoritas en torneos.

Se lo produce mucho en los bancos del río Amazonas y en sus tributarios, como el Içá. Es también muy importante árbol para madera en Puerto Rico.

Tiene madera dura, roja, para mueblería, y material de la construcción. Es tan densa que no flota en el agua. Para clavar es necesario perforar antes un orificio, por donde va a pasar el clavo.

El fruto, parecido al de su pariente sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), es comestible, con excelente sabor.

Taxonomía

Manilkara bidentata fue descrita por (A.DC.) A.Chev. y publicado en Revue de Botanique Appliquée et d'Agriculture Tropicale 12(128): 270, en el año 1932.[1]

Variedades aceptadas
Sinonimia

Referencias

Bibliografía

  1. AFPD. 2008. African Flowering Plants Database - Base de Donnees des Plantes a Fleurs D'Afrique.
  2. Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
  3. Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. N. S. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.
  4. Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera. (eds.) 2009. Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae. Fl. Mesoamer. 4(1): 1–855.
  5. Forzza, R. C. & et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906080403/http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
  6. Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584.
  7. Goldblatt, P. 1991. In M. Johnson, Cytology. Pp. 15--22 in T. D. Pennington, The Genera of Sapotaceae. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.
  8. Hokche, O., P. E. Berry & O. Huber. 2008. Nuev. Cat. Fl. Vas. Venezuela 1–860. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
  9. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–viii, 1–1181.
  10. Killeen, T. J., E. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 1993. Guia Arb. Bolivia 1–958. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden, La Paz.
  11. Pennington, T. D. 1990. Sapotaceae. Fl. Neotrop. 52: 1–771.
  12. Pilz, G. E. 1981. Sapotaceae of Panama. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(1): 172–203.
  13. Renner, S. S., H. Balslev & L. B. Holm-Nielsen. 1990. Flowering plants of Amazonian Ecuador---A checklist. AAU Rep. 24: 1–241.
  14. Steyermark, J. 1995. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana Project.

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Manilkara bidentata: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES
 src= Manilkara bidentata

La balatá, ácana , ausubo, massaranduba, maçaranduba o quinilla (Manilkara bidentata) es una especie botánica del género Manilkara perteneciente a las sapotáceas.

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Balatondo ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Balatondo (Manilkara bidentata) Manilkara generoko zuhaitza da, iparraldeko Hego Amerikan, Erdialdeko Amerikan eta Kariben bizi dena. 30–45 metroko altuera du. Fruitu jangarria du: 3–5 zentimetroko baia hori bat hain zuzen ere. Bere latex industrian erabiltzen dute, txikle ekoizteko.


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Balatondo: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU
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Manilkara bidentata ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR
 src=
Manilkara bidentata - Muséum de Toulouse

Le balata ou balata franc (Manilkara bidentata) est un arbre de la famille des Sapotaceae originaire des forêts tropicales d'Amérique, en particulier du Plateau des Guyanes. Il peut atteindre jusqu'à 45 mètres de hauteur. Les feuilles mesurent de 10 à 20 cm de long. D'après les inventaires réalisés jusqu'à présent en Guyane,le volume brut des arbres de plus de 40 cm de diamètre se situe aux environs de 3 m3 à l'hectare, ce qui permet la constitution de lots importants.

Le balata est recherché pour son bois et pour son latex.

La gomme fabriquée à partir du latex est connue sous le nom de gutta-balata et a servi notamment dans la fabrication des balles de golf et des courroies de transmission[1], ainsi que dans l'isolation des câbles télégraphiques[2].

On peut trouver son bois sous l'appellation commerciale de « massaranduba », qui recouvre cependant indifféremment plusieurs espèces du genre Manilkara.

Utilisation en charpente pour la réalisation de murs anti-bruit.

En menuiserie, on l'utilise comme bois d'ossature, en ébénisterie et en confection de plancher. Il se ponce facilement mais est très difficile à clouer et à visser.

En médecine traditionnelle, l'écorce et le latex sont utilisés contre la dysenterie.

Les fruits sont comestibles[3].

Notes et références

  1. « Le Caoutchouc et la Gutta-Percha - Wikisource », sur fr.wikisource.org (consulté le 26 mars 2018)
  2. Auguste Chevalier, « Les vrais et les faux Balatas. », Revue de botanique appliquée et d'agriculture coloniale, vol. 12, no 128,‎ 1932, p. 261–282 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mars 2018)
  3. (en) Fruitipedia : Manilkara bidentata

Voir aussi

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original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Manilkara bidentata: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR
 src= Manilkara bidentata - Muséum de Toulouse

Le balata ou balata franc (Manilkara bidentata) est un arbre de la famille des Sapotaceae originaire des forêts tropicales d'Amérique, en particulier du Plateau des Guyanes. Il peut atteindre jusqu'à 45 mètres de hauteur. Les feuilles mesurent de 10 à 20 cm de long. D'après les inventaires réalisés jusqu'à présent en Guyane,le volume brut des arbres de plus de 40 cm de diamètre se situe aux environs de 3 m3 à l'hectare, ce qui permet la constitution de lots importants.

Le balata est recherché pour son bois et pour son latex.

La gomme fabriquée à partir du latex est connue sous le nom de gutta-balata et a servi notamment dans la fabrication des balles de golf et des courroies de transmission, ainsi que dans l'isolation des câbles télégraphiques.

On peut trouver son bois sous l'appellation commerciale de « massaranduba », qui recouvre cependant indifféremment plusieurs espèces du genre Manilkara.

Utilisation en charpente pour la réalisation de murs anti-bruit.

En menuiserie, on l'utilise comme bois d'ossature, en ébénisterie et en confection de plancher. Il se ponce facilement mais est très difficile à clouer et à visser.

En médecine traditionnelle, l'écorce et le latex sont utilisés contre la dysenterie.

Les fruits sont comestibles.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Balata ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Balata is een woord uit de taal van de Cariben waarmee een vrij hard, roodbruin rubberachtig product bedoeld wordt. Dit product is afkomstig van de balataboom of bolletrie. De wetenschappelijke naam voor deze boom is Mimusops balata of Manilkara bidentata. De boom behoort tot de familie van de Sapotaceae. Het verspreidingsgebied is Guyana, Suriname, Frans-Guyana, Venezuela, Noord-Brazilië en de Antillen. De boom komt verspreid in de oerwouden voor met een gemiddelde dichtheid van één boom per hectare. Het hout van deze boom is in Nederland vooral bekend onder de naam Massaranduba of bolletri.

Een bekend familielid van de balata is de sapodilla (Manilkara zapota). Ook het geslacht Palaquium hoort tot deze familie. Van deze boom wordt in Indonesië guttapercha gemaakt

In 1858 werd in Suriname voor het eerst een concessie afgegeven voor het tappen van de balata. Al spoedig bleek dit een lonende activiteit en werden er steeds meer regels uitgegeven die het tappen moesten reguleren. In 1898 werden er 54 concessies afgegeven voor onderzoek naar de aanwezigheid van de balataboom. Het gezamenlijke oppervlakte van deze concessies was ongeveer 3,2 miljoen hectare. In 1900 werden er twaalf concessies afgegeven voor het tappen van de balata met een gezamenlijke oppervlakte van bijna 50.000 hectare.

Het tappen van de balata gebeurde door expedities van ongeveer twintig personen. Zij vertrokken in de maanden januari - februari naar de concessies en bleven daar een aantal maanden. Zij werden balatableeders genoemd, naar het tappen van de boom. Om het sap te krijgen werd een V-vormige inkeping in de bast gemaakt. Het sap (latex) dat er uit vloeide werd opgevangen in kalebassen. In het kamp van de expeditie werd het sap in grote bakken verzameld om te gisten. Daarna liet men het sap in de zon stollen. Na één tot twee dagen werd de gestolde bovenlaag er als een vel afgehaald en opgehangen om te drogen. Na een week was het vel droog genoeg om op te vouwen en gereed te maken voor transport. Een vel woog ongeveer 30 kilogram. Het nadeel van de balataboom is dat hij maar één keer in de vijf jaar tot zeven getapt kon worden, terwijl de Braziliaanse rubberboom (Hevea brasiliensis) na twee dagen alweer getapt kan worden. De productie gedurende een aantal jaren in Suriname was:

Jaar Productie (kg) 1914 675.700 1915 182.984 1916 911.500 1917 1.034.211 1918 625.022 1919 493.907 1920 432.700 1921 464.500 1922 395.500 1923 767.000

Door de grote stevigheid en geringe elasticiteit werd balata veelvuldig gebruikt voor de vervaardiging van drijfriemen. Ook schoenzolen en golfballen werden van balata gemaakt.

De bekende Surinamer Anton de Kom heeft enige tijd bij de Balata Compagnieën Suriname en Guyana gewerkt. Hij ging al snel de belangen van de ongeschoolde balatableeders bij de directie behartigen, waardoor hij zich de bijnaam 'papa De Kom' kreeg.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Benjamins, H.J., Snelleman, J.F. (1917) , Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië, p 199, Martinus Nijhoff/E.J. Brill, Den Haag/Leiden pp67-73
  • Blink, H. (1905), Nederlandsch Oost- en West-Indie, Leiden: E.J. Brill pp 552-553, ISBN 9781000005950
  • Oostindie G.J. , 'Kom, Cornelis Gerhard Anton de (1898-1945)', in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland
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Balata ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT
 src=
Manilkara bidentata - MHNT

Balata é o látex de uma árvore denominada balateira, também conhecida como maparajuba (Manilkara bidentata), da família das Sapotáceas, comum nos estados do Norte do Brasil, de onde se extrai uma goma elástica e visguenta semelhante ao látex da seringueira [1]. M. G. S. D. Magalhães, contudo, em sua tese de doutorado (MAGALHÃES, 2006), afirma que a balata é extraída de uma árvore cujo gênero é Mimusopis (MAGALHÃES, 2006: p. 194 [2]). Com efeito, a balata pode ser obtida de duas árvores sapotáceas, Mimusopis amazonica e Manilkara bidentata (SILVA, 2007: p. 153) [3].

Extração e beneficiamento

A balata é utilizada por índios da Amazônia na produção de objetos como adornos, utensílios e urnas funerárias. Como aconteceu com outros indígenas, de diversas etnias autóctones, os Macuxi, do baixo Rio Branco, por exemplo, no início do século XIX, com a expansão da exploração da borracha (Hevea brasiliensis), do caucho (Castilloa ulei) e da balata (Manilkara bidentata / Mimusopis amazonica), foram arregimentados - na época dos assim chamados "descimentos" (aldeamentos de índios, empreendidos por missionários, no início, e também por militares, depois [4]) -, para a área do rio Negro e para o próprio vale do rio Branco, engajados como força de trabalho no extrativismo florestal [5].

A extração da balata foi filmada, em 1921, por Silvino Santos e Agesilau Araújo, para o clássico filme documentário No paiz das Amazonas, exibido na Exposição do Centenário da Independência, no Rio de Janeiro (1922), tendo sido apresentado, posteriormente, nas principais capitais do Brasil e da Europa e nos EUA [6]. Na sinopse dessa película fílmica, consta: "(...) o filme retrata diversas formas de sobrevivência e trabalho na região: a pesca do peixe-boi e do pirarucu, a extração da balata e o preparo do látex, a extração da castanha e o preparo do guaraná (...)" [7].

A balata permite a produção artesanal de objetos semelhantes aos objetos de borracha, como bolas e sapatos, e lúdico-decorativos, miniaturizados [8]. Grandes objetos de balata, como engrenagens de moinhos, apresentam a dureza necessária ao funcionamento desses engenhos [9]. A balata é utilizada industrialmente na fabricação de correias de transmissão, planas ou trapezoidais, como ocorre com outros materiais utilizados na engenharia mecânico-industrial: borracha, couro, canvas (lona: tecido resistente de linho grosso) etc. [10].

Os blocos desse látex são aquecidos em banho-maria no momento da confecção das peças artesanais, que, em sua forma final, apresentam textura semelhante ao couro. A cor dos objetos de balata vão desde o cinza-claro (miniaturas) ao marrom-avermelhado (urnas funerárias, indígenas). Peixes-bois em miniatura, de balata, são pintados de preto, enquanto botos, de cor rosa. Na atualidade, são moldados objetos como sapatos e galochas, por exemplo, como miniaturas de animais da fauna brasileira: o boto, o pirarucu, a tartaruga, o macaco, o cavalo, o boi, a cobra, o búfalo da Ilha de Marajó etc. [11]. No Mercado Municipal Adolpho Lisboa, construído no apogeu da Época Áurea da Borracha - que apresenta estrutura arquitetônica de ferro, oriunda da Inglaterra -, de Manaus, as esculturas que representam, em tamanho reduzido, índios, remos, canoas, ocas, malocas e animais são apreciadas por turistas e colecionadores de peças do artesanato amazônico [12].

O tecnologicamente avançado setor industrial da capital do Estado do Amazonas (Brasil) - o PIM - abriga um segmento de produção de eletro-eletrônicos. Nesse Pólo Industrial de Manaus (PIM, anteriormente denominado Distrito Industrial), há a Rua Balata, a confirmar a importância sócio-econômica do produto, no Estado do Amazonas [13].

Dados científicos

 src=
Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Número do Objeto 60006383 Fotografia de uma balateira (árvore da balata)

M. G. S. D. Magalhães, na tese de doutorado intitulada Amazônia Brasileira: do extrativismo vegetal na mesorregião sul de Roraima (Porto Alegre: PUC-RS, 2006), inclui a balata entre os quatro principais produtos da extração vegetal da região sul-roraimense: borracha (produto da seringueira, Hevea brasiliensis), castanha (amêndoa da castanheira, Bertholletia excelsa), balata (produto das árvores conhecidas como balateiras, Manilkara bidentata / Mimusopis amazonica) e sorva ou sorvinha (Couma utilis, MAGALHÃES, 2006: pp. 184 – 195) [14].

Não se deve confundir a verdadeira maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi) com a maparajuba (balata: Manilkara bidentata), que é uma subespécie da maçaranduba: "Manilkara huberi [maçaranduba verdadeira] é uma árvore com cerca de 40-50 m de altura. Ocorre geralmente nas regiões de terra firme da Amazônia de até 700 m de altitude. Dentre as espécies do gênero, Manilkara huberi é a mais conhecida e com a maior distribuição na Amazônia. Apesar de ser facilmente reconhecida devido às suas folhas grandes e amarelas na face abaxial, é frequentemente confundida com outras espécies do gênero devido à similaridade dos seus troncos" (Embrapa / Brasil) [15].

A balata é agrupada, comercialmente - pela indústria madeireira -, no grupo maçaranduba: "Os madeireiros geralmente agrupam sob o nome comercial maçaranduba várias espécies parecidas (M. huberi, M. paraensis, M. cavalcantei, M. bidentata spp. surinamensis), e as cortam da mesma forma. No entanto, cada uma tem a sua dinâmica de população (DAP máximo, relação crescimento/taxa de mortalidade específica, etc.), que tem papel crucial na reconstituição futura dos estoques exploráveis. Dentre estas espécies, M. huberi atinge o maior DAP, e por isso é a espécie mais interessante economicamente e consequentemente a mais explorada. Caso não haja a distinção clara entre as espécies nos inventários comerciais, depois de 30 anos é provável que não haja estoque de árvores grandes de maçaranduba, sendo que as remanescentes serão, em grande parte, M. bidentata ssp. surinamensis e M. paraensis, as quais atingem DAPs sempre menores que de M. huberi. Estudos em Paragominas, Pará, uma área intensamente explorada por madeira, mostram que isso está acontecendo lá" (idem). [16]

Por ser menos explorada no âmbito da indústria madeireira, a maparajuba (balata) encontra-se mais preservada do que as árvores da maçaranduba verdadeira, quando estas alcançam grande porte.

Bibliografia

- ARAUJO LIMA, Cláudio de. Coronel de Barranco [Romance]. 2ªed. Manaus, Valer / Edições Governo do Estado (Coleção Resgate II), 2002.

- BAUM, Vicki. A Árvore que chora (o romance da borracha) [Romance]. Rio de Janeiro/Porto Alegre/São Paulo: Livraria do Globo (tradução), 1946 [1943].

- BITTENCOURT, Agnello. Corographia do Estado do Amazonas. Manaus: Livraria e Tipografia Palais Royal, 1925.

- BOTINELLY, Theodoro. Amazônia: uma utopia possível. Manaus: Editora da Universidade do Amazonas, 1990.

- CASTRO, Ferreira de. A selva [Romance]. 37ª ed. Lisboa: Guimarães Editores, 1989 [1930].

- LOUREIRO, Antônio José Souto. Amazônia: 10.000 anos. Manaus: Metro Cúbico, 1982.

- MAGALHÃES, Maria das Graças Santos Dias. Amazônia Brasileira: processo histórico do extrativismo Vegetal na Mesorregião Sul de Roraima; Orientadora: Dra. Núncia Santoro de Constantino. Porto Alegre: PUC-RS, 2006 (tese de doutorado em História).

- MAIA, Álvaro. Beiradão [Romance]. 2ª ed. Manaus: Governo do Estado do Amazonas/Valer/Edua - Editora da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 1999.

- REIS, Arthur Cézar Ferreira. O seringal e o seringueiro. Rio de Janeiro: Serviço de Informação Agrícola, 1953.

- RIVERA, José Eustasio. A voragem [Romance]. Rio de Janeiro: Francisco Alves (tradução), 1982 [1924].

- SANTOS, Eloína Monteiro dos. A rebelião de 1924. 2ª ed. Manaus: Suframa - Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus / Gráfica Lorena, 1990.

- SILVA, Orlando Sampaio. Eduardo Galvão: índios e caboclos. São Paulo: Annablume, 2007.

- SIMONIAN, Ligia T. L. "Relações de trabalho e de gênero nos balatais da Amazônia Brasileira". In Elenise Scherer e José Aldemir de Oliveira (orgs.), Amazônia: Políticas Públicas e Diversidade Cultural. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond, 2006 (Terra Mater), pp. 195 – 232.

- SOUZA, Márcio. História da Amazônia. Manaus: Valer, 2009.

- TOCANTINS, Leandro. Formação histórica do Acre. 3 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira / Brasília: INL-Conselho Federal de Cultura/Governo do Estado do Acre, 1979.

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Balata: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT
 src= Manilkara bidentata - MHNT

Balata é o látex de uma árvore denominada balateira, também conhecida como maparajuba (Manilkara bidentata), da família das Sapotáceas, comum nos estados do Norte do Brasil, de onde se extrai uma goma elástica e visguenta semelhante ao látex da seringueira [1]. M. G. S. D. Magalhães, contudo, em sua tese de doutorado (MAGALHÃES, 2006), afirma que a balata é extraída de uma árvore cujo gênero é Mimusopis (MAGALHÃES, 2006: p. 194 [2]). Com efeito, a balata pode ser obtida de duas árvores sapotáceas, Mimusopis amazonica e Manilkara bidentata (SILVA, 2007: p. 153) [3].

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Balata ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV
 src=
Tappning av balataträd
 src=
Manilkara bidentata

Balata, är ett ämne liknande guttaperka, som utvinns från trädet Mimusops batata (synonymer Manikata bidendata, Minusops globosa) som främst växer i Guyana och Västindien. Trädet bildar täta, nästan ogenomträngliga skogar och kan nå en höjd på 35 meter. Tappningen av mjölksaften sker genom sicksack-formade snitt i barken och upp till 1 kg mjölksaft kan erhållas från ett medelstort träd. Den insamlade saften får genomgå en jäsningsprocess varvid en grå, brun eller rödaktig massa med inslag av mörka partiklar bildas. Skillnaden mellan balata och guttaperka är att balata ej påverkas av ljus och luft medan guttaperkan blir hård och spröd.

Användning

Balata är mycket starkt och ej elastiskt, varför det är särskilt lämpat för tillverkning av drivremmar och transportband. Det har tidigare också använts till höljet på golfbollar.

Balataträdets mycket hårda ved kan användas som nyttovirke. Det är så hårt att spikning måste ske i förborrade hål, och det sjunker i vatten.

Latexen kan användas som råvara för tillverkning av tuggummi.

Frukten är ätlig.

Källor

  • Engelska Wikipedia
  • Meyers varulexikon, Forum, 1952
Rödklöver.png Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
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wikipedia SV

Balata: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV
 src= Tappning av balataträd  src= Manilkara bidentata

Balata, är ett ämne liknande guttaperka, som utvinns från trädet Mimusops batata (synonymer Manikata bidendata, Minusops globosa) som främst växer i Guyana och Västindien. Trädet bildar täta, nästan ogenomträngliga skogar och kan nå en höjd på 35 meter. Tappningen av mjölksaften sker genom sicksack-formade snitt i barken och upp till 1 kg mjölksaft kan erhållas från ett medelstort träd. Den insamlade saften får genomgå en jäsningsprocess varvid en grå, brun eller rödaktig massa med inslag av mörka partiklar bildas. Skillnaden mellan balata och guttaperka är att balata ej påverkas av ljus och luft medan guttaperkan blir hård och spröd.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Manilkara bidentata ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Manilkara bidentata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hồng xiêm. Loài này được (A.DC.) A.Chev. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1932.[5]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Rev. Bot. Appliq. 1932, xii. 270. “Plant Name Details for Manilkara bidentata. IPNI. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 12 năm 2009. Notes: Mimusops bidentata
  2. ^ Prodr. (DC.) 8: 204. 1844 [mid Mar 1844] “Plant Name Details for Mimusops bidentata. IPNI. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 12 năm 2009. Notes: =globosa
  3. ^ Suppl. Carp. 132 (t. 205). 1807 “Plant Name Details for Mimusops globosa. IPNI. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 12 năm 2005.
  4. ^ Mimusops balata Crueg. ex Griseb.”. The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, KewMissouri Botanical Garden. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 8 năm 2011.
  5. ^ The Plant List (2010). Manilkara bidentata. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết phân họ hồng xiêm Sapotoideae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Manilkara bidentata: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Manilkara bidentata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hồng xiêm. Loài này được (A.DC.) A.Chev. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1932.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

巴拉塔樹 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Manilkara bidentata
(A.DC.) A.Chev.[1]
 src=
Manilkara bidentata

巴拉塔樹是一種原生於南美洲北部,中美洲加勒比海等廣大熱帶區域的樹木。有時又稱為巴西牛木。

巴拉塔樹可以生長至30到45米左右。葉互生呈橢圓形為全緣葉約10到20公分長。花呈白色,雨季初期開花。果實為黃色漿果,直徑約3到5公分,可食用,通常含有一、兩個種子。巴拉塔樹的樹汁可以製成乳膠。

應用

 src=
圭亞那的巴拉塔樹採集
 src=
一條1939年以前製的巴拉塔樹木鞭

萃取巴拉塔樹乳膠的方法和萃取橡膠樹乳膠的方法一樣。乳膠乾燥之後可以形成類似橡膠的彈性物質。這種物質被稱為巴拉塔膠或古搭巴拉塔,和從東南亞樹木製造出的古搭帕恰膠不同。

巴拉塔膠由於商業利用價值不高,需求量有限,因此巴拉塔樹多為野生,極少人工栽植。

巴拉塔膠最早的用途是用來包覆水下電纜,做絕緣用途。

1903年,美国著名的斯伯丁(Spalding)运动器材公司公司从热带的巴拉塔树里提炼出了巴拉塔胶,发现其比古塔胶皮更耐用,可以取代古塔胶皮来制造表皮材料。巴拉塔膠常常被製造成高爾夫球運動中用的高品質高爾夫球的表層。用巴拉塔膠製造高爾夫球表層的球有比較高的旋轉速度,但是飛行距離不會超過一般用杜邦沙林離子樹脂Surlyn[5]製造的高爾夫球表面的高爾夫球。基於巴拉塔膠不耐久的本性,這種物質製造的高爾夫球無法承受多次高爾夫球桿揮擊的衝擊力道,因此需要常常更換。雖然巴拉塔膠製的高爾夫球曾一度受到職業選手和低讓分玩家的青睞,但由於聚氨酯和新沙林離子樹脂等替代物的出現讓這種高爾夫球顯得過時。

巴拉塔樹被種植於亞馬遜河和其支流的沿岸河堤,例如普圖馬約河。巴拉塔樹也是波多黎各最重要的木材來源。

巴拉塔樹木材孔隙比例較低被歸類為硬木,其木材內層死細胞部分呈紅色。巴拉塔樹的木材質地堅硬,常常做成傢俱或建築結構材料。巴拉塔樹產區的當地人稱呼這種樹木為子彈木,這種樹木太堅硬且密度甚高丟到水裡還會沉下去。貿易上經常不正確的稱這種木材為巴西木而讓這種木材和巴西紅木產生混淆。

巴拉塔樹的果實類似其近親人心果,可以食用。雖然巴拉塔樹的木材可能會呈現紫色的陰影,但不應和紫心木混淆。[6]

參考資料

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:巴拉塔樹  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:巴拉塔樹
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Rev. Bot. Appliq. 1932, xii. 270. Plant Name Details for Manilkara bidentata. IPNI. [December 25, 2009]. Notes: Mimusops bidentata
  2. ^ Prodr. (DC.) 8: 204. 1844 [mid Mar 1844] Plant Name Details for Mimusops bidentata. IPNI. [December 25, 2009]. Notes: =globosa
  3. ^ Suppl. Carp. 132 (t. 205). 1807 Plant Name Details for Mimusops globosa. IPNI. [December 25, 2005].
  4. ^ Mimusops balata Crueg. ex Griseb.. The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. [August 4, 2011].
  5. ^ TM: http://www2.dupont.com/Surlyn/en_US/
  6. ^ 存档副本. [2009-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-06). 已忽略文本“2009-01-06” (帮助)
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

巴拉塔樹: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src= Manilkara bidentata

巴拉塔樹是一種原生於南美洲北部,中美洲加勒比海等廣大熱帶區域的樹木。有時又稱為巴西牛木。

巴拉塔樹可以生長至30到45米左右。葉互生呈橢圓形為全緣葉約10到20公分長。花呈白色,雨季初期開花。果實為黃色漿果,直徑約3到5公分,可食用,通常含有一、兩個種子。巴拉塔樹的樹汁可以製成乳膠。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科