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Die Wildepiesang (Ensete ventricosum) is 'n boom wat voorkom in die berggebiede in Limpopo en oostelike Zimbabwe en strek tot in Mosambiek. Dit word aangetref langs strome en soms op woudrande. Die boom blom eers na agt jaar en gaan daarna dood.
Die Wildepiesang (Ensete ventricosum) is 'n boom wat voorkom in die berggebiede in Limpopo en oostelike Zimbabwe en strek tot in Mosambiek. Dit word aangetref langs strome en soms op woudrande. Die boom blom eers na agt jaar en gaan daarna dood.
Ensete ventricosum, conegut comunament com a Bananer d'Etiòpia, Bananer d'Abissínia,[2] falsa banana, o ensete,[2] és una espècie dins les plantes amb flors dins el gènere Ensete i dins la família Musaceae que és la de la banana. El nom Ensete ventricosum va ser publicat primer l'any 1948 en el Kew Bulletin, 1947, p. 101. És una planta nativa del costat est de l'altiplà africà i s'estén cap al nord des del Transvaal a Moçambic, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kenya, Uganda i de Tanzània a Etiòpia, i a l'oest cap al Congo, es troba en boscos molt plujosos de les muntanyes i al costat dels corrents d'aigua.
Es cultiva com aliment i es fa servir en jardineria però no resisteix les glaçades.
Es considera que és un arbre no llenyós (en realitat una planta perenne gegant monocàrpica de fulla persistent)[3] que fa fins a 6 m d'alt, les seves fulles són grosses, de 5 m de llarg i 1 m d'amplada, i recorden les del bananer, tenen una costella de color salmó. Només floreix una vegada durant la vida de la planta i ho fa en forma d'una gran panícula. Els fruits són similars a les bananes comestibles cultivades, també són comestibles però són insípides presenten unes llavors dures cúbiques. Després de florir aquesta planta mor.
"Proporciona més aliment per unitat de superfície que la majoria dels cereals. 40-60 plantes són suficients per alimentar una família de 5 a 6 membres." – Country Information Brief, FAO June 1995
E. ventricosum a Etiòpia és el conreu d'arrel més important.[4] La seva arrel és la part comestible més important i una arrel pot pesar 40 kg. Pot tolerar la secada millor que la majoria dels cereals. Aquesta planta en general es propaga pels seus rebrots. El rendiment arriba a 10.000 kg per hectàrea. De vegades es cultiva associat amb el sorgo o les plantes del cafè.[5]
RHSAZ
Ensete ventricosum, conegut comunament com a Bananer d'Etiòpia, Bananer d'Abissínia, falsa banana, o ensete, és una espècie dins les plantes amb flors dins el gènere Ensete i dins la família Musaceae que és la de la banana. El nom Ensete ventricosum va ser publicat primer l'any 1948 en el Kew Bulletin, 1947, p. 101. És una planta nativa del costat est de l'altiplà africà i s'estén cap al nord des del Transvaal a Moçambic, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kenya, Uganda i de Tanzània a Etiòpia, i a l'oest cap al Congo, es troba en boscos molt plujosos de les muntanyes i al costat dels corrents d'aigua.
Es cultiva com aliment i es fa servir en jardineria però no resisteix les glaçades.
Ensete habešské (Ensete ventricosum) je bylina z čeledi banánovníkovitých, rostoucí v tropických deštných lesích východní Afriky do nadmořské výšky okolo tří tisíc metrů. Může dosahovat výšky šest až osm metrů. Listy jsou dlouhé až pět metrů a široké jeden metr. Květenstvím je lata, zbarvená tmavě červeně. Plody jsou drobné, tuhé a nejedlé. Ensete se pěstuje jako okrasná rostlina, v mírném pásmu vyžaduje ochranu před mrazem. Guragové v jihozápadní Etiopii využívají ensete jako zdroj potravy, což popsali již cestovatelé Jerónimo Lobo a James Bruce (odhaduje se, že ensete se pěstovalo jako kulturní rostlina již před deseti tisíci lety). Pochoutkou jsou vařené mladé výhonky a z dužiny pseudostemu, která obsahuje množství škrobu, se připravuje pečivo zvané kocho.[2] Listy se používají jako obalový materiál, střešní krytina nebo krmivo pro dobytek, z řapíků se získává vlákno používané ke tkaní rohoží, rostlina je rovněž využívána v domorodé medicíně. Ensete se vyznačuje vysokými výnosy a relativně snadným pěstováním – podle odhadů k uživení rodiny stačí čtyřicet až šedesát rostlin – bývá však napadáno bakterií Xanthomonas campestris.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu ensete habešské ve Wikimedia Commons
Ensete habešské (Ensete ventricosum) je bylina z čeledi banánovníkovitých, rostoucí v tropických deštných lesích východní Afriky do nadmořské výšky okolo tří tisíc metrů. Může dosahovat výšky šest až osm metrů. Listy jsou dlouhé až pět metrů a široké jeden metr. Květenstvím je lata, zbarvená tmavě červeně. Plody jsou drobné, tuhé a nejedlé. Ensete se pěstuje jako okrasná rostlina, v mírném pásmu vyžaduje ochranu před mrazem. Guragové v jihozápadní Etiopii využívají ensete jako zdroj potravy, což popsali již cestovatelé Jerónimo Lobo a James Bruce (odhaduje se, že ensete se pěstovalo jako kulturní rostlina již před deseti tisíci lety). Pochoutkou jsou vařené mladé výhonky a z dužiny pseudostemu, která obsahuje množství škrobu, se připravuje pečivo zvané kocho. Listy se používají jako obalový materiál, střešní krytina nebo krmivo pro dobytek, z řapíků se získává vlákno používané ke tkaní rohoží, rostlina je rovněž využívána v domorodé medicíně. Ensete se vyznačuje vysokými výnosy a relativně snadným pěstováním – podle odhadů k uživení rodiny stačí čtyřicet až šedesát rostlin – bývá však napadáno bakterií Xanthomonas campestris.
Die Zierbanane (Ensete ventricosum), Ensete oder Abessinische Banane ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Ensete innerhalb der Familie Bananengewächse (Musaceae).
Ensete ventricosum ist im tropischen Afrika, von Äthiopien bis ins nördliche Südafrika beheimatet.[1]
Ensete ventricosum wächst als immergrüne, ausdauernde krautige Pflanze, die Wuchshöhen von bis 6 Meter erreicht und Rhizome ausbildet. Der Scheinstamm wächst konisch. Die großen mittelgrünen, etwa 3 Meter langen Laubblätter sind mit einer roten Mittelrippe versehen. Der aufrechte Blütenstand besteht aus dunkelrot gefärbten Tragblättern; die kleinen, ledrigen Früchte sind ungenießbar.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 22.[2]
Zierbanane bzw. Ensete wurde seit mehreren tausend Jahren in Äthiopien als Nutzpflanze kultiviert. Europäische Reisende des 17. Jh. berichteten über die Kultur der Ensete in Äthiopien, wie z. B. der portugiesische Jesuit Manuel de Almeida und der Priester Jerónimo Lobo sowie im 18. Jh. der schottische Reisende James Bruce. Im 19. Jh. scheint Ensete im Norden von Äthiopien als Nahrungsmittel, vermutlich aus sozio-politischen Gründen, in Vergessenheit geraten zu sein.
Der Name Ensete ventricosum wurde 1948 in Kew Bull. 1947, S. 101 veröffentlicht. Synonyme sind Ensete edule Bruce ex Horan., Musa arnoldiana De Wild., Musa ventricosa Welw. und Musa ensete J.F.Gmel.[3]. Das Artepitheton leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort ventricosus für bauchig ab und nimmt auf die bauchigen Stämme Bezug.[4]
Jetzt wird die Zierbanane in Äthiopien wieder als Nahrungspflanze kultiviert. Sie ist in diesem Land von besonderer wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung für die Kleinbauern. Alle Pflanzenteile sind verwertbar. Aus den Knollen wird Mehl für die Verarbeitung zu Brot oder anderen Backwaren hergestellt. Gleich nach Erscheinen der Blüte ist der optimale Zeitpunkt der Ernte, um Kocho (fermentiertes Bananenmehl) vorzubereiten. Wenn zu früh geerntet wird, ist der Stärkegehalt zu niedrig, und wenn man zu spät erntet, hört das vegetative Wachstum auf und die Stärke wird für die Blüten und Fruchtentwicklung verbraucht. Die inneren, jüngeren Scheinstämme werden gegart als Gemüse serviert. Frische Blätter dienen als Nahrung für Tiere wie Rinder und Schafe, getrocknete alte Blätter werden als Dachbedeckung verwendet und die Blattscheiden dienen der Fasergewinnung für die Herstellung von Säcken, Seilen und Matten.[5]
Jules Verne beschrieb Ensete in seinem Werk Das Dorf in den Lüften im Kapitel XIV:
„Li-Maï blieb vor einer sauberen Hütte stehen, deren Dach mit den breiten Blättern der Ensete, einer in den großen Walde weitverbreiteten Banane, bedeckt war, mit denselben Blättern, die der Foreloper für das Sonnendach des Floßes verwendet hatte.“[6]
Die Scharlachbanane (Musa uranoscopos oder Musa coccinea) aus Süd-China ist nahe verwandt mit Arten der Gattung Ensete.
Die Zierbanane (Ensete ventricosum), Ensete oder Abessinische Banane ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Ensete innerhalb der Familie Bananengewächse (Musaceae).
தாவரவியல் பெயர் :மியுசா எண்செட்டி Muse ensete
குடும்பம்: மியூசேசியீ ( Musaceae)
அபிசினியன் வாழை'
வாழை மரங்களில் மிக உயரமானது. இது 25 முதல் 40 அடி உயரம் வளரக் கூடியது. இதனுடைய மரம் பொய் தண்டால் ஆனது.அடிப்பகுதியில் சதைப் பற்றுடன் கூடிய கிழங்கு உள்ளது. இதனுடைய இலைகள் பச்சையாகவும், நடுநரம்பு சிவப்பாகவும், இலைகளின் ஓரம் ஊதா சிவப்பு நிறத்திலும் உள்ளது.
வாழையிலிருந்து வளரும் பூங்கொத்து மேல்நோக்கி நேராக வளரும். கீழ்நோக்கி வளைந்து தொங்குவது கிடையாது. பூவடிச் செதில்கள் சிவப்பு நிறத்தில் இருக்கும். பூக்கள் வெள்ளை நிறத்தில் இருக்கும். இதில் சிறிய காய்கள் வருகின்றன. இதனுடைய பழங்களை சாப்பிட முடியாது. பழத்திற்குள்ளே மிக பெரிய விதைகள் உள்ளன.
இது கிழக்கு மற்றும் மத்திய ஆப்பிரிக்காவின் ஈரமான காட்டுப் பகுதியில் வளர்கின்றன.
| 1 || சிறியதும் - பெரியதும் [1] || அறிவியல் வெளியீடு || ஜூன் 2001
Ensete ventricosum, commonly known as enset or ensete, Ethiopian banana, Abyssinian banana,[3] pseudo-banana, false banana and wild banana,[4] is an herbaceous species of flowering plant in the banana family Musaceae. The domesticated form of the plant is cultivated only in Ethiopia, where it provides the staple food for approximately 20 million people.[5][6] The name Ensete ventricosum was first published in the Kew Bulletin[7] 1947, p. 101. Its synonyms include Musa arnoldiana De Wild., Musa ventricosa Welw. and Musa ensete J. F. Gmelin.[8] In its wild form, it is native to the eastern edge of the Great African Plateau, extending northwards from South Africa through Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania to Ethiopia, and west to the Congo, being found in high-rainfall forests on mountains, and along forested ravines and streams.[5]
Like bananas, Ensete ventricosum is a large non-woody plant—a gigantic monocarpic evergreen perennial herb (not a tree)[9]—up to 6 m (20 ft) tall. The tallest to be reported was 42 feet (13 meters).[10] It has a stout pseudostem of tightly overlapping leaf bases, and large banana-like leaf blades of up to 5 m (16 ft) tall by 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide, with a salmon-pink midrib. A mature plant weighs about 550 pounds (250 kilograms).[11] The flowers, which only occur once from the centre of the plant at the end of that plant's life, are in massive pendant thyrses covered by large pink bracts. The roots are an important foodstuff, but the fruits are inedible (insipid, flavorless)[12] and have hard, black, rounded seeds. After flowering, the plant dies.
The Latin specific epithet ventricosum means “with a swelling on the side, like a belly”.[13]
Enset is a very important local food source especially in Ethiopia. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reports that "enset provides more amount of foodstuff per unit area than most cereals. It is estimated that 40 to 60 enset plants occupying 250–375 square metres (2,700–4,000 sq ft) can provide enough food for a family of 5 to 6 people."[14]
Enset (E. ventricosum) is Ethiopia's most important root crop, a traditional staple in the densely populated south and southwestern parts of Ethiopia.[15] Its importance to the diet and economy of the Gurage and Sidama peoples was first recorded by Jerónimo Lobo in the seventeenth century.[16] Each plant takes four to five years to mature, at which time a single root will yield about 40 kg (88 lb) of food. Because of the long period of time from planting to harvest, plantings need to be staggered over time, to ensure that there is enset available for harvest in every season. Enset will tolerate drought better than most cereal crops.
Wild enset plants are produced from seeds, while most domesticated plants are propagated from suckers. Up to 400 suckers can be produced from just one mother plant. In 1994 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi) of enset were grown in Ethiopia, with a harvest estimated to be almost 10 tonnes per hectare (4.0 long ton/acre; 4.5 short ton/acre). Enset is often intercropped with sorghum, although the practice amongst the Gedeo people is to intercrop it with coffee.[17]
The young and tender tissues in the centre or heart of the plant (the growing point) are cooked and eaten, being tasty and nutritious and very like the core of palms and cycads. In Ethiopia, more than 150,000 hectares (370,000 acres; 580 sq mi) are cultivated for the starchy staple food prepared from the pulverised trunk and inflorescence stalk. Fermenting these pulverised parts results in a food called kocho. Bulla is made from the liquid squeezed out of the mixture and sometimes eaten as a porridge, while the remaining solids are suitable for consumption after a settling period of some days. Mixed kocho and bulla can be kneaded into dough, then flattened and baked over a fire. Kocho is in places regarded as a delicacy, suitable for serving at feasts and ceremonies such as weddings, when wheat flour is added. The fresh corm is cooked like potatoes before eating. Dry kocho and bulla are energy-rich and produce from 14 to 20 kJ/g (3.3 to 4.8 kcal/g).
It is a major crop, although often supplemented with cereal crops.[18] However its value as a famine food has fallen for a number of reasons, as detailed in the April 2003 issue of the UN-OCHA Ethiopia unit's Focus on Ethiopia:
Apart from an enset plant disease epidemic in 1984–85 which wiped out large parts of the plantations and created the green famine, in the past 10 years major factors were recurrent drought and food shortage together with acute land shortage that forced farmers more and more into consumption of immature plants. Hence farmers were overexploiting their Enset reserves thereby causing gradual losses and disappearance of the false banana as an important household food security reserve. Even though not all the plant losses can be attributed to drought and land shortage and hence early consumption of immature crops, estimations go as far as more than 60% of the false banana crop stands have been lost in some areas in SNNPR during the last 10 years. This basically means that a great many people who used to close the food gap with false banana consumption are not able to do so any more, and lacking a viable alternative, have become food insecure and highly vulnerable to climatic and economic disruptions of their agricultural system.[19]
The plant is quick-growing and often cultivated as an ornamental plant. In frost-prone areas it requires winter protection under glass.[9] It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit,[20][21] as has the cultivar 'Maurelii' (Ethiopian black banana)[22]
A good quality fibre, suitable for ropes, twine, baskets, and general weaving, is obtained from the leaves. Dried leaf-sheaths are used as packing material, serving the same function as Western foam plastic and polystyrene. The entire plant but the roots is used to feed livestock.[23][24] Fresh leaves are a common fodder for cattle during the dry season,[24] and many farmers feed their animals with residues of enset harvest or processing.[24]
In 1769, the celebrated Scottish traveller James Bruce first sent a description and quite accurate drawings of a plant common in the marshes around Gondar in Ethiopia, confidently pronounced it to be "no species of Musa" and wrote that its local name was "ensete". In 1853 the British Consul at Mussowah sent some seeds to Kew Gardens, mentioning that their native name was ansett. Kew, quite understandably, did not make the connection, especially as they had never before seen such seeds. However, when the seeds had germinated and the plants had rapidly gained size, their relationship to the true banana became obvious.
Bruce also discussed the plant's place in the mythology of Egypt and pointed out that some Egyptian statue carvings depict the goddess Isis sitting among the leaves of what was thought to be a banana plant, a plant native to Southeast Asia and not known in Ancient Egypt.[25][26]
A major issue with the cultivation of enset is its vulnerability to several pests and diseases.
The most common pest that threatens enset is caused by the Cataenococcus enset which is a root mealybug. The Cataenococcus enset feeds on the roots and corm of the enset plant which leads to slower growth and easier uprooting. Even though enset can be infested at all age stages, the highest risk is between the second or fourth growth year.[27] The dispersion of the mealybug occurs through different vectors: First, the larvae can crawl short distances[27] as adults mealybugs tend to move only after being disturbed.[28] Second, mealybugs-ant symbiotic relationships can be linked to enset infestation and protect and even transport the mealybug over short distances. In return, they feed on the mealybug honeydew. Third, flooding events can transport the mealybug over longer distances and reach enset plants. However, the main transport vectors are unclean working tools and the usage of already infected suckers.[27] This means that the best way to get rid of the bug and to limit its propagation is to uproot the plant and burn it.[29][30] In addition, the fields can be kept free of plant growth for a month since the mealybug can only survive up to three weeks without plant material.[27][28]
Other pests include nematodes, spider mites, aphids, mole rats, porcupines and wild pigs. The latter erode the corm and pseudostem.[27] As for the nematodes, there are two predominant species: there are the root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus goodeyi) and the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) and their appearance stand in connection with bacterial wilt.[27] Pratylenchus goodeyi create lesions on the corm and roots, which can lead to cavities up to 2 cm (0.79 in) and characteristic purple colouring around the cavities. The nematode infestation leads to the easy uprooting of the affected plants. Crop rotation can counteract high nematode infestations.[31]
.jpg)
The enset plant can be subject to multiple diseases that threaten its use in agriculture.[32][30] The most well known of them is the infection by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pathovar Musacerum which creates bacterial wilt, also known as borijje and wol’a by the Kore people.[29] The first observation of this disease was reported by Yirgou and Bradbury in 1968.[33] The manifestation of the bacterial wilt is taking place in the apical leaves that will wilt then dry and finally lead to the drying of the whole plant.[29][34] The only way to avoid the spreading of the disease is in uprooting, burning and burying plants as well as in applying strict control of the knives and tools used to harvest and treat the plants.
Other diseases have been observed such as Okka and Woqa which occur respectively in case of severe drought and in situations of too much water in the soil which causes the proliferation of bacteria. These problems can be solved by either watering the field when drought is present or by draining the soil to avoid too much water.[29]
Another disease can strike enset even though it has been more observed on Banana plants (Musacea). This disease is caused by Mycospharella spp. and is commonly called black Sigatoka leaf streaks. The symptoms are basically dark/brown lesions surrounded by yellow on the leaves.[35][36][37][38] This disease happens to be favoured by high rainfall and lower temperature.[39][40][41]
Enset cultivation in Ethiopia is reported to be 10,000 years old, though there is little empirical evidence to support this.[42][43][29] It has major economic, social, cultural and environmental functions related to trade, medicine, cultural identity, rituals or settlement patterns.[42][29][44]
The Enset-planting complex is one of the four farming systems of Ethiopia together with pastoralism, shifting cultivation and the seed-farming complex. It is widely used by around 20 million people, which represent 20-25% of the population. They mainly live in the densely populated highlands of south and southwest Ethiopia.[43][29]
The plant is very important for food security because it is quite resistant to droughts (the growth only stops for a short time) and it can be harvested at any development stage.[43] Nevertheless, in recent years, the population growth has put pressure on enset cultivation systems. This is mainly because of a decrease of fertilization through manure and an increase in demand, especially during droughts. At such times, enset becomes the only resource available.[43]
Gender roles in enset cultivation are of high importance,[42] as a strong division of work exists: generally men are responsible for the propagation, cultivation, and transplanting of enset, while women are in charge of manuring, hand-weeding, thinning and landrace selection.[29][43] Additionally, women process enset plants, which is a tedious work (transformation of the plant into useful material, principally food and fibres) for which they generally come together. Men are banned from the field during this process.[42][43][29] As women are responsible to provide sufficient food to their family, they are the ones who choose when and which plant to harvest and which quantity to sell.[32]
Several studies state the importance of women's knowledge on the different crop varieties. Women are more likely to precisely recognize the different varieties of the plant than men.[42][32][43] Nevertheless, women's work is often neglected or considered of lesser importance than men's by researchers and farmers[42] and women are less likely to get access to extension services and quality services than men.[45]
Another important aspect in which gender plays a role is in the classification of enset varieties. Indeed, they differentiate "male" varieties from "female" varieties, according to the preferences of men and women who harvest them.[32] Whereas men prefer late maturing genotypes resistant to diseases, women prefer varieties that are good for cooking and can be harvested for consumption at an earlier stage.[32] In general, households tend to have slightly more “female” genotypes than "male" ones.[42][32]
In Ethiopia, over 300 enset varieties have been recorded[46] which is important for agro- and biodiversity. The farmers’ main interest for maintaining biodiversity is the different beneficial characteristics of each varietiy.[47] This means that Ethiopian farmers spread important characteristics over many enset varieties instead of combining a number of desired characteristics in one single genotype[47] This is a significant difference between Ethiopian subsistence farmers’ and plant breeders’ approaches.
More than 11 ethnic groups with different cultures, traditions and agricultural systems inhabit the enset-growing regions. This contributes to the high number of varieties.[43] Over centuries, the different ethnic groups have applied their specific indigenous knowledge of farming systems in order to sustain production in various ways. A dying out of enset varieties would hence also make disappear a part of cultural practices and linguistic terms in Ethiopia (Negash et al., 2004).[47]
Enset biodiversity is preserved not only due to the presence of different ethnic groups but also due to different households’ wealth status. Richer farmers can generally afford to maintain a higher level of farm biodiversity because they have more resources such as land, labour and livestock. Therefore, they can cultivate more varieties with differing specific characteristics.[43] However, also poorer households try to maintain as many clones as possible by selecting the disease-resistant first.[47]
Sir John Kirk felt that in habit Ensete livingstonianum was indistinguishable from E. ventricosum and noted that both are found in the mountains of equatorial Africa.
Specimen in Jardin botanique exotique de Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France
Flower detail
.jpg)
Plant on Mount Tsetserra, Mozambique
Stem detail
Ensete ventricosum, commonly known as enset or ensete, Ethiopian banana, Abyssinian banana, pseudo-banana, false banana and wild banana, is an herbaceous species of flowering plant in the banana family Musaceae. The domesticated form of the plant is cultivated only in Ethiopia, where it provides the staple food for approximately 20 million people. The name Ensete ventricosum was first published in the Kew Bulletin 1947, p. 101. Its synonyms include Musa arnoldiana De Wild., Musa ventricosa Welw. and Musa ensete J. F. Gmelin. In its wild form, it is native to the eastern edge of the Great African Plateau, extending northwards from South Africa through Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania to Ethiopia, and west to the Congo, being found in high-rainfall forests on mountains, and along forested ravines and streams.
Ensete ventricosum, conocido comúnmente como bananero de Etiopía, bananero de Abisinia,[1] falsa banana, o ensete,[1] es una especie dentro de las plantas con flores dentro del género Ensete y dentro de la familia Musaceae que es la de la banana. El nombre Ensete ventricosum fue publicado por primera vez en 1948 en el Kew Bulletin, 1947, p. 101. Es una planta nativa de la zona este del altiplano africano y se extiende hacia el norte desde el Transvaal a Mozambique, Zimbabue, Malaui, Kenia, Uganda y de Tanzania a Etiopía, y al oeste hacia el Congo, se encuentra en bosques muy lluviosos de las montañas y al lado de cursos de agua.
Se cultiva como alimento y se utiliza en jardinería pero no resiste las heladas.
Está considerado como un árbol leñoso (en realidad una planta perenne gigante monocárpica) que alcanza los 6 m de altura, sus hojas son grandes, 5 m de largo y 1 m de ancho y recuerdan a las del bananero, tienen una costilla de color salmón. Florece una sola vez durante la vida de la planta y lo hace en forma de una gran panícula. Los frutos son similares a bananas comestibles cultivadas, también son comestibles, pero son insípidas, y presentan unas semillas duras cúbicas. Después de la floración esta planta muere.
"Proporciona más alimento por unidad superficie que la mayoría de cereales. 40-60 plantas son suficientes para alimentar una familia de 5 a 6 miembros." – Country Information Brief, FAO June 1995
E. ventricosum en Etiopía es el cultivo de raíz más importante.[2] Su raíz es la parte comestible más importante y una raíz puede pesar 40 kg. Puede tolerar la sequía mejor que la mayoría de cereales. Esta planta en general se propaga por sus rebrotes. El rendimiento alcanza los 10.000 kg por hectárea. A veces se cultiva asociada con el sorgo o las plantas del café.[3]
Datos: Q199075
Multimedia:
Especies: Ensete ventricosum
Ensete ventricosum, conocido comúnmente como bananero de Etiopía, bananero de Abisinia, falsa banana, o ensete, es una especie dentro de las plantas con flores dentro del género Ensete y dentro de la familia Musaceae que es la de la banana. El nombre Ensete ventricosum fue publicado por primera vez en 1948 en el Kew Bulletin, 1947, p. 101. Es una planta nativa de la zona este del altiplano africano y se extiende hacia el norte desde el Transvaal a Mozambique, Zimbabue, Malaui, Kenia, Uganda y de Tanzania a Etiopía, y al oeste hacia el Congo, se encuentra en bosques muy lluviosos de las montañas y al lado de cursos de agua.
Se cultiva como alimento y se utiliza en jardinería pero no resiste las heladas.
Etiopianbanaani (Ensete ventricosum syn. Musa ensete) on Ensete-sukuun kuuluva ruohovartinen kasvi. Se on kotoisin Afrikan eteläosista.[2]
Etiopianbanaanin koko vaihtelee paljon kasvupaikan mukaan, mutta hyvissä oloissa se voi saavuttaa jopa 12 metrin korkeuden. Varret yltävät noin viiden metrin korkeuteen ja ne ovat väriltään punertavanruskeita. Varret sisältävät maitiaisnestettä, joka värjäytyy punertavaksi joutuessaan ilman kanssa kosketuksiin. Lehdet levittäytyvät banaanikasveille tyypilliseen asentoon tasaisesti varren ympärille. Lehdet ovat pitkulaisia ja keihäsmäisiä, päältä vihreitä ja kiiltäväpintaisia, alta nukkaisia.
Etiopianbanaani tekee kolmenlaisia kukkia: hede-, emi- ja hermafrodiittisia kukkia. Hedekukat ovat muuten valkoisia, mutta niiden terälehtien kärjet ovat oransseja. Hedekukassa on viisi hedettä. Ponnet ovat purppuranpunaisia tai violetteja ja palhot valkoisia. Hermafrodiittisissa kukissa on 1–5 hedettä. Ponnet ovat hiukan palhoja suuremmat. Emikukat ovat harvinaisia. Ne ovat samanlaisia kuin hermafrodiittiset kukat paitsi, että niiltä puuttuvat heteet.
Etiopianbanaani on levittäytynyt hyvin laajalle alueelle päiväntasaajan eteläpuoliseen Afrikkaan. Itä-Afrikassa sen levinneisyys yltää myös päiväntasaajan pohjoispuolelle aina Sudaniin, Etiopiaan, Eritreaan ja Somaliaan saakka. Etiopianbanaani on Afrikan yleisin ja laajimmalle levinnein Ensete-suvun kasvi.
Etiopianbanaani on yleinen viljelykasvi. Lämpimillä alueilla sitä viljellään ulkona ja kylmemmillä kasvi- ja asuinhuoneissa. Etiopianbanaanin hedelmä ei yleensä kelpaa ruoaksi, mutta nuoret kukat ovat keitettyinä syötäviä. Myös kasvin siemeniä, varsia ja juuria käytetään ravinnoksi. Kasvin lehtiä käytetään Afrikassa talojen kattojen rakennusaineena ja versoista saadaan kuitua köysien punontaa varten.
Etiopianbanaani (Ensete ventricosum syn. Musa ensete) on Ensete-sukuun kuuluva ruohovartinen kasvi. Se on kotoisin Afrikan eteläosista.
Bananier d'Abyssinie
Le bananier d'Abyssinie (Ensete ventricosum) est une espèce de plantes herbacées de la famille des Musaceae. Ce proche cousin des bananiers du genre Musa est originaire de nombreuses zones de l'ouest, du sud et de l'est de l'Afrique.
Ce faux bananier est cultivé en Éthiopie pour sa racine comestible, qui y est un aliment de base et peut atteindre 40 kilogrammes, et largement cultivé dans le monde pour ses qualités ornementales.
Le bananier d'Abyssinie, est un grand bananier, sans rejets à la base, pouvant atteindre 6 à 10 mètres de hauteur ou plus, dans des conditions optimales. Il est très intéressant pour ses qualités ornementales, et pour sa grande vitesse de croissance. Une graine mise à germer au printemps peut donner une plante de presque 1,50 m en l'espace d'un été.
En termes de résistance au froid, c'est un bananier relativement frileux, capable cependant de résister à de légers gels de l'ordre de -4 à -6 °C environ.
Ensete ventricosum var. maurelii est une variété intéressante à feuilles largement colorées de rouge, de bordeaux et de noir.
Ensete étant un genre de plantes monocarpiques non cespiteuses, la plante disparaît après fructification. Ses graines, qui sont grosses, noires et irrégulières, sont donc le moyen naturel de reproduction de ces plantes. Après décapitation du pseudo-tronc, une multitude de pousses adventives apparaissent sur la tranche. Elles sont assez faciles à détacher et peuvent être bouturées après l'apparition des premières racines. Il suffit de les poser dans un terreau humide pour les voir se développer.
Détails d'une feuille
Détails d'une fleur
Bananier d'Abyssinie
Le bananier d'Abyssinie (Ensete ventricosum) est une espèce de plantes herbacées de la famille des Musaceae. Ce proche cousin des bananiers du genre Musa est originaire de nombreuses zones de l'ouest, du sud et de l'est de l'Afrique.
Ce faux bananier est cultivé en Éthiopie pour sa racine comestible, qui y est un aliment de base et peut atteindre 40 kilogrammes, et largement cultivé dans le monde pour ses qualités ornementales.
L'ensete (Ensete ventricosum) è una pianta della famiglia Musaceae, nota anche come falso banano o pseudo-banano.
Nel 1991 il governo etiope ha dichiarato l'enset coltura nazionale. Coltivato per il contenuto di amido accumulato nel suo cormo, soprattutto da piccoli agricoltori, sostiene la sicurezza alimentare di circa 20 milioni di persone ed ha meritato il titolo di Albero contro la fame, soprattutto per la sua resistenza alla siccità. Può essere raccolto in qualsiasi momento dell'anno, per diversi anni. La pianta è definita Coltura delle donne per il ruolo preponderante delle donne nella maggior parte delle operazioni, in particolare della raccolta e della lavorazione del prodotto. L'estrazione dell'amido è un processo che richiede un notevole impegno di forza lavoro e l’adozione di tecnologie anche semplici di processamento potrebbe ridurre significativamente l’impegno fisico e i tempi di lavorazione, aumentando nel contempo la resa e il valore del prodotto.
La forma selvatica di Ensete ventricosum si è diffusa nell'Africa tropicale dall'Etiopia, dove fu domesticata circa 8000 anni fa, attraverso il Kenya, l'Uganda e la Tanzania a sud fino al Mozambico e al Sudafrica, e a ovest fino alla Repubblica Democratica del Congo. Il genere Ensete comprende sette specie, tre nell'Africa tropicale, una in Madagascar e tre nell'Asia tropicale[1].
Cresce sugli altopiani meridionali, centrali e settentrionali intorno al lago Tana, ai monti Semien e fino a Adigrat e nell'Eritrea meridionale. Coltivato nel Vietnam settentrionale e centrale, è utilizzato come ortaggio. Si trova spontaneo nelle foreste montane e fluviali, spesso in radure, calanchi e vicino a ruscelli. In coltura, si incontra ad altitudini comprese tra 1.600 e 3.100 m, ma cresce meglio tra 1.800 e 2.450 m. Per una crescita ottimale, richiede una piovosità media annua di 1.100 – 1.500 mm e temperature medie tra 16 e 20°C. Può tollerare periodi di siccità e gelo, ma le basse temperature ne rallentano la crescita. Cresce bene nei terreni fertili e ben drenati, da moderatamente acidi ad alcalini (pH tra 5,6 e 7,3), con il 2 – 3% di sostanza organica.
L’ensete è un parente stretto del banano (Musa sp.) e a lui morfologicamente simile: sono entrambe grandi piante erbacee e monocarpiche. Pianta perenne che raggiunge un'altezza da 4 - 11 m, ha il tronco (pseudofusto) costituito da guaine fogliari sovrapposte. Le parti sotterranee e basali rigonfie di queste formano i cormi, lunghi da 0,7 a 1,8 m e, a maturità, del diametro di 1,5 - 2,5 m. Le foglie sono disposte a spirale, emergendo dall'apice dei cormi, hanno lamine intere, lunghe fino a 5 m e larghe 1,5 m, con una nervatura mediana fortemente incanalata e numerose nervature laterali, di colore verde brillante o verde scuro. L'infiorescenza cresce all'apice, i fiori sono unisessuali. I frutti sono bacche oblungo-obovate, di colore arancione a maturità, piuttosto secche e fibrose, contenenti fino a dieci grandi semi neri[2][1].
L’ensete è coltivato soprattutto da piccoli agricoltori, in diversi sistemi climatici e agroecologici e con importanti differenze nei sistemi di coltivazione, tra i diversi gruppi etnici. In molti casi, i coltivatori disboscano per piantare ensete, caffè e altre colture. È coltivato in monocoltura o in consociazione. Le giovani piante solitamente consociate con colture annuali (ad esempio, mais, fagioli, cavoli, taro e patata) e le piante più vecchie con piante perenni (come avocado, caffè e agrumi). Questa coltura può anche fornire un reddito interessante, in quanto le piante più grandi possono essere vendute in piedi prima di essere lavorate, oppure una porzione di kocho o bulla fermentati può essere prelevata dalla fossa di stoccaggio per la vendita.
L’ensete è spesso coltivato vicino alle abitazioni, così che le piante possono essere facilmente fertilizzate con sterco di vacca e rifiuti domestici. L'applicazione del letame è considerata pratica essenziale dai coltivatori e molto diffusa. Per la messa in coltura, si usano polloni ricavati da un cormo immaturo e si ricorre alla propagazione per seme per eventuali ibridazioni. I polloni raccolti vengono piantati in un vivaio, dove rimangono per circa un anno, per essere in seguito trapiantati, ad una densità da 2 a 4 metri quadrati per pianta e, spesso, pacciamati con erbe secche o detriti vegetali. Il diserbo è importante soprattutto nelle prime fasi della crescita, nella stagione secca è necessario rimuovere le infestanti come Cynodon dactylon e Cyperus rotundus. Ogni anno si effettuano alcune potature, fino alla raccolta. I parassiti rappresentano la più grave minaccia per la produzione. La malattia più grave è causata dal batterio Xanthomonas campestris pv musacearum. Le misure di controllo includono la piantumazione di piante sane e prive di malattie di specie meno sensibili, la rotazione delle colture, la rimozione della Canna indica, ospite alternativo. Le malattie causate dai funghi Phyllosticta sp., Piricularia sp. e Drechslera sp., che colpiscono polloni e giovani piante e dei nematodi radicali (Pratylenchus goodeyi, Meloidogyne sp.), si possono controllare con lo sfoltimento dei polloni, il regolare diserbo e la rotazione delle colture. Ulteriori parassiti (topo, talpa, istrice, termiti) e malattie (batteriche, fungine e virali) causano danni da moderati a limitati. Tipicamente, il raccolto si pratica da quattro a sette anni dopo il trapianto, ma può essere effettuato in qualsiasi momento, dopo il secondo anno. Il momento di raccolta ottimale è alla comparsa dell'infiorescenza. Se raccolto troppo giovane, si ha un basso contenuto in amido. La raccolta comporta la rimozione dell'intera pianta, l’asportazione delle guaine fogliari dallo pseudofusto e la separazione del cormo. La raccolta e poi l'estrazione dell'amido richiedono un notevole impegno di forza lavoro, in particolare della componente femminile della famiglia. La resa è determinata dalla cultivar, dai fattori climatici, dalla fertilità del suolo, dal tempo di maturazione e dalle modalità di lavorazione. La resa di kocho è di 16 – 42 kg/pianta ovvero 12 – 25 t/ha/anno[2][1][3][4].
L’Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research in Addis Ababa e la Debub University in Awassa si occupano di raccolta, valutazione, caratterizzazione e conservazione del materiale genetico dell’ensete a livello nazionale. Bioversity International, un centro di ricerca del CGIAR, si dedica alla conservazione a lungo termine dell'intero patrimonio genetico delle banane.
Nel nel 2005, il Jimma Agricultural Mechanization Research Center (JAMRC) ha sviluppato, con l'assistenza della FAO, tecnologie prototipo per la decorticazione e spremitura dell'ensete.
L’ensete è economicamente importante solo in Etiopia. Dal 1997, anno in cui 167.900 ettari risultavano investiti ad ensete, l'area sarebbe aumentata del 46% e la resa di 12 volte, rendendolo la seconda specie coltivata in Etiopia[4][1].
L’ensete è coltivato per ottenere alimenti amidace dallo pseudostelo, dal cormo e dal gambo dell'infiorescenza: il kocho, la bulla e l’amicho. Una famiglia media, che dipende dall'ensete come coltura alimentare, coltiva da 200 a 400 piante, con un consumo annuo pro-capite medio del prodotto di 10 a 20 piante. Il prodotto più comune è il kocho, ottenuto dalla fermentazione della polpa, risultante dalla raschiatura dello pseudofusto e dalla schiacciatura del bulbo, avvolta in foglie e posta in una fossa interrata all'interno dell'orto domestico. La bulla si prepara dal liquido amidaceo ottenuto spremendo il composto. Le parti solide possono essere consumate dopo alcuni giorni di decantazione. Il procedimento dura diverso tempo e assorbe molto lavoro e può essere meccanizzato. Per il consumo, si prepara un impasto, da stendere in strato sottile per la cottura su una piastra riscaldata. La bulla si consuma anche come semolino. In alcune zone, il kocho è un alimento di prestigio per feste e cerimonie. 100 g. di kocho e di bulla freschi contengono da 48 a 51% di aqua, di 0,2% di proteina e forniscono da 171 a 225 calorie[5]
Le guaine fogliari forniscono fibre di buona qualità per la fabbricazione di corde, cesti, stuoie, sacchi, materassi e materiale da imballaggio. Ad alcune varietà si attribuiscono, inoltre, proprietà medicinali: per trattare le fratture, stimolare il travaglio o indurre l'aborto e curare l'epatite e altri disturbi del fegato. La pianta fornisce un foraggio del valore superiore a quello dei sottoprodotti di molte colture, le foglie contengono in media per 100 g di sostanza secca circa 12 g di proteina. Alcune specie sono coltivate come piante ornamentali [1][3].
La ripartizione del lavoro, dalla semina alla gestione post-raccolta è ben definita. Tradizionalmente, gli uomini sono responsabili dell’impianto, uomini e donne intervengono nel controllo delle infestanti, mentre le donne si occupano della maggior parte della raccolta e della lavorazione del prodotto, di maggiore assorbimento di lavoro. La pianta ha così meritato, a ragione, la definizione di Coltura delle donne. Spettano alle donne capofamiglia le decisioni relative all’epoca della raccolta e all’impiego del ricavato dalla vendita dei prodotti. L’adozione di tecnologie anche semplici di processamento potrebbe ridurre significativamente l’impegno fisico e i tempi di lavorazione, aumentando al contempo la resa e il valore del prodotto[6].
L’ensete sostiene la sicurezza alimentare di circa 20 milioni di persone ed ha meritato il titolo di Albero contro la fame, per la sua capacità di resistere alla siccità e ad altre avversità. Può essere raccolto in qualsiasi momento dell'anno e in qualsiasi fase, per diversi anni, mentre il suo amido disidratato può essere conservato per lunghi periodi. Capace di rese elevate con esigenze ridotte, può sostenere una popolazione più ampia per unità di superficie rispetto ai cereali. In quanto coltura perenne, non necessita dissodamento, previene l'erosione con la sua ampia chioma e migliora la fertilità del suolo[1][2].
L'ensete (Ensete ventricosum) è una pianta della famiglia Musaceae, nota anche come falso banano o pseudo-banano.
Nel 1991 il governo etiope ha dichiarato l'enset coltura nazionale. Coltivato per il contenuto di amido accumulato nel suo cormo, soprattutto da piccoli agricoltori, sostiene la sicurezza alimentare di circa 20 milioni di persone ed ha meritato il titolo di Albero contro la fame, soprattutto per la sua resistenza alla siccità. Può essere raccolto in qualsiasi momento dell'anno, per diversi anni. La pianta è definita Coltura delle donne per il ruolo preponderante delle donne nella maggior parte delle operazioni, in particolare della raccolta e della lavorazione del prodotto. L'estrazione dell'amido è un processo che richiede un notevole impegno di forza lavoro e l’adozione di tecnologie anche semplici di processamento potrebbe ridurre significativamente l’impegno fisico e i tempi di lavorazione, aumentando nel contempo la resa e il valore del prodotto.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Ensete ventricosum – gatunek rośliny z rodziny bananowatych (Musaceae). Roślina ozdobna, w Etiopii roślina uprawna. Rodzaj Ensete był wprowadzony w 1947 roku przez E.E. Cheesman (Kew Bulletin, 1947, 47), który zauważył że gatunki tego rodzaju znacznie różnią się od prawdziwych bananów (są monokarpicze, mają duże nasiona)[3].
Gatunek w naturze szeroko rozpowszechniony w Afryce: występuje w Etiopii, Kenii, Ugandzie, Tanzanii, Mozambiku, Republice Południowej Afryki i Demokratycznej Republice Konga. Rośnie w lasach, na polanach, często w pobliżu wąwozów i strumieni, pomiędzy 1000-2400 m n.p.m. Uprawiany jest na wysokości od 1600-3100 m, ale rozproszone rośliny można również znaleźć w niższych wysokościach.
W niektórych plemionach (np. Gourage) rośliny te nie są konsumowane, lecz używane do "karmienia Ziemi" – zakopywania zebranej żywności w głębokich jamach. Przysparza to rolnikom prestiżu – mogą w ten sposób pochwalić się obfitym zbiorem, czego nie zapewnia przechowywanie roślin w domu w celach konsumpcyjnych. Roślina ta dobrze znosi jednak przechowywanie pod ziemią, co bywa wykorzystywane w celu ochrony pożywienia w trakcie wrogich napadów. Żywność można szybko zakopać, a następnie odzyskać, po ustąpieniu zagrożenia, skutecznie chroniąc ją w ten sposób przed kradzieżą[5].
Duże ilości produktów wytwarzanych z tych roślin spożywane są przez dziewczynki w trakcie miesięcznych świąt ku czci Ddmwamwit. Rytuał ten ma zapewnić społeczności dobre zdrowie, w szczególności chroniąc przed grypą (nazywaną gumfa)[5].
Najpoważniejszą chorobą atakującą gatunek jest więdniecie bakteryjne wywoływane przez bakterię Xanthomonas campestris. Choroba ta atakuje rośliny na każdym etapie rozwoju i jest obecna niemal na wszystkich obszarach, gdzie są uprawiane. Obecne środki kontroli epidemii ograniczają się do wyrywania chorych roślin i sadzenia zdrowych, pochodzących z niezarażonych upraw. Podejrzewa się, że czynnikiem ułatwiającym infekcję jest wcześniejsze opanowanie korzeni przez nicienie z rodzaju Meloidogyne oraz Pratylenchus goodeyi. W celu ochrony przed nimi stosuje się płodozmian. W połączeniu z długotrwałymi suszami, epidemia więdnięcia bakteryjnego stała się powodem głodu w Etiopii.
W 2014 roku na uniwersytecie w Addis Abebie został uruchomiony projekt mający na celu opracowanie szczepu rośliny odpornego na zakażenie Xantomonas sp[6].[7]
Ensete ventricosum – gatunek rośliny z rodziny bananowatych (Musaceae). Roślina ozdobna, w Etiopii roślina uprawna. Rodzaj Ensete był wprowadzony w 1947 roku przez E.E. Cheesman (Kew Bulletin, 1947, 47), który zauważył że gatunki tego rodzaju znacznie różnią się od prawdziwych bananów (są monokarpicze, mają duże nasiona).
Ensete ventricosum, a falsa banana, é uma espécie do gênero Ensete e um parente próximo da banana.
É indígena em Etiópia, onde 20 milhões de pessoas o comem como alimento básico.[1]
Num clima de seca extrema, a planta é capaz de viver sete anos sem água. Além de atingir a maturação em cinco anos, cresce até 12 metros e tem potencial para se expandir e alimentar 100 milhões de africanos. Apesar de o fruto não ser comestível, os caules e raízes são usados para fazer papas e pão[2].
Ensete ventricosum, a falsa banana, é uma espécie do gênero Ensete e um parente próximo da banana.
É indígena em Etiópia, onde 20 milhões de pessoas o comem como alimento básico.
Num clima de seca extrema, a planta é capaz de viver sete anos sem água. Além de atingir a maturação em cinco anos, cresce até 12 metros e tem potencial para se expandir e alimentar 100 milhões de africanos. Apesar de o fruto não ser comestível, os caules e raízes são usados para fazer papas e pão.
Ensete ventricosum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Musaceae. Loài này được (Welw.) Cheesman mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1947.[2]
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Ensete ventricosum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Musaceae. Loài này được (Welw.) Cheesman mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1947.
分類 界 : 植物界 Plantae 門 : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta 綱 : 単子葉植物綱 Liliopsida 亜綱 : ショウガ亜綱 Zingiberidae 目 : ショウガ目 Zingiberales 科 : バショウ科 Musaceae 属 : エンセーテ属 Ensete 種 : エンセーテ E. ventricosum 学名 Ensete ventricosumエンセーテ（Ensete ventricosum）は、バショウ科エンセーテ属に属する植物。エチオピアバナナ、アビシニアバナナ、アビシニアバショウ[2]、ニセバナナとも呼ばれる。エチオピア南部の諸民族にとって重要な食糧作物であり、主食となっている。エンセーテ属には観葉植物は多いが、食用とされているのはほとんどこの種のみである。
エンセーテは多年生の植物であり、6m程度まで成長する[3] 。バナナに良く似た外観だが、バナナと違って実は大きくならず、代わりに茎がずっと太くなる[4] 。この茎と根茎にデンプンが多量に含まれ、エンセーテの主要可食部となっている。花は咲くが、咲いたあとは株が枯死してしまう。
近縁にあるバナナと違い、エンセーテは果実は食用ではなく、葉柄基部及び根茎に蓄えられたデンプンを主に食用とする。食糧作物としての利用タイプではサゴヤシに近い。さらにエンセーテの若い茎や葉は野菜として食用になり、葉は家畜のえさに、古い葉は、屋根や、袋やロープ、マットなどを作る繊維をとるために使われるなど、植物体の大半を利用することができ、捨てるところがほとんどない。最も重要な蓄積されたデンプンは、葉柄の場合かきとられて数週間かけて土中で発酵させてから食用とする。根茎の場合、皮をむいてから中のデンプンの多い部分を崩し、やはり土中で醗酵させて食用とする。醗酵したデンプンからは主にパンが作られ、また粥にして食べることもある[5]。エンセーテの根茎をそのまま蒸して食べる地域もある。また、エンセーテのデンプンからは酒も造られる。デンプンのほかに、エンセーテの咲く直前の花をすり潰す酒もあるが、エンセーテはめったに花を咲かせない上、開花したエンセーテは枯死してしまうため、この酒は材料をそろえることが難しく希少なものである。[6]
エンセーテはほとんどの穀物よりも単位面積当たりにおいて大きな食料供給力を持つ。250から375平方メートルの畑に植えられた40本から60本のエンセーテは、一家の5人から6人の人間を養うのに充分な食料を供給する。エンセーテはエチオピアで最も重要な根茎作物であり、人口の多い南部及び南西部において古くから主食として利用されてきた[7]。いつから栽培が始められたかについてはわかっていない[8]が、南部の主要民族であるグラゲ人やシダモ人（英語版）の食文化や経済におけるエンセーテの重要性については、17世紀前半のイエズス会宣教師であるヘロニモ・ロボによってはじめて記録された。[9]
野生のエンセーテは種子から成長するが、栽培種は蘖から苗を作り、畑に挿し木して栽培する。一本の木から最大で400個の苗を採取できる。1994年にはエチオピア全土で3,000 km²の栽培面積があり、1ヘクタールにつきほぼ10トンが収穫された。エンセーテはしばしばソルガムの間に混栽され、ゲデオ人はコーヒーの間に混栽している[10]。一本の木から40kgから50kgのデンプンが採取できるようになるまでには、3年から8年はかかる。このため、人々は成長段階の違うエンセーテを次々と畑に植え、いつでも木のどれかが利用可能な状態にしておく[11]。エンセーテは穀物よりも旱魃に強い。エンセーテ栽培地域においてはさまざまな品種のエンセーテが栽培されている。
多くの場合、穀物とともにガモ人、ゴファ人、いくつかのオロモ人グループ、ウォライタ人、グラゲ人、シダモ人などエチオピア南部の多くの民族の主食となっている[12]。エンセーテは2000万人の食糧を賄っているとされ、また生産性が高い上に土壌流出などの自然破壊も起こしにくい作物である。しかし、エンセーテの栽培面積は減少傾向にある。これは、エンセーテの換金性が低く、コーヒーやカルダモンなどの商業作物の栽培が徐々に主流となってきているためである。
エンセーテ（Ensete ventricosum）は、バショウ科エンセーテ属に属する植物。エチオピアバナナ、アビシニアバナナ、アビシニアバショウ、ニセバナナとも呼ばれる。エチオピア南部の諸民族にとって重要な食糧作物であり、主食となっている。エンセーテ属には観葉植物は多いが、食用とされているのはほとんどこの種のみである。
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