dcsimg

Amenazas ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Factores de riesgo

Principalmente a destrucción de su hábitat por incendios.

Situación actual del hábitat con respecto a las necesidades de la especie

Esta especie crece en zonas que están siendo fuertemente impactadas por la urbanización y al cambio de uso del suelo, por lo que el hábitat se ha deteriorado y reducido. La región de Ocotal Grande, Ocosingo se encuentra mejor conservada.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Amenazas ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Factores de riesgo

Las poblaciones se pueden ver afectadas por el crecimiento de la población humana, la deforestación con fines agricolas y ganaderas y la tala clandestina.

Situación actual del hábitat con respecto a las necesidades de la especie

Habita en el bosque mesófilo de montaña y el bosque de pino encino, hábitats muy fragmentados debido a actividades humanas como la ganadería y la tala inmoderada.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Biología ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Antecedentes del estado de la especie o de las poblaciones principales

Su distribución es fragmentada y restringida a ciertas localidades, con poblaciones altamente localizadas. Por muchos años se consideró como una de las Encyclias más raras de México (Hágsater &Salazar, 1990). Las poblaciones reportadas para Veracruz han desaparecido y solo se encuentran las reportadas para Chiapas.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Biología de poblaciones ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Antecedentes del estado de la especie o de las poblaciones principales

No hay estudios precisos sobre las poblaciones de esta especie para México, sin embargo en algunos trabajos (Alcántara y Luna, 1997) se cita como un componente importante de los bosque mesófilos de la Huasteca Hidalguense.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Conservación ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio


MEXICO / QUERETARO

Al menos se conoce que existen poblaciones de esta especie en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra Gorda.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Conservación ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Es una especie poco conocida, sin presión de colecta pero tampoco es objeto de interés, por lo que no sería posible su preservación ex situ, que por otra parte no garantizaría el desarrollo de las poblaciones. El hábitat debe conservarse necesariamente para que esta especie pueda subsistir.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Descripción ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Planta epífita de hasta 30 cm de alto. Raíces algo aplanadas, carnosas, arrugadas, blanquecinas, de 0.5 a 1.5 mm de ancho. Rizoma muy corto, de hasta 7 mm de largo entre seudobulbos contiguos. Seudobulbos cónico ovoides, redondos en corte transversal, formados por dos entrenudos, verdes y en ocasiones manchados de blanco, los más jóvenes cubiertos por vainas, de 1 a 2.5 cm de largo y de 0.5 a 1.5 mm de ancho. Hojas de una a tres, generalmente dos en el ápice del seudobulbo, dísticas, arqueadas, subcoriáceas, lineares, muy angostas, agudas, de 5.5 a 19 cm de largo por 0.3 a 0.7 cm de ancho. Inflorescencia terminal, paniculada o raramente racemosa, laxa, de 13 a 28 cm de largo con una a ocho ramas y un total de 5 a 30 flores sucesivas; pedúnculo terete, de 8 a 14 cm de largo y 0.5 a 1 mm de grosor, con 3 brácteas tubulares agudas, blanquecinas, escariosas, de 7 a 25 mm de largo. Brácteas florales ampliamente triangular-ovadas, cuculadas o fuertemente adpresas al pedicelo, subagudas, blanco-cafés, membranáceas, de 1 a 1.5 mm de largo y ancho. Flores delicadas, poco vistosas, con fragancia similar a la de la miel, de 3 a 3.5 cm de alto, sépalos y pétalos verde- amarillento pálido, labio blanco con quillas verdosas y unos cuantos puntos y/o manchas moradas, columna blanca esfumada de púrpura, con líneas marginales púrpura. Ovario delgado, pedicelado, recto, subterete, engrosado hacia el ápice, con 6 surcos, de 7 a 13 mm de largo y 0.7 a 0.8 cm de grosor. Sépalo dorsal extendido, linear-lanceolado, redondeado, ligeramente cóncavo, con 5 nervios, de 15 a 19 mm de largo por 2 a 2.2 mm de ancho. Sépalos laterales algo extendidos, arqueados, oblicuamente linear-lanceolados, redondeados, ligeramente carinados en el dorso, con 5 nervios, del mismo tamaño del sépalo dorsal. Pétalos erectos, arqueados, lineares, redondeados, trinervados, de 14 a 18 mm de largo por 0.8 a 1 mm de ancho. Labio entero, con una uña basal cuneada paralela a la columna, de 3 a 4 mm de largo por 2 mm de ancho, lámina deflexa, triangular-aguda, ligeramente conduplicada en el ápice, con márgenes ondulados-crispados, a veces involutos en el ápice, de 12 a 14 mm de largo por 3.5 a 4.5 mm de ancho; callo formado por un cojinete elevado, carnoso, con dos dientes ovado-triangulares, redondeados, en la base de la uña, de 1.6 por 1.2 mm con 7 quillas bajas que se originan en la base de la uña, la quilla media llegando hasta el ápice de la lámina. Columna corta, ligeramente arqueada, semiterete, ensanchada hacia el ápice, cortamente fusionada al labio para formar una pequeña cavidad nectarífera, de 3 a 3.5 mm de largo y 2 mm de ancho cerca del ápice; clinandrio con tres dientes apicales, el medio corto, triangular-ovado, obtuso, los laterales más grandes, carnosos, ampliamente redondeados. Antera subglobosa, con 4 lóculos, blanca a irregularmente manchada de púrpura. Polinario formado por dos pares de polinios obovoides, lateralmente comprimidos, amarillos, unidos a caudículas largas, delgadas; viscidio bien definido, terminal. Rostelo convexo, con una muesca suborbicular después de remover el viscidio. Cavidad estigmática transversalmente elíptica, cóncava, viscosa, de ca. 1.2 mm de largo (basado en Dressler y Pollard, 1974).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Descripción ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Árboles caducifolios, de 4-12 m de altura (probablemente más grandes), el tronco profundo surcado; corteza lisa o acanalada con la edad; ramas secundarias casi glabras a espaciadamente ascendente-pilosas. Hojas oblongas o angostamente ovadas, de 6-9 cm de largo, 2-4 cm de ancho, el haz esparcidamente adpreso-piloso en el nervio medio, glabro en el resto, el envés esparcidamente adpreso-piloso en el nervio medio y nervios principales o casi glabro, el margen regular y agudamente biserrado, el ápice largamente acuminado a agudo, la base aguda, ampliamente redondeada a truncada o subcordada; nervación con 10 pares de nervios rectos, paralelos. Inflorescencias masculinas en amentos generalmente solitarios en las axilas de las hojas del año anterior, de 1-4 cm de largo, las brácteas ampliamente ovadas, de aproximadamente 3 mm de largo, agudas, ciliadas; estambres 6-10, los filamentos muy cortos, las anteras esparcidamente pilosas en el ápice; inflorescencias femeninas en amentos solitarios en la punta de ramas secundarias foliosas, de 6-8 cm de largo, el raquis ascendente-piloso, las brácteas foliáceas, trilobadas, de 1.5-2.5 cm de largo, con los lóbulos enteros o con algunos dientes gruesos, los nervios esparcidamente ascendente-piloso o casi glabros. Fruto una nuez ovoide, de 3-4 mm de largo, nervado, diminutamente puberulento, los dientes del cáliz de 0.3-1 mm de largo.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Distribución ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Actual

MEXICO / CHIAPAS

Zonas de la Depresión Central de Chiapas, en los municipios de Ocazocuautla y Berriozábal y en localidades de las Montañas del Oriente; en Laguna Ocotal Grande, mpio. de Ocosingo, en las montañas que rodean a éste.

MEXICO / VERACRUZ

En el Mirador Zacuapan.
Para el estado de Veracruz se considera extinta (Soto Arenas, 2002. com. per.)

MEXICO / CHIAPAS / BERRIOZABAL

Zonas de la Depresión Central y en localidades de Montañas del Norte.

MEXICO / CHIAPAS / OCOSINGO

Km. 73.6 carretera San Cristóbal-Ocosingo.
Laguna Ocotal Grande, 10 Km al E de Taniperlas, 25 km al SE de Monte Líbano, Chiapas.
Carretera Palenque-Ocosingo, Pozo PEMEX.

MEXICO / CHIAPAS / OCOZOCOAUTLA DE ESPINOSA

Parque Ecológico Laguna Bélgica.

Histórica

MEXICO

México (Veracruz y Chiapas) y probablemente Guatemala. Aparece reportada para Belice por Catling y Catling (1988) pero en publicaciones posteriores no se considera este dato.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Distribución ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Actual

MEXICO

Esta especie se distribuye en los estados de Chiapas (mpio. de Motozintla), Oaxaca (mpio. de San Jeronimo Coatlán), Puebla, Veracruz, Querétaro (mpio. de Landa de Matamoros), Tamaulipas (mpio. de Gómez Farías), Nuevo León y Michoacán (mpio. de Charo).

MEXICO / CHIAPAS

MEXICO / MICHOACAN

MEXICO / CHIAPAS / MOTOZINTLA / A 13 Km al WSW de Motozintla

MEXICO / MICHOACAN / HIDALGO / 8-10 mi. al N de Cd. Hidalgo

MEXICO / NUEVO LEON / GENERAL ZARAGOZA / 25 km al S de Zaragoza

MEXICO / OAXACA / SAN FELIPE USILA / Cabecera Arroyo Caracol

MEXICO / TAMAULIPAS / GOMEZ FARIAS / 3 km de Alta Cima

MEXICO / VERACRUZ / CHICONQUIACO / Barranca del Maíz
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Ecología ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Fenología

Epífita, florece de julio a septiembre, se desconocen datos de su fructificación.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Estado de conservación ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001

A amenazada

NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010

A amenazada
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Estado de conservación ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001

Pr sujeta a protección especial

NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010

Pr sujeta a protección especial
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Hábitat ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Habita preferentemente el bosque mesófilo de montaña. Prospera en cañadas y barrancas, cerca de los arroyos con Alnus y Fraxinus.

Macroclima

Habita en climas que van desde el templado húmedo hasta el semicálido templado húmedo, C(f) a (A)Cf . En altitudes que van de 1350 a 2500 m.s.n.m.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Hábitat ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
En el rango de los 800 a 1,350 msnm, en selvas y bosques húmedos y a media sombra. Crece preferentemente sobre ramillas de encinos y otras especies tropicales como Clusia. Con frecuencia se le encuentra con Encyclia asperula.

Macroclima

Cálido húmedo, Am, y cálido subhúmedo, Aw, con abundantes lluvias en verano y temperatura promedio de 22 ºC.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Relevancia de la especie ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Relevancia de la especie

Presenta una relevancia media, debido a que tiene una distribución amplia en el país, pero el habitat en el que se encuentra esta generalmente perturbado, además de que en algunos sitios su madera se utiliza como combustible.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Relevancia de la especie ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Relevancia de la especie

Considerada como una especie rara y no es objeto de interés por lo poco atractivo de sus flores.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Cabrera, T. 2006. Ficha técnica de Encyclia distantiflora. En: Palacios, E. (compilador). Cuarenta y ocho especies de la flora de Chiapas incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000. Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W008. México, D.F.
autor
Cabrera, T.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Reproducción ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Árbol monoico, flores masculinas y femeninas en amentos solitarios, florece de febrero a abril, produce fruto de abril a junio, fruto una nuéz ovoide. Su semilla es dispersada por las aves o por el viento.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Luna Vega, M. I. 2003. Ficha técnica de Carpinus caroliniana. Taxones del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Sierra Madre Oriental incluidos en la norma oficial mexicana. Herbario FCME, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W025. México, D.F.
autor
Luna Vega, M. I.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Carpinus caroliniana consists of two rather well-marked geographical races, treated here as subspecies. These hybridize or intergrade in a band extending from Long Island along the Atlantic coast through coastal Virginia and North Carolina, and then westward in northern South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Plants with intermediate features are also found throughout the highlands of Missouri and Arkansas. J. J. Furlow (1987b) has described the variation of this complex in detail.

Native Americans used Carpinus caroliniana medicinally to treat flux, navel yellowness, cloudy urine, Italian itch, consumption, diarrhea, and constipation, as an astringent, a tonic, and a wash, and to facilitate childbirth (D. E. Moerman 1986; no subspecies specified).

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Trees , to 12 m; trunks short, often crooked, longitudinally or transversely fluted, crowns spreading. Bark gray, smooth to somewhat roughened. Wood whitish, extremely hard, heavy. Winter buds containing inflorescences squarish in cross section, somewhat divergent, 3--4 mm. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 3--12 × 3--6 cm, margins doubly serrate, teeth typically obtuse and evenly arranged, primary teeth often not much longer than secondary; surfaces abaxially slightly to moderately pubescent, especially on major veins, with or without conspicuous dark glands. Inflorescences: staminate inflorescences 2--6 cm; pistillate inflorescences 1--2.5 cm. Infructescences 2.5--12 cm; bracts relatively uncrowded, 2--3.5 × 1.4--2.8 cm, lobes narrow, elongate, apex nearly acute, obtuse, or rounded, central lobe (1--)2--3 cm.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Synonym ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Carpinus americana Michaux
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: prescribed fire

The Research Project Summary Effects of surface fires in a mixed red and
eastern white pine stand in Michigan
and the Research paper by Bowles and others 2007
provide information on prescribed fire and postfire response of several plant species,
including American hornbeam, that was not available when this species review was written.
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hornbeam
blue-beech
ironwood
muscletree
water-beech
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fruit, tree

American hornbeam is a native, deciduous small tree. It usually grows
30 to 40 feet (9-12 m) tall [4,13,32,39]. The bark is thin, close, and
usually smooth. The trunk is often crooked, and is usually coarsely
fluted, resembling a flexed muscle [4,7,13]. The fruit is a ribbed
nutlet 0.16 to 0.24 inch (4-6 mm) long [3,4]. It is usually described
as slow-growing and short-lived [27].

The largest American hornbeam on record for the Southeast was 75 feet
(22.8 m) tall, 21.6 (54.8 cm) d.b.h., and 67.8 inches (172.2 cm) in
circumference [42].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The range of American hornbeam extends from central Maine west to
southwestern Quebec, southeastern Ontario, northern Michigan, and
northern Minnesota; south to central Iowa and eastern Texas; and east to
central Florida [22].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire frequency, fire regime, frequency, swamp, top-kill

American hornbeam is not resistant to fire damage due to its thin bark.
It probably sprouts after top-kill by fire. It occurs mostly in
communities that rarely experience fire.

Florida swamp and hammock communities in which American hornbeam occurs
are estimated as having a fire frequency on the order of one or two
fires per century [8]. Also in Florida, American hornbeam is one of a
number of hardwoods invading longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) communities
in the absence of fire. A community sampled 55 years after the last
recorded fire was dominated by swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii),
American hornbeam, live oak (Q. virginiana), water oak, sweetgum,
eastern hophornbeam, Carolina ash (Fraxinus caroliniana), and pignut
hickory (Carya glabra), with a few remaining large longleaf pine in the
overstory [14].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The very hard, dense wood of American hornbeam rots very rapidly;
dying trees usually disappear within a decade [21].

American hornbeam is sometimes present as an undesirable species in
cut-over pine on terrace or terrace-equivalent sites. Burning in late
spring to early winter may be useful for controlling undesirable
hardwoods on these sites, but is effective only during a long dry
period. Fuels are too moist to achieve good fire spread otherwise [34].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

American hornbeam exhibits its best growth on rich, moist soils in
bottomlands, coves, and lower protected slopes. It is also common along
the borders of streams and swamps including bay and river swamps in
Florida [6,8,27], and is also found in hydric hammocks in Florida [8].
The best sites for American hornbeam are characterized by abundant soil
moisture but sufficient drainage to prevent saturation and poor aeration
during the growing season [27]. American hornbeam is primarily found on
poorly to imperfectly drained sites, although it grows on well-drained
sites also [21]. Hook [41] rated American hornbeam as only weakly
tolerant of flooding, although it occurs on sites that have a high
probability of flooding in any given year. He commented that mature
trees remain healthy if flooded less than 24 percent of the growing
season, but are most abundant where flooding occurs 10 to 21 percent of
the growing season [41]. In the Adirondack Mountains, American hornbeam
is found on soils derived from limestone, gneiss, shale, and sandstone
[21]. The usual soil pH range for American hornbeam sites is acidic (pH
4.0-5.6), but the tree can be found on soils as high as pH 7.4 [27].

Maximum elevation for American hornbeam is about 2,900 feet (900 m) in
the southern Appalachians [7]. Its upper elevational range is 3,000
feet (910 m) in the Great Smoky Mountains, but is more common at about
1,600 feet (490 m) [27]. In the Adirondack Mountains, New York,
American hornbeam occurs from 200 to 1,020 feet (60-311 m) elevation [21].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the terms: hardwood, swamp

24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
44 Chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
61 River birch - sycamore
62 Silver maple - American elm
63 Cottonwood
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
73 Southern redcedar
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
87 Sweetgum - yellow-poplar
89 Live oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
97 Atlantic white-cedar
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
108 Red maple
110 Black oak
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K116 Subtropical pine forest
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: hardwood, wildfire

American hornbeam is probably either top-killed or killed by most fires.
A wildfire severe enough to kill the hardwood component of a white oak
(Q. alba) stand in Rhode Island eliminated American hornbeam from the
stand. Prior to the fire, American hornbeam comprised 6 percent of the
stems [3].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hornbeam is of secondary importance to wildlife. Ruffed
grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and northern bobwhite eat small quantities
of the seeds, buds, and catkins. Seeds are consumed by yellow-rumped
warbler [24]. The seeds are also consumed by ducks, but usually only
when acorn production is limited [28]. Seeds, bark, and wood are eaten
by rabbits, beaver, fox squirrel, and eastern gray squirrel.
White-tailed deer browse the twigs and foliage [24]. American hornbeam
has been reported in wild turkey crops from New York and Pennsylvania [6].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: hardwood

American hornbeam primarily occurs in the understory of bottomland
mixed-hardwood forests, but also occurs in dry-mesic upland hardwood
forests [27]. Understory associates of American hornbeam in all parts
of its range include eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), flowering
dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), witch-hazel
(Hamamelis virginiana), serviceberries (Amelanchier spp.), and speckled
alder (Alnus rugosa). In the northern parts of its range, understory
associates include striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum), mountain maple
(A. spicatum), red mulberry (Morus rubra), pawpaw (Asimina triloba),
serviceberries, and eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis). Southern
associates include magnolias (Magnolia spp.), deciduous holly (Ilex
decidua), American holly (I. opaca), winged elm (Ulmus alata), sweetbay
(Magnolia virginiana), water-elm (Planera aquatica), parsley hawthorn
(Crataegus marshallii), riverflat hawthorn (C. opaca), common persimmon
(Diospyros virginiana), and Carolina laurelcherry (Prunus caroliniana)
[6,27].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, presence, selection, tree

American hornbeam is usually regarded as a weed tree because of its
small size and poor form [6,27]. In eastern hardwoods, American
hornbeam may increase in dominance on a stand under single tree
selection management [23]. Intensive site preparation is needed to
regenerate intolerant soft hardwoods (eastern cottonwood [Populus
deltoides], sycamore [Platanus occidentalis], sweetgum [Liquidambar
styraciflua], and yellow-poplar [Liriodendron tulipifera]) in the
presence of American hornbeam [15]. American hornbeam initially
dominated a clearcut site but was eventually overtopped by larger
species [2]. American hornbeam may be controlled by 2,4,5-T [6].

Overstory cover is important for maintenance of American hornbeam.
Cutting practices should leave some canopy trees for shade [6].
American hornbeam seedlings grown in full sun responded positively to
increased nutrients (applied at levels to mimic the range of values for
agricultural runoff and sewage sludge) [38].

Insects and diseases are not usually serious problems for American
hornbeam [27].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CT DE FL GA IN IL IA KS
KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NH
NJ NY NC OH OK PA RI SC TN TX
VT VA WV WI ON PQ MEXICO
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hornbeam nuts are edible but small and therefore are seldom
collected for food [6]. The leaves of American hornbeam have been used
as an astringent [19].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

American hornbeam flowers from March 20 to May 6 in the Southeast, and
from April to May in the northern parts of its range, usually before the
leaves are fully grown [27]. The fruits ripen from August to October in
the same season [6,27,39].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: basal area, density, hardwood, headfire, wildfire

In northern Alabama, prescribed fires in a 5- to 6-year-old hardwood
stand (established subsequent to clearcutting) resulted in an increase
in the total number of stems per acre 1 to 2 years after fire. Most of
the increase was attributed to multiple sprouting from existing hardwood
stems that were top-killed by the fire. American hornbeam was listed
with a group of "all others" which numbered 171 stems per acre on the
unburned plot. This group of species averaged 168 stems per acre, 26 of
which were American hornbeam, on burned plots that experienced three
different types of fires: (1) plots burned in spring with a strip
headfire; 72 percent of the area moderately burned, 8 percent lightly
burned or unburned, and 20 percent heavily burned, (2) plots burned in
fall by a slow fire uniformly covering the area, and (3) plots burned in
spring with a moderately intense fire over the entire sampling area
[26].

In North Carolina, a 35-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation
experienced a wildfire in 1931. When the stand was observed in 1940,
American hornbeam density and basal area were low but similar on three
types of plots: surface burn, crown burn, and unburned [29].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, litter, natural, scarification, seed, stratification

The minimum seed-bearing age of American hornbeam is 15 years [32].
Production is greatest at 25 to 50 years and probably ceases at about 75
years [6]. Large seed crops are produced at 3- to 5-year intervals
[27,32]. Seeds are are mainly dispersed by birds, and are wind blown
only a short distance [6,27]. Matlack [25] estimated the lateral
movement of American hornbeam diaspores (nut plus bracts) in a 6 mile
per hour (10 km/hr) breeze as 64 feet (19.4 m). Seed dormancy may be
broken by stratification. Stratification at 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4
deg C) for 18 weeks, stratification plus gibberellic acid, and
scarification of the seedcoat plus gibberellic acid all improve
germination [6,27]. The optimum natural seedbed for American hornbeam
is continuously moist, rich, loamy soil protected from extreme
atmospheric changes [6]. American hornbeam will also establish on leaf
litter seedbeds in deep shade, even when competition is present [27].
Germination occurs from April to June in the spring following seed
maturity [6].

In eastern Texas, seedling survival for American hornbeam is low the
first year, but increases substantially thereafter. Flooding,
drought, damping off, proximity to a conspecific adult, and herbivory
were important causes of first year mortality. Mortality tends to be
concentrated in short periods associated with particular events
(flooding, for example). Periods of reduced flooding allowed American
hornbeam seedlings to increase in importance [36].

Regeneration of American hornbeam after a seed-tree harvest in Arkansas
consisted of new seedlings, advance reproduction, stump sprouts, and
root sprouts [27].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, forest, hardwood, natural, seed

Facultative Seral Species

American hornbeam is tolerant of shade [21,27]. It persists in the
understory of late seral and climax communities. Shade tolerance is
greatest in American hornbeam seedlings and declines with age [27].
Curtis and McIntosh [5] rated the climax adaptation of American hornbeam
as 8 (10 is the maximum, usually assigned to species such as sugar maple
[Acer saccharum]). American hornbeam responds positively to overstory
removal. On certain southern sites, it is so aggressive that it
prevents larger species from regenerating after logging or natural
disturbance [27]. In minor streambottoms American hornbeam and other
tolerant subcanopy species are likely to capture a site once the main
canopy is removed [15]. In Connecticut, thinned northern red oak-black
oak-scarlet oak (Quercus rubra-Q. velutina-Q. coccinea) plots had a
higher proportion of American hornbeam and eastern hophornbeam than
unthinned plots [40].

In North Carolina, American hornbeam first appeared in old fields 12 to
18 years after abandonment, and appeared 25 to 40 years after
abandonment on old fields in New Jersey [27]. American hornbeam was
present on 28-, 30-, and 40-year-old old fields in western Tennessee.
It was not present on the 3- and 12-year-old sites [33].

Hupp [17] classes American hornbeam with species that do not normally
invade degraded or newly aggrading substrates (in relation to stream
channelization projects) but are tolerant of bottomland conditions and
have seed that is long-lived (up to 2 years) and dispersed by wind or
water. These species are best suited to establish in bottomlands that
have already been stabilized by pioneer species, and occur in
abundance on undisturbed sites or on sites that are in the later
stages of recovery from channelization [17].

American hornbeam was present in the understory of a mixed hardwood
bottomland forest dominated by water oak (Q. nigra), sweetgum,
cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var. pagodifolia), and loblolly pine (Pinus
taeda). American hornbeam seedlings and saplings dominated the
reproduction layers in this forest [18].

In Florida, American hornbeam tends to capture gaps early, but is
replaced by slower-growing and longer-lived evergreen species such as
American holly and common sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria) [30].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for American hornbeam is Carpinus
caroliniana Walt. (Betulaceae) [3,11,13,22]. Infrataxa are [11]:


Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana
Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hornbeam wood is very hard, heavy, and close-grained. It is
very difficult to work and is used only for tool handles, mallets, and
golf club heads [4,6,7].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por IABIN
Chile Central
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direitos autorais
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
autor
Pablo Gutierrez
site do parceiro
IABIN

Associated Forest Cover ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
American hornbeam is typically an understory species and only rarely occurs in the overstory or dominates a stand. It is present in the following forest cover types (Society of American Foresters) (22): Northern Forest Region, Black Cherry-Maple (Type 28), Beech-Sugar Maple (Type 60); Central Forest Region, White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52), White Oak (Type 53), Northern Red Oak (Type 55), River Birch-Sycamore (Type 61), Pin Oak-Sweetgum (Type 65); Southern Forest Region, Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak (Type 91), Sweetgum-Yellow-Poplar (Type 87).

American hombeam is found in a wide variety of forest communities and with many tree species because its habitat frequently is an ecotone in which species from wet and mesic sites intergrade. In the North, it is a minor component of many different types, infrequently becoming the first or second most abundant tree species in the subcanopy layer (32). It is associated with northern hardwoods and their wet site variants. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and/or American beech (Fagus grandifolia) are dominant in many situations but may be replaced by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), American elm (Ulmus americana), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), and black ash (Fraxinus nigra) on wetter sites.

In the central portion of its range, American hornbeam also is a minor component of stands. Species dominant in northern stands also dominate here along with white (Quercus alba), black (Q. Velutina), northern red (Q. rubra), scarlet (Q. coccinea), pin (Q. palustris), and chinkapin (Q. muehlenbergii) oak; bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis); black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica); sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua); yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera); river birch (Betula nigra); and basswood (Tilia americana).

The species attains its greatest prominence in southern stands, yet remains a member of the understory. In a number of areas it is the most numerous of all tree species in the stand (36,40). It is found in southern mixed hardwood and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forests. Overstory species that frequently dominate these stands are sweetgum, water Quercus nigra), white, laurel (Q. laurifolia), willow (Q. phellos), cherrybark (Q. falcata var. pagodifolia), and swamp chestnut (Q. prinus) oak, American beech, black tupelo, red maple, loblolly pine, southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), and yellow-poplar.

The species is also an important member of some nonforest vegetative types in the Northeast. It is an early migrant and forms pure stands in moist old fields (61) and grows in persistent shrub communities in old pastures on hilltops and more exposed hilltops (20).

Understory tree species associated with American hornbeam throughout much of its range include eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), the serviceberries (Amelanchier spp.), and speckled alder (Alnus rugosa). Northern associates are striped (Acer pensylvanicum) and mountain maple (A. spicatum). Red mulberry (Morus rubra), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), and eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis) are common associates from the Central States southward. In the South, associated species include sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), possumhaw (Ilex decidua), American holly (Ilex opaca), winged elm (Ulmus alata), sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), water-elm (Planera aquatica), parsley hawthorn (Crataegus marshallii), riverflat hawthorn (C. opaca), common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), and Carolina laurelcherry (Prunus caroliniana).

Shrub species associated with American hornbeam throughout its range include spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and southern arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum). In the northern half of its range, American hombeam is associated with mapleleaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), redberry elder (Sambucus pubens), common winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and alternateleaf dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). In the southern half of its range it is associated with devils-walkingstick (Aralia spinosa), beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), Virginia-willow (Itea virginica), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria), and tree sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum).

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Climate ( Inglês )

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The climate varies greatly from north to south in this species habitat. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 710 mm. (28 in) in Minnesota to 1570 mm (62 in) along the Gulf Coast. Most precipitation occurs during the growing season, April through September. Mean January temperatures range from -13° C (8° F) to 16° C (60° F) and the mean July temperatures range from 16° C (60° F) to 29° C (84° F). Frost-free periods are from 80 to 320 days.

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Damaging Agents ( Inglês )

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Insect and disease damage is not a serious problem with American hornbeam. The species is resistant to frost damage; its succulent foliage can withstand temperatures as low as -8.5° C (17° F) (1). The tree is very windfirm. Recreational use in forested campgrounds disposes it to increased disease infection, insect infestation and decline; it is the tree least capable of withstanding such use of the 22 hardwood species evaluated (47).

American hornbeam is susceptible to fire. Wildfires severe enough to kill the hardwood component of white oak stands in Rhode Island eliminated American hornbeam (10). Normally, the species made up 6 percent of the understory stems. However, neither a crown fire nor a ground fire affected the status of American hornbeam in the ninth year after burning a loblolly pine stand in North Carolina (42).

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Flowering and Fruiting ( Inglês )

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The species is monoecious, with male and female catkins borne separately on the same tree and first appearing in the spring concurrently with leaf-out. Catkins are green to brown with red on the scales. Staminate catkins are pendant from lateral, short branches and 3 to 4 cm (1.25 to 1.5 in) long. Pollen matures and is wind disseminated in the spring (63). Pistillate catkins are 13 to 19 mm. (0.5 to 0.75 1) long and occur in spikelike groups at the terminus of leafy shoots. Flowering occurs between March 20 and May 6 in the Southeast and during April through May in the North.

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Genetics ( Inglês )

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An American hornbeam, variety virginiana, is recognized by some authorities but its validity is questionable. It replaces the typical form in the northern half of the species range with some overlapping in the Central States. The two forms are separated by features of the bract of the fruiting

ament and the leaves, but in Ohio the two characteristics do not necessarily vary at the same time, resulting in confusion (8).

American hornbeam exhibits clines (from north to south) in several physiological and morphological properties. Fruit weights increase northward (62); the length of cold preconditioning required for bud bursting varies latitudinally (56), and the specific gravity of the wood is higher for trees growing north of latitude 36°N. than for trees growing at latitudes 31° to 36° N. (55).

The species has eight pairs of chromosomes (63).

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Growth and Yield ( Inglês )

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American hornbeam is unsuited for commercial timber production because it is usually small, twisted, and multi-stemmed. In undisturbed stands, from 70 to 93 percent of the American hornbeam. were saplings less than 13 cm (5 in) d.b.h., and less than 1 percent were 25 cm (10 in) d.b.h. or larger (21,40), which is a common minimum diameter for saw logs. Heights of mature individuals generally range from 5 to 6 m (15 to 20 ft) in Canada and from 8 to 11 m (25 to 35 ft) in the South. The largest individual was found in New York. It has a diameter of 70 cm (27 in), a height of 20 m (65 ft), and a crown spread of 20 m (66 ft) (29).

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Reaction to Competition ( Inglês )

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American horn beam is a very shade-tolerant species, capable of persisting in the understories of late seral and climax communities. Tolerance is greatest among seedlings and declines as the trees age, requiring an opening in the canopy for the species to reach maturity. It is one of a few species in both northern and southern forests whose abundant reproduction assures its replacement in stands across a wide spectrum of sites (27,35). This is evidenced by an inverse-J-shaped diameter distribution for the species in many stands. On certain southern sites the species is so aggressive that it will replace overstory species lost through logging or catastrophe and prevent larger species from reproducing (17,30).

Ecologists consider American hombeam a member of near-climax to climax communities. In Wisconsin where climax species are assigned a climax adaptation number of 10, American hombeam is rated 7 and 8 on uplands and 8 and 9 on lowlands for the northern and southern parts of the State, respectively (16). Similarly the species is rated 7 in New Jersey (11). It is ranked fifth highest among 79 Central States species on the basis of a multivariate analysis of various species characteristics that favor establishment and growth under climax forest conditions (58).

American hornbeam first appeared in seral communities developing on old fields about 12 to 18 years after the sites were abandoned in North Carolina (41) and about 25 to 40 years after the sites were sapling-sizeabandoned in New Jersey (26). It enters these communities as a minor component when a sapling-size tree-shrub community is dominant. In much older stands in North Carolina it is more abundant. In maturing second-growth hardwood stands in Connecticut, hornbeam had initially been an important species, the most abundant one, in fact, on moist sites. But, over a 50-year period it declined in density, basal area, and ingrowth, eventually becoming a minor component of all stands (53).

In forests managed for commercial timber production, American hornbeam is considered a weed and is discriminated against in stand improvement. Although hornbeam is considered difficult to kill, herbicides have been effective. Mistblowing a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and injecting 2,4-D, Tordon 101, and Tordon 144 have killed 90 percent or more of the tops (43,44). Prescribed burning is used to control the understory hardwoods, including American hornbeam, that become established under southern pines.

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Rooting Habit ( Inglês )

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No information available.

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( Inglês )

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The fruit is an ovoid, ribbed, 5 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long nutlet. It matures in one season, changing from green to light-greenish-brown or brown on maturity. The nutlet is borne at the base of a distinctive three-lobed involucre, about 2.5 cm (I in) long; these occur in clusters 5 to 10 cm. (2 to 4 in) long. The averages reported for nutlets per kilogram range from 66,000 to 88,000 (30,000 to 40,000/lb), while the range is between 33,000 and 143,000 (15,000 and 65,000/lb) (48,62). Large seed crops occur at 3- to 5-year intervals. Seeds are primarily dispersed by birds but are also dispersed short distances by wind. Germination is epigeal. Germination capacity of stratified seed is low-usually less than 60 percent and occasionally as low as 1 to 5 percent-but 100 percent germination was obtained using immature green seed (54). Dormancy occurs in both the embryo and endosperm (48). Stratification at 4° C (40° F) for 18 weeks, stratification plus gibberellic acid treatment, and scarification of the seed coat plus gibberellic acid treatment all improve germination (9).

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Seedling Development ( Inglês )

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The types of seedbeds and environments favorable to establishment under natural conditions has to be surmised from nursery experience and the habitat preference of established plants. The optimum nursery seedbed has soils that are rich, loamy, and continuously moist and the site is free of extreme environmental change (48). This approximates natural conditions where the species is most frequently found. Abundant natural reproduction in undisturbed forests indicates the species ability to become established on leaf litter seedbeds under deep shade and with competition from other species (12,50). The species also becomes established on sites that are wetter and drier than optimum, as well as on open sites.

American hornbeam responds well to various degrees of overstory removal in regeneration harvests. In two hardwood seed-tree harvest areas in southeastern Arkansas, the proportion of American hornbeam in the reproduction increased during the 18 years after cutting (30). Regeneration of the species consisted of advance reproduction, new seedlings, stump sprouts, and root suckers. Sprouts grew from 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) in the first year. By the 18th year, American hornbeam was becoming subordinate in diameter to sweetgum and the red oaks. The species also responded well to release after clearcutting hemlock-hardwoods in southern New England (34). However, density and basal area stocking of American hornbeam in relation to other species were unaffected after a partial harvest of a pine-hardwood stand in Louisiana (6).

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Soils and Topography ( Inglês )

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Best growth and development of American hornbeam occurs on rich, wet-mesic sites, but it is not restricted to such sites and can tolerate a wide variety of conditions. Habitat requirements and tolerances of the species are similar across its range.

Soils primarily associated with the species are in the orders Alfisols, Ultisols, and Inceptisols but American hornbeam also occurs on Entisols, Spodosols, Histosols, and Mollisols.

The best sites may be characterized as having abundant soil moisture but sufficient drainage to prevent saturation and poor aeration of the soil during the growing season (4,51). Typically, the best sites are alluvial or colluvial soils in the transition zone between mesic and wet areas (46), as near lakes and swamps (35), on well-drained terraces of rivers (32,45), terraces or steep slopes of minor streams with some gradient (39), coves, ravine bottoms (33), and rises in lowlands (40). Surface soil layers are somewhat poorly to well drained but the subsoil may not be as well drained, may have a high fluctuating water table, or may be of heavier texture. Soil water-holding capacity usually is high (15,49). Upper soil horizons are primarily loams or of loam-influenced textures. Nutrients and organic matter tend to accumulate on these sites (36), and calcium and magnesium in particular are normally more abundant than in surrounding soils (13). Soil pH tends to be acidic-normally from 4.0 to 5.6-but can be as high as 7.4 (35).

The species also grows well on wetter sites, such as hardwood swamps on mineral soils or mucks (3,37). The key appears to be improving soil moisture conditions through the growing season because the species is only moderately tolerant of flooding (14). It is eliminated from sites inundated more than 25 percent of the time (24). Accordingly, it is absent or rare on the wettest sites, such as lower floodplain terraces, permanently inundated areas, and swamps with peat soils.

American hornbeam also grows, to a lesser extent, on mesic to xeric sites (5,19). In Florida and Ontario the species occurs more often on dry-mesic than on mesic or xeric sites. The dry-mesic sites in Ontario have a higher soil moisture retaining capacity than the others (35). In hilly terrain it is found most frequently on north aspects but also grows on ridge tops and on south aspects where subirrigation of the site improves soil moisture (51).

The upper altitudinal limit of American hornbeam is 910 m (3,000 ft) in the Great Smoky Mountains ' but it is much more common at about 490 in (1,600 ft) (59).

Concentrations of potassium, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus in the foliage of the species are low in comparison to those of other species (2). American hornbeam leaf litter, on the other hand, has high concentrations of these nutrients in relation to other species (57).

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Special Uses ( Inglês )

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American hornbeam is an important food of gray squirrels in southern bottom-land hardwoods; otherwise it is of secondary importance to wildlife (25). Seeds, buds, or catkins are eaten by a number of songbirds, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasants, bobwhite, turkey, and fox and gray squirrels. Leaves, twigs, and larger stems are consumed by cottontails, beaver, and white-tailed deer (18,25).

Reproduction is browsed by white-tailed deer throughout the species range but it is not a preferred food (7,28). The species is heavily used by beaver because it is readily available in typical beaver habitat (38).

The orange and scarlet coloration in the fall make this an attractive ornamental tree. It is not widely used, however, because it is difficult to transplant and does not do well on exposed sites (60).

The wood of American hornbeam is not important in commerce because the tree is too small, but its tough, dense, and close-grained wood is used for tool handles, levers, wedges, and mallets.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( Inglês )

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No information available.

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Distribution ( Inglês )

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American hornbeam is native to most of the eastern United States and extends into Canada in southwest Quebec and southeast Ontario. Its western limit is just beyond the Mississippi River from north-central Minnesota to the Missouri River, where it ranges southwestward into much of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains and eastern Texas. It grows throughout much of the South but is absent from the Mississippi River bottom land south of Missouri, the lowermost Gulf Coastal Plain, and the southern two-thirds of Florida. Northward along the east coast, it is not found in the New Jersey pine barrens, much of Long Island, Cape Cod, northern and eastern Maine, and the White and Adirondack Mountains. It is found in central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, and western Honduras.


-The native range of American hornbeam.


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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Betulaceae -- Birch family

F. T. Metzger

American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), also called blue-beech, ironwood, water-beech, or lechillo (Spanish), is a small slow-growing short-lived tree in the understory of eastern mixed hardwood forests. The short, often crooked trunk covered with a smooth slate gray bark is characteristically ridged, resembling the muscles of a flexed arm. The wood is close-grained, very hard, and heavy but little used because such a small tree is rarely converted into sawed products.

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Càrpinus de Carolina ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El càrpinus de carolina (carpinus caroliniana) és un arbre petit de fusta dura del gènere Carpinus, de la família de les betulàcies. És nadiu de l'est de Nord-amèrica, des de Minnesota i el sud d'Ontàrio fins a Maine a l'est, i al sud fins a l'est de Texas i el nord de Florida. També creix al Canada (sud-oest de Quebec i sud-est d'Ontàrio).[1][2]

Descripció

 src=
Escorça

El càrpinus de carolina és un arbre petit que arriba a alçades d'entre 10 i 15 metres, rarament als 20 metres, que sovint té un tronc acanalat i tort. L'escorça és llisa i de color gris-verdós, i presenta fissures superficials en els arbres vells. Les fulles són alternes, d'entre 3 i 12 centímetres de llarg, amb venes prominents que li donen una textura acanalada distintiva, i són serrades en els marges. Els aments masculins i femenins apareixen a la primavera, al mateix temps que les fulles. El fruit és una petita nou d'entre 7 i 8 mil·límetres de llarg, parcialment envoltada per entre 3 i 7 involucres punxeguts d'entre 2 i 3 centímetres, i que madura a la tardor. La llavors sovint no germina fins a la primera del segon any després de la maduració.

  • Escorça: En els arbres vells, arrufada prop de la base. En arbres joves i branques llises, de color gris blavós fosc, de vegades frunzida, i de color gris clar i fosc. Els branquillons són al principi de color verd pàl·lid, canviant a marró vermellós, i en última instància de color gris opac.
  • Fusta: De color marró clar, amb l'albeca gairebé blanca. És pesada, dura, de gra fi i molt dura. S'utilitza per fer palanques i mànecs d'eines.
  • Gemmes d'hivern: Són ovalades, agudes, de color castany i fab 3 mil·límetres de llarg. Les escates interiors s'engrandeixen quan comença el creixement a la primavera. No és forma cap gemma terminal.
  • Fulles: Són alternes, fan de dues a quatre polzades de llarg, ovada-oblongues, arrodonides, o rarament subcordades i sovint desiguals a la base, punxegudes, doblement serrades, agudes o acuminades. Surten del rovell de color verd bronze pàl·lid i peludes i quan assoleixen el creixement complet es tornen de color verd fosc per sobre i més pàl·lides per sota. El nervi central i les venes són prominent pel costat inferior. A la tardor són de color vermell brillant, escarlata fosc o taronja. Els pecíols són curts, prims i peluts. Les estípules són caduques.
  • Flors: Abril. Són monoiques, sense pètals. Les gemes estaminades dels aments són axil·lars i es formen a la tardor. Durant l'hivern semblen gemes de fulles. Comencen a allargar-se molt a principis de la primavera, i quan estan completament desenvolupades assoleixen uns 4 centímetres. La flor estaminada està formada per entre 3 i 20 estams. Els pistils fan entre 1/2 i 3/4 de polzada de llarg i tenen escates verdes, agudes, peludes i ovalades i estils de color escarlata brillant.
  • Fruit: Raïms d'involucres, pengen de l'extrem de les branques frondoses. Cada involucre cobreix lleugerament una petita nou ovalada. Els involucres són de tija curta, generalment formats per 3 lòbuls.[3]

Subdivisions

Existeixen dues subespècies,:

  • Carpinus caroliniana subsp. caroliniana. Plana costanera atlàntica, des de Delaware al nord fins a la part baixa de la vall del riu Mississippi i l'est de Texas. Fulles més curtes (3-9 cm) i relativament més amples.[4]
  • Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana. Apalatxes, des de Minnesota al nord fins a Arkansas al sud. Fulles més llargues (8-12 cm) i relativament més estretes.[5]

Ecologia

 src=
Fruit

És un arbre que s'estima més l'ombra, i que prefereix un sòl humit i moderadament fèrtil. Té un sistema d'arrels poc profundes. Les seves fulles serveixen d'aliment a erugues i lepidòpters, com Automeris io.

Comuna al llarg dels marges de rierols i estanys, aprecia molt els sòls profundament humits. Es tracta d'un arbre petit, que es distribueix a l'est de les Rocalloses.

Usos

Les seva fusta dura i pesada s'utilitza per fer mànecs d'eines, arcs, bastons i pals de golf.

Referències

  1. «World Checklist of Selected Plant Families» (en anglès). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [Consulta: 17 desembre 2016].
  2. Metzger, F. T. (1990), Hardwoods, vol. 2, Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), <https://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/carpinus/caroliniana.htm>
  3. Keeler, Harriet L. Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them (en anglès). Nova York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 1900, p. 319–322.
  4. «World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (Carpinus caroliniana subsp. caroliniana)» (en anglès). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [Consulta: 17 desembre 2016].
  5. «World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana)» (en anglès). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [Consulta: 17 desembre 2016].
 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Càrpinus de Carolina
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Càrpinus de Carolina: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El càrpinus de carolina (carpinus caroliniana) és un arbre petit de fusta dura del gènere Carpinus, de la família de les betulàcies. És nadiu de l'est de Nord-amèrica, des de Minnesota i el sud d'Ontàrio fins a Maine a l'est, i al sud fins a l'est de Texas i el nord de Florida. També creix al Canada (sud-oest de Quebec i sud-est d'Ontàrio).

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Amerikanische Hainbuche ( Alemão )

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Die Amerikanische Hainbuche (Carpinus caroliniana) ist eine Laubbaum-Art in der Gattung der Hainbuchen (Carpinus) aus der Familie der Birkengewächse (Betulaceae).

Beschreibung

Die Amerikanische Hainbuche ist ein laubabwerfender Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 12 Meter erreicht, mit einer stark abgerundeten, fast kugelförmigen Krone. Die Borke ist glatt und blaugrau gefärbt. Die elliptischen Laubblätter sind 5 bis 10 cm lang und 3 bis 5 cm breit; sie sind doppelt gesägt und auf der Unterseite gelbgrün.

Die Amerikanische Hainbuche ist einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Die Blüten stehen in hängenden Kätzchen zusammen. Die männlichen Blüten besitzen keine Blütenhüllblätter und ihre Kätzchen sind 2 bis 6 cm lang. Die weiblichen Blüten stehen in 2,5 bis 12 cm langen Kätzchen zusammen. Die weiblichen Blüten besitzen unscheinbare Blütenhüllblätter und zwei fadenförmige, rote Narben. Jede weibliche Blüte ist von einer dreilappigen Hülle umgeben, die aus Tragblatt und beiden Vorblättern gebildet wird und 2 bis 3,5 × 1,4 bis 2,8 cm groß ist.

Es werden einsamige Nussfrüchte gebildet.

Vorkommen

Die Amerikanische Hainbuche ist nahezu im gesamten östlichen Drittel Nordamerikas heimisch, genauer von Québec und Neuengland bis Minnesota im Norden bis nach Süden in Texas und Florida.[1] Als Standorte bevorzugt sie schwere feuchte Böden an Flüssen und in Sümpfen.

Unterarten

Es gibt zwei Unterarten. Sie bilden Hybriden in den Überlappungsgebieten ihrer Areale:

  • Carpinus caroliniana Walt. subsp. caroliniana: Ihr Areal reicht von den Atlantischen Küstenebenen nach Norden bis Delaware und von Westen vom unteren Mississippi-Tal bis nach Texas im Osten.
  • Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow: Ihr Areal reicht von Kanada im Norden und den Appalachen nach Westen bis Minnesota und nach Süden bis Arkansas.[1] Ihre Blätter sind größer und besitzen dunkle Drüsen.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Carpinus - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Zuletzt eingesehen am 11. Januar 2017.
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Amerikanische Hainbuche: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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Die Amerikanische Hainbuche (Carpinus caroliniana) ist eine Laubbaum-Art in der Gattung der Hainbuchen (Carpinus) aus der Familie der Birkengewächse (Betulaceae).

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Carpinus caroliniana ( Inglês )

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Carpinus caroliniana, the American hornbeam, is a small hardwood tree in the genus Carpinus. It is also known as blue-beech, ironwood, musclewood and muscle beech. It is native to eastern North America, from Minnesota and southern Ontario east to Maine, and south to eastern Texas and northern Florida, and can also grow in Canada (southwest Quebec and southeast Ontario).[3][4] It occurs naturally in shaded areas with moist soil, particularly near the banks of streams or rivers, and is often a natural constituent understory species of the riverine and maritime forests of eastern temperate North America.

Description

Bark

Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam) is a small tree reaching heights of 10–15 meters (35–50 ft), rarely 20 meters (65 ft), and often has a fluted and crooked trunk. The bark is smooth and greenish-grey, becoming shallowly fissured in all old trees. The leaves are alternate, 3–12 centimeters (1+144+34 in) long, with prominent veins giving a distinctive corrugated texture, and a serrated margin. The male and female catkins appear in spring at the same time as the leaves. The fruit is a small 7–8-millimeter (932516-inch) long nut, partially surrounded by a three to seven-pointed leafy involucre 2–3 centimeters (341+14 in) long; it matures in autumn. The seeds often do not germinate till the spring of the second year after maturating.

  • Bark: On old trees near the base, furrowed. Young trees and branches smooth, dark bluish gray, sometimes furrowed, light and dark gray. Branchlets at first pale green, changing to reddish brown, ultimately dull gray.
  • Wood: Light brown, sapwood nearly white; heavy, hard, close-grained, very strong. Used for levers, handles of tools. Specific gravity, 0.7286; density 45.41 pounds per cubic foot (0.7274 g/cm3).
  • Winter buds: Ovate, acute, chestnut brown, 18 inch (3 mm) long. The inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins. No terminal bud is formed.
  • Leaves: Alternate, two to four inches long, ovate-oblong, rounded, wedge-shaped, or rarely subcordate and often unequal at base, sharply and doubly serrate, acute or acuminate. They come out of the bud pale bronze green and hairy; when full grown they are dull deep green above, paler beneath; feather-veined, midrib and veins very prominent on under side. In autumn bright red, deep scarlet and orange. Petioles short, slender, hairy. Stipules caducous.
  • Flowers: they blossom in April. Monoecious, without petals, the staminate spike naked in pendulous catkins (aments). The staminate ament buds are axillary and form in the autumn. During the winter they resemble leaf-buds, only twice as large. They begin to lengthen very early in the spring, and when full grown are about 1+12 inches (4 cm) long. The staminate flower is composed of three to twenty stamens crowded on a hairy torus, adnate to the base of a broadly ovate, acute boot-shaped scale, green below the middle, bright red at apex. The pistillate aments are one-half to three-fourths of an inch long with ovate, acute, hairy, green scales and bright scarlet styles.
  • Fruit: Clusters of involucres, hanging from the ends of leafy branches. Each involucre slightly encloses a small oval nut. The involucres are short stalked, usually three-lobed, though one lobe is often wanting; halberd-shaped, coarsely serrated on one margin, or entire.[5]

Subdivisions

There are two subspecies, which intergrade extensively where they meet:

  • Carpinus caroliniana subsp. caroliniana. Atlantic coastal plain north to Delaware, and lower Mississippi Valley west to eastern Texas. Leaves mostly smaller, 3–9 cm (1+143+12 in) long, and relatively broader, 3–6 cm (1+142+14 in) broad.
  • Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana. Appalachian Mountains and west to Minnesota and south to Arkansas. Leaves mostly larger, 8–12 cm (3+144+34 in) long, and relatively narrower, 3.5–6 cm (1+382+38 in) broad.

Ecology

Fruiting branch

They are shade-loving trees, preferring moderate soil fertility and moisture. It has a shallow, wide-spreading root system. The leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, for example the Io moth (Automeris io).

Common along the borders of streams and swamps, loves a deep moist soil.[4] Varies from shrub to small tree, and ranges throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

Deer browse the foliage and twigs, while game birds eat the nutlets.[6]

Uses

The wood is heavy and hard, and is used for tool handles,[4] longbows, walking sticks, walking canes and golf clubs.

References

  1. ^ Stritch, L.; Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). "Carpinus caroliniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T194277A2308692. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194277A2308692.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Carpinus caroliniana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 April 2015 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ^ "Carpinus caroliniana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  4. ^ a b c Metzger, F. T. (1990). "Carpinus caroliniana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2 – via Southern Research Station.
  5. ^ Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 319–322.
  6. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 373. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
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Carpinus caroliniana: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Carpinus caroliniana, the American hornbeam, is a small hardwood tree in the genus Carpinus. It is also known as blue-beech, ironwood, musclewood and muscle beech. It is native to eastern North America, from Minnesota and southern Ontario east to Maine, and south to eastern Texas and northern Florida, and can also grow in Canada (southwest Quebec and southeast Ontario). It occurs naturally in shaded areas with moist soil, particularly near the banks of streams or rivers, and is often a natural constituent understory species of the riverine and maritime forests of eastern temperate North America.

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Carpinus caroliniana ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El carpe americano(Carpinus caroliniana[1]​), es un pequeño árbol leñoso perteneciente al género Carpinus. El carpe americano es también en ocasiones conocido como haya azul, palo fierro, o árbol musculoso. Es nativo del este de Norteamérica, desde Minnesota y el sur de Ontario al este de Maine, y al sur hasta el este de Texas y el norte de Florida.

 src=
La corteza del carpe americano.
 src=
Vista del árbol

Descripción

Se trata de un pequeño árbol que alcanza alturas de entre 10 y 15 metros, raramente llega a los 20 metros, y con frecuencia tiene un tronco acanalado y torcido. La corteza es lisa y gris verdosa, llegando a tener fisuras superficiales en los árboles más viejos. Las hojas son alternas, de 3 a 12 cm de largo, con venas prominentes dando una textura acanalada distintiva, y un borde como dientes de sierra. Los amentos masculinos y femeninos aparecen en primavera, al mismo tiempo que las hojas. El fruto es una pequeña nuez de 7 u 8 mm de largo, parcialmente rodeada por un período de tres a siete puntas de hoja involucro de 2 a 3 cm de largo, que madura en el otoño. Las semillas no germinan a menudo hasta la primavera del segundo año después de su maduración.

Hay dos subespecie, intergradas ampliamente donde habitan:

  • Carpinus caroliniana subespecie caroliniana. llanura costera atlántica al norte de Delaware, y al oeste del valle inferior del Misisipi, al este de Texas. Hojas en general pequeñas, de 3 a 9 cm de largo, y relativamente más amplias de 3 a 6 cm de ancho.
  • Carpinus caroliniana subespecie virginiana. Montes Apalaches y al oeste de Minnesota y el sur de Arkansas. Hojas en general más grandes, de 8 a 12 cm de largo, y relativamente estrechas, entre 3.5 y 6 cm de ancho.

Es árbol que ama la sombra, que prefiere una moderada fertilidad del suelo y humedad. Tiene un sistema de raíces poco profunda, y de gran difusión. La madera es pesada y dura, y se utiliza para mangos de herramientas, arcos y palos de golf. Las hojas son comidas por las orugas de algunos Lepidoptera, por ejemplo, la polilla Io (Automeris io) o por la polilla Acronicta americana.

Características

Normalmente se encuentran a lo largo de las orillas de los arroyos y pantanos, ama la tierra húmeda de profundidad. Varía de tamaños, desde plantas de flores pequeñas hasta árboles al este de las Montañas Rocosas.

  • Corteza: rugosa cerca de la base en los viejos árboles. De color gris azulado oscuro, a veces fruncida, y de color gris oscuro a la luz en los árboles más jóvenes, des ramas lisas. Las Ramillas de color verde claro en primer lugar, cambia al marrón rojizo, y en última instancia, al color gris.
  • Madera: de color marrón claro, pesada, dura, de grano fino, muy fuerte. Se utiliza para palancas, mangos de herramientas.
  • Yemas de invierno: aovadas, agudas, de color castaño, 3 mm de largo. Amplia su tamaño cuando comienza el crecimiento en primavera. Formando brotes en su terminación.
  • Hojas: alternas, de dos a cuatro pulgadas de largo, ovado-oblongas, redondeadas, con forma de cuña, o rara vez sub-cordada y, a menudo desiguales en la base, fuertemente y doblemente aserradas, agudas o acuminadas. Brotan con un tono bronce pálido desde un botón verde y peludo; cuando estas crecen toman un color verde oscuro del lado de arriba, y más pálido debajo; como plumas veteadas, con un nervio central y venas muy destacadas. En el otoño de color rojo brillante, en las puntas de color escarlata y anaranjado. peciolos cortos, delgados y velludo. Estípulas caducas.
  • Flores: abril. Monoicas, apétalo, las masculinas desnudas en amentos colgantes. Los brotes amentos masculinas son axilares y se forman en otoño y en invierno se asemejan a brotes foliares, dos veces más grandes, los cuales comienzan a alargarse como amentos muy temprano en la primavera, cuando este ha crecido alrededor de 30 mm de largo. La flor masculina se compone de tres a veinte estambres peludos, unidos a la base de un amplio óvalo, nace en su base en forma aguda, la mitad inferior de color verde, y rojo brillante en el ápice. Los amentos tienen 20 mm de largo, ovalados, con escamas de color verde agudo, peludo, y los estilos de color escarlata brillante.
  • Frutas: las agrupaciones de involucros, cuelgan de los extremos de las ramas con hojas. Cada involucro encierra ligeramente una nuez en forma de óvalo pequeño. Los involucros son de forma pedunculada corta, generalmente de tres lóbulos, aunque uno de los lóbulos a menudo es deficiente.[2]

Taxonomía

El género fue descrito por Thomas Walter y publicado en Flora Caroliniana, secundum . . . 236. 1788.[3]

Referencias

  1. «Carpinus caroliniana». Consultado el 7 de abril de 2020.
  2. Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Nuestros árboles nativos y cómo identificarlos. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 319-322.
  3. «Carpinus caroliniana». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 2 de septiembre de 2013.

Bibliografía

  • CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  • Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  • Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
  • Furlow, J. J. 1987. The Carpinus caroliniana complex in North America. II. Systematics. Syst. Bot. 12(3): 416–434.
  • Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  • Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 933 pp. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
  • Linares, J. L. 2003 [2005]. Listado comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la república de El Salvador. Ceiba 44(2): 105–268.
  • Nee, M. 1981. Betulaceae. Fl. Veracruz 20: 1–20.
  • Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

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Carpinus caroliniana: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El carpe americano(Carpinus caroliniana​), es un pequeño árbol leñoso perteneciente al género Carpinus. El carpe americano es también en ocasiones conocido como haya azul, palo fierro, o árbol musculoso. Es nativo del este de Norteamérica, desde Minnesota y el sur de Ontario al este de Maine, y al sur hasta el este de Texas y el norte de Florida.

 src= La corteza del carpe americano.  src= Vista del árbol
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Charme de Caroline ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Carpinus caroliniana

Le charme de Caroline[1] (Carpinus caroliniana) est un petit arbre atteignant 15 mètres de hauteur, rarement 20 m, 8 m de largeur, à tronc très tordu, à écorce lisse ; feuilles (6-10 cm) ovées-oblongues, un peu asymétriques ; bractées (longueur à la maturité, 25 mm) trilobées et fortement nervées ; nucule (4 mm). Floraison printanière. Belle coloration du feuillage à l'automne.

Semis : Stratification chaude 60 jours à 20 °C/25 °C + stratification froide à 3 °C/5 °C pendant 90 à 120 jours. Zone : 3. Tolère l’ombre partielle. Demande un sol profond, riche et légèrement acide. Difficile à transplanter. Supporte la sécheresse mais préfère les sols humides. Sensible à la pollution. Supporte plus ou moins bien la taille.

Bois très dur, brun clair, durable, qu'il est pratiquement impossible d'écraser ou d'user par friction ; il est employé pour faire des leviers, des manches d'outils et autres articles exigeant de la force et de la dureté. Au Québec cependant, où il atteint la limite de son aire, sa taille très réduite ne permet guère de l'utiliser. À l'automne, le feuillage du charme se colore en rouge écarlate, puis jaunit. Les feuilles tombent avant les bractées.

Galerie

Notes et références

  1. Brouillet et al., « Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana », sur VASCAN, la Base de données des plantes vasculaires du Canada, 2010+ (consulté le 29 décembre 2012)

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Charme de Caroline: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Carpinus caroliniana

Le charme de Caroline (Carpinus caroliniana) est un petit arbre atteignant 15 mètres de hauteur, rarement 20 m, 8 m de largeur, à tronc très tordu, à écorce lisse ; feuilles (6-10 cm) ovées-oblongues, un peu asymétriques ; bractées (longueur à la maturité, 25 mm) trilobées et fortement nervées ; nucule (4 mm). Floraison printanière. Belle coloration du feuillage à l'automne.

Semis : Stratification chaude 60 jours à 20 °C/25 °C + stratification froide à 3 °C/5 °C pendant 90 à 120 jours. Zone : 3. Tolère l’ombre partielle. Demande un sol profond, riche et légèrement acide. Difficile à transplanter. Supporte la sécheresse mais préfère les sols humides. Sensible à la pollution. Supporte plus ou moins bien la taille.

Bois très dur, brun clair, durable, qu'il est pratiquement impossible d'écraser ou d'user par friction ; il est employé pour faire des leviers, des manches d'outils et autres articles exigeant de la force et de la dureté. Au Québec cependant, où il atteint la limite de son aire, sa taille très réduite ne permet guère de l'utiliser. À l'automne, le feuillage du charme se colore en rouge écarlate, puis jaunit. Les feuilles tombent avant les bractées.

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
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Amerikaagnbøk ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Amerikaagnbøk (Carpinus caroliniana) er et lite, løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika.

Den blir opptil 12 meter høyt med en kort, ofte kroket, stamme. Barken er grå og ganske glatt. Bladene er ovale til elliptiske, 8–12 cm lange og 3,5–6 cm brede. Bladranden er dobbelttannet, og bladundersiden er sparsomt håret, spesielt langs nervene. Arten vokser som undervegetasjon i mange skogtyper, som regel på fuktig grunn.[1]

I nord er amerikaagnbøk sjelden særlig tallrik, og den finnes sammen med sukkerlønn, amerikabøk, canadahemlokk, gulbjørk, rødlønn, kvitalm, sølvlønn og svartask. Arten er heller ikke særlig tallrik i de sentrale områdene. Her vokser den sammen med kviteik, rødeik, skarlageneik, sumpeik og andre eikearter, bitterhickory, sumptre, ambratre, tulipantre, svartbjørk og svartlind. I sør kan amerikaagnbøk være den viktigste arten i undervegetasjonen. I disse områdene vokser den sammen med ambratre, vasseik, kviteik, pileik og andre eikearter, amerikabøk, sumptre, rødlønn, virakfuru, oksemagnolia og tulipantre.[2]

Vanlige lave trær og busker som vokser sammen med amerikaagnbøk i undervegetasjonen, er virginiahumlebøk, blomsterkornell, virginiatrollhassel og søtmispel. I nord er stripelønn, topplønn og lønnebladkrossved vanlig, og i sentrale områder kommer rød morbær, Asimina triloba og amerikajudastre inn. I de sørlige områdene er blant annet syretre, amerikakristtorn, Magnolia virginiana, Planera aquatica, Diospyros virginiana, piggaralia, Itea virginica, Morella cerifera, Symplocos tinctoria og hagtorn vanlige.[2]

Amerikaagnbøk er utbredt i det meste av østlige USA, og utbredelsen strekker seg inn i Canada der den finnes sørvest i Québec og sørøst i Ontario. Vestgrensen går fra sentrale Minnesota gjennom Ozarkplatået til østlige Texas. Arten mangler i nedre del av Mississippi-dalen, på ytterste del av kystsletta mot Mexicogolfen og i sørlige og sentrale deler av Florida.

Amerikaagnbøk deles i to underarter. Subsp. caroliniana er utbredt på kystslettene i sør, mens subsp. virginiana finnes i Appalachene og i de nordlige områdene. I tåkeskogene i Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras og Nicaragua vokser det en agnbøk som tidligere ble regnet som en varietet, var. tropicales, av amerikaagnbøk. Den regnes nå som en egen art, Carpinus tropicalis. Denne arten er høyere, opptil 20 meter, og har tett hårete blad.[3]

Galleri

Referanser

  1. ^ «Carpinus caroliniana». Flora of North America. Besøkt 18. august 2017.
  2. ^ a b F.T. Metzger. «American Hornbeam». Silvics of North America. Besøkt 18. august 2017.
  3. ^ J.J. Furlow (1987). «The Carpinus caroliniana complex in North America: II. Systematics». Syst. Bot. 12 (3): 416–434. ISSN 1548-2324. JSTOR 2419267. doi:10.2307/2419267.

Eksterne lenker

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Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia NO

Amerikaagnbøk: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Amerikaagnbøk (Carpinus caroliniana) er et lite, løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika.

Den blir opptil 12 meter høyt med en kort, ofte kroket, stamme. Barken er grå og ganske glatt. Bladene er ovale til elliptiske, 8–12 cm lange og 3,5–6 cm brede. Bladranden er dobbelttannet, og bladundersiden er sparsomt håret, spesielt langs nervene. Arten vokser som undervegetasjon i mange skogtyper, som regel på fuktig grunn.

I nord er amerikaagnbøk sjelden særlig tallrik, og den finnes sammen med sukkerlønn, amerikabøk, canadahemlokk, gulbjørk, rødlønn, kvitalm, sølvlønn og svartask. Arten er heller ikke særlig tallrik i de sentrale områdene. Her vokser den sammen med kviteik, rødeik, skarlageneik, sumpeik og andre eikearter, bitterhickory, sumptre, ambratre, tulipantre, svartbjørk og svartlind. I sør kan amerikaagnbøk være den viktigste arten i undervegetasjonen. I disse områdene vokser den sammen med ambratre, vasseik, kviteik, pileik og andre eikearter, amerikabøk, sumptre, rødlønn, virakfuru, oksemagnolia og tulipantre.

Vanlige lave trær og busker som vokser sammen med amerikaagnbøk i undervegetasjonen, er virginiahumlebøk, blomsterkornell, virginiatrollhassel og søtmispel. I nord er stripelønn, topplønn og lønnebladkrossved vanlig, og i sentrale områder kommer rød morbær, Asimina triloba og amerikajudastre inn. I de sørlige områdene er blant annet syretre, amerikakristtorn, Magnolia virginiana, Planera aquatica, Diospyros virginiana, piggaralia, Itea virginica, Morella cerifera, Symplocos tinctoria og hagtorn vanlige.

Amerikaagnbøk er utbredt i det meste av østlige USA, og utbredelsen strekker seg inn i Canada der den finnes sørvest i Québec og sørøst i Ontario. Vestgrensen går fra sentrale Minnesota gjennom Ozarkplatået til østlige Texas. Arten mangler i nedre del av Mississippi-dalen, på ytterste del av kystsletta mot Mexicogolfen og i sørlige og sentrale deler av Florida.

Amerikaagnbøk deles i to underarter. Subsp. caroliniana er utbredt på kystslettene i sør, mens subsp. virginiana finnes i Appalachene og i de nordlige områdene. I tåkeskogene i Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras og Nicaragua vokser det en agnbøk som tidligere ble regnet som en varietet, var. tropicales, av amerikaagnbøk. Den regnes nå som en egen art, Carpinus tropicalis. Denne arten er høyere, opptil 20 meter, og har tett hårete blad.

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Grab amerykański ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Grab amerykański (Carpinus caroliniana Walter) – gatunek średniej wielkości drzewa liściastego z rodziny brzozowatych (Betulaceae) (we współczesnych systemach APG, w innych ujęciach w rodzinie leszczynowatych). Występuje w Ameryce Północnej, na wschodzie Kanady oraz na południowym wschodzie Stanów Zjednoczonych[2].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Rozłożysty szeroki. Dorasta do 10 m wysokości[3]. Często pokrzywiony. Korona rozpostarta[4].
Kora
Stalowoszara, gładka. U starych osobników może być bruzdowana[3].
Liście
Jajowate lub eliptyczne, do 6 cm długości. Podwójnie ząbkowane, zaostrzone. Na wyraźnym unerwieniu może występować drobne owłosienie[4]. Po obu stronach ciemnozielone, jesienią przebarwiają się na pomarańczowo, purpurowo lub czerwono.
Kwiaty
Roślina jednopienna, kwitnąca wiosną i wiatropylna. Kotki żeńskie zielone, mniejsze od męskich, osadzone na wierzchołkach pędów[3].
Owoc
Orzeszki z dwu lub trójklapowymi skrzydełkami, zebrane w zwisające owocostany[3].

Biologia i ekologia

Nie jest często sadzony, lecz pod względem estetyki liści oraz barw jesiennych przewyższa swojego europejskiego kuzyna. Rdzenni Amerykanie używali tego gatunku grabu przy wielu schorzeniach[4].

Podgatunki:

  • Carpinus caroliniana subsp. caroliniana
  • Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana[4]

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2012-02-25].
  2. a b Carpinus caroliniana (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2012-02-25].
  3. a b c d Russel, Cutler, Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 162. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
  4. a b c d Flora of North America: Carpinus caroliniana (ang.). [dostęp 2012-02-25].
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original
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Grab amerykański: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Grab amerykański (Carpinus caroliniana Walter) – gatunek średniej wielkości drzewa liściastego z rodziny brzozowatych (Betulaceae) (we współczesnych systemach APG, w innych ujęciach w rodzinie leszczynowatych). Występuje w Ameryce Północnej, na wschodzie Kanady oraz na południowym wschodzie Stanów Zjednoczonych.

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Carpinus caroliniana ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Carpinus caroliniana é uma espécie de árvore que pertence à família das Betuláceas. É nativa da América do Norte, e pode ser encontrada também em alguns países da América Central, como Guatemala e Honduras.[1]

Referências

  1. F. T. Metzger. «Carpinus caroliniana Walt.» (em inglês). US Forest Service
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Carpinus caroliniana: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Carpinus caroliniana é uma espécie de árvore que pertence à família das Betuláceas. É nativa da América do Norte, e pode ser encontrada também em alguns países da América Central, como Guatemala e Honduras.

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Amerika gürgeni ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Amerika Gürgeni (Carpinus caroliniana), gövdesi 10-15 metreyi bulabilen Kuzey Amerika'ya özgün bir gürgen ağacı çeşididir.

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Amerika gürgeni: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Amerika Gürgeni (Carpinus caroliniana), gövdesi 10-15 metreyi bulabilen Kuzey Amerika'ya özgün bir gürgen ağacı çeşididir.

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Carpinus caroliniana ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Carpinus caroliniana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Betulaceae. Loài này được Walter mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Carpinus caroliniana. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Cử (Fagales) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Carpinus caroliniana: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Carpinus caroliniana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Betulaceae. Loài này được Walter mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Граб каролинский ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Букоцветные
Семейство: Берёзовые
Подсемейство: Лещиновые
Род: Граб
Вид: Граб каролинский
Международное научное название

Carpinus caroliniana Walt.

Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 19504NCBI 12991EOL 1148641GRIN t:105150IPNI 295249-1TPL kew-34302

Граб каролинский, или Граб американский (лат. Carpinus caroliniana) — вид лиственных деревьев из рода Граб (Carpinus) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae).

Распространение и экология

В природе ареал вида охватывает Мезоамерику и восток Северной Америки от Квебека и Онтарио на севере до Техаса и Флориды на юге.

Произрастает по берегам рек и окраинам болот, на сырых жирных почвах.

Теплолюбив, теневынослив. Зимостойкость не высокая.

Ботаническое описание

Небольшое дерево высотой 5—12 м, в редких случаях до 20 м, или, у северной границы ареала, крупный кустарник с многочисленными распростёртыми ветвями и густой кроной. Ствол ребристый, диаметром до 30 см. Кора молодых деревьев тёмно-серого цвета, с возрастом глубоко растрескивающаяся. Краевые ветви тонкие, несколько повислые.

Листья овальные или эллиптические, заострённые, длиной 3—12 см, шириной 3—6 см, в основании округлые, голые, сверху тёмно-зелёные, на черешках длиной около 8 мм.

Однодомное растение. Пестичные серёжки повислые, длиной 5—10 см. Прицветные чешуи овальные до овально-ланцетных, длиной 2—3 см, трёхлопастные, с короткими и широкими боковыми долями, обычно зубчатые но одному краю.

Значение и применение

Очень декоративное растение с изящной кроной и красивой окраской листвы летом и, особенно, осенью.

Древесина твёрдая, прочная, устойчива против истирания. Используют её на рукоятки для инструментов и топорищ, паркет .

Таксономия

Вид Граб каролинский входит в род Граб (Carpinus) подсемейства Лещиновые (Coryloideae) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae) порядка Букоцветные (Fagales).


ещё 7 семейств
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 3 рода порядок Букоцветные подсемейство Лещиновые вид
Граб каролинский
отдел Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные семейство Берёзовые род
Граб ещё 44 порядка цветковых растений
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё одно подсемейство, Берёзовые
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 40 видов

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
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Граб каролинский: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Граб каролинский, или Граб американский (лат. Carpinus caroliniana) — вид лиственных деревьев из рода Граб (Carpinus) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae).

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Авторы и редакторы Википедии