Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.

Cordyline fruticosa és una de les palmeres conegudes com a palmera de cabdell. No és una autèntica palmerasinó una planta dins al família de l'espàrrec (Asparagaceae).

És una planta llenyosa de fins a 4 m d'alt, les fulles fan de 30 a 60 cm de llargada. Fa inflorescències en forma de panícula i les flors són flairoses de groguenques a vermelloses i els fruits són baies.

És nativa del sud-est de l'Àsia tropical, Papua Nova Guinea, Melanèsia, nord-est d'Austràlia, l'Índic i parts de Polinèsia.No és nativa ni de Hawaii ni de Nova Zelanda però hi va ser introduïda pels polinesis.^[1][2]

Cultiu i usos

El seu rizoma és comestible i és ric en midó dolç. En la majoria dels idiomes polinesis la planta i les seves arrels reben el nom de tī.^[3]

De les fulles se'n fan vestits. El hula hawaià està fet d'aquesta planta. En el ball de Tonga anomenat sisi, també s'utilitza.^[4]

En l'espiritualitat hawaiana es creia que aquesta planta tenia un gran poder.

Les arrels d'aquesta planta componien les planxes de surf tradicionals al Hawaii a principis de segle XX.

Galeria

• Baies

Referències

Enllaços externs

• Flora of China: Cordyline fruticosa
• Sir Apenera Short, a former Cook Islands Queen's Representative (1990–2000) dressed in tī leaves. [1]
• Comparative Awareness: Modified Leaves of Cordyline fruticosa manifest at the same time with Poinsettia by Isidro T. Savillo.

Dračinka křovitá (Cordyline fruticosa) je stálezelená rostlina z čeledi chřestovité (Asparagaceae), dříve přiřazovaná do čeledí agávovité (Agavaceae) nebo Laxmanniaceae. Řadí se do rodu dračinka (Cordyline). Je to dřevina rostoucí do výšky 4 metrů, s listy dlouhými 30–60 centimetrů a širokými 5–10 cm na vrcholu dřevěného stonku. Vytváří 40–60 centimetrů dlouhou latu tvořenou malými vonnými květinami v nažloutlých až rudých barvách, ze kterých vznikají červené bobule.

Tato rostlina roste v tropických oblastech jihovýchodní Asie, Papuy-Nové Guineje, Melanésie, severovýchodní Austrálie, Indického oceánu a částech Polynésie. Přestože sama o sobě původně nerostla na Havaji nebo Novém Zélandu, vyskytuje se i zde, protože sem byla dovezena polynéskými obyvateli. Cordyline fruticosa je známá jako „zelná“ nebo „liliová palma“, rostlina Ti a dalšími jmény.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Cordyline fruticosa na anglické Wikipedii.

Externí odkazy

• Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Cordyline fruticosa ve Wikimedia Commons
• Taxon Cordyline fruticosa ve Wikidruzích

Hanjuang (baca: 'hanyjuang') (Cordyline fruticosa) nyaéta tutuwuhan kembangan ti kulawarga Laxmanniaceae, saméméhna diasupkeun kana kulawarga Agavaceae, nu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 4 m, panjang daunna 30–60 cm, kalawan lébar 5–10 cm. Kembangna semu konéng-beureum, nu gagangna panjang (40–60 cm), nu terus jadi buah laleutik kelir beureum. Ieu tutuwuhan téh pituin Asia Tenggara, Papua, Mélanésia, Australia kalér-ngétan, jeung sabagian Polinésia. Aya ogé di Hawai atawa Selandia Baru, tapi da beunang melak^[1].

Ku urang Sunda, ieu tutuwuhan sok dipelak di juru-juru wates tanah pikeun tanda, sedengkeun daunna sok dipaké mungkus rupa-rupa katuangan. Hasil panalungtikan nunjukkeun yén daun hanjuang boga watek antibaktéri^[2].

Sebutan séjén

• Convallaria fruticosa L. (basionim)
• Asparagus terminalis L. nom. illeg.
• Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth
• Cordyline terminalis var. ferra Baker
• Dracaena terminalis L. nom. illeg.
• Dracaena terminalis Rich.
• Terminalis fruticosa (L.) Kuntze

Galeri

• Kembang hanjuang

• Buah hanjuang

Rujukan

• Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris. Cordyline fruticosa. Dicutat 19 Séptémber 2007.

1. ↑ http://www.itfgs.org/htm/cordyline.htm
2. ↑ Chaerunisa AY, Alim Z, Supriyatna (2001). "Sifat biostatika pengemas makanan tradisional daun hanjuang (Cordyline fruticosa) dan daun tisuk (Hibiscus macrophyllus) dibandingkan dengan Nipagin-Nipazol". Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 130: 49-54.

Tumbu kaluar

• Flora of China: Cordyline fruticosa
• Sir Apenera Short, a former Cook Islands Queen's Representative (1990-2000) dressed in tī léaves. [1]

ko e sī tongotongo ʻi heʻene matala

Ko e sī ko e fuʻu ʻakau siʻi mo haʻane ngaahi foʻi lau lahi. Ko hono aka, kapau motuʻa ʻa e ʻakau, ʻoku mēlie ʻaupito.

ʻI onoʻaho naʻe vahavaheʻi ia ʻi he kāinga ʻo e Agavaceae pe Liliaceae, ʻoku teʻeki pau ʻa e kau saienisi. Pehē pē ʻoku toe lahi hano ʻuhinga tatau:

• Convallaria fruticosa L. (basionym)
• Asparagus terminalis L. (hingoa taʻefakalao)
• Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth (koeʻuhi haʻane ngāueʻaki he ʻā)
• Cordyline terminalis var. ferra Baker
• Dracaena terminalis L., Lam. (hingoa taʻefakalao)
• Dracaena terminalis Rich.
• Terminalis fruticosa (L.) Kuntze

Ngaahi faʻahinga kehekehe

• sī melo
• sī kula (lau kulokula, vakai ki he ʻata ʻi mataʻu)
• sī leʻa pe sī mataleʻa
• sī tongotongo (lau lanumata)
• sī kauvalu
• sī matani

Hingoa ʻi he ngaahi lea kehe

• kī (lea fakahauaiʻi)
• tī (lea fakamauli, lea fakahaʻamoa)
• ʻautī (lea fakatahisi, (ko e tī ko e aka pē)
• masawe (lea fakafisi)
• langue de femme (Réunion: ʻelelo ʻo e fefine)

Toe meʻa kehe

Ko e lau ʻoku ngāueʻaki he sisi, ko e teunga faiva.

Tataku

• Hokohoko ngaahi ʻakau; Vaʻa fekumi ngoue Vainī
• Tongan dictionary; C.M. Churchward
• Plants of Tonga; T.G. Yuncker; BPB bulletin 220, Honolulu 1959

Ing tukud pari (Cordyline fruticosa) metung yang evergreen a tanaman a manyampaga (flowering plant) king familia ning Asparagus, ing Asparagaceae, a balu ra kareng miayaliwang karaniwang lagyu, alimbawa Cabbage Palm, Good Luck Plant, Palm Lily, Ti Plant, Kī, La'i (Hawaiian), Tī Pore (Māori), Sī (Tongan), Lauti (Samoan), ampong ʻAutī (Tahitian) .

Sadya yang makabili kareng familiang Agavaceae ampong Laxmanniaceae (a pareu nang subfamilia ning Asparagaceae king sistemang APG III system). Metung yang tanaman a madutung (woody plant) a miraras king katas, a maki bulung a 30Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".60 cm (Template:Convert/in) (rarely Template:Convert/LoffAonD/Soff) kaba ampong Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAoffDbSon lapad king babo ning tangkeng madutung (woody stem). Manyampaga yang Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAoffDbSon kabang panicle da reng mangalating mabanglung manilo-nilo anggang malutung sampagang maging malutung bungang berry.

Katutubu ya king tropical o malisangan a mauli-aslagang Asia, Papua New Guinea, Melanesia, pangulu-aslagang Australia, ing Indian Ocean, ampong dake ning Polynesia. E ya katutubu king Hawaii o New Zealand, nun e dela re deng Polynesian a minalis karin.^[1][2]

Dalerayan

1. ↑ "Cultigens grown by Māori", Te Ara
2. ↑ "Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawai`i"

Cordyline fruticosa

Cordyline fruticosa (basa Bali: andong) inggih punika entikan sané mabunga saking kulawarga Asparagaceae. Cordyline fruticosa mawit saking Austronésia, Asia Kelod-Kangin miwah Oséania. Andong puniki entikan sané mabuat pisan ring budaya animis wong Austronésia miwah Papua ring Kapuloan Pasifik, Asia Kelod-Kangin miwah Papua Nugini. Andong katandur pinaka sumber ajengan, tamba, miwah iyas mawinan donnyané sané mancawarna.

Wasta

Kruna Proto-Melayu-Polinisia asil rékontruksi linguistik inggih punika *siRi. Ring basa-basa Austronésia modéren kruna sané kapanggih rumasuk síly ring basa Malagasy, sis ring basa Palau, tiin ring basa Chuuk, sī ring basa Tonga, tī ring basa Samoa, Tahiti miwah Maori lan kī ring basa Hawaii. Ring Filipina wastannyané sagilala (basa Tagalog), kilála utawi kilaa (basa Visaya lan Bikol). Kruna sagilala mawit saking kruna kuna Proto-Austronésia *kilala sané artosnyané kaweruhan mawinan entikan puniki kaanggén ring upacara agama.^[1][2]

Taksonomi

Cordyline fruticosa duk riin kasengguh masoroh kulawarga Agavaceae miwah Laxmanniaceae (sané mangkin makadadua kasengguh sub-family saking kulawarga Asparagaceae ring sistem APG III).

Wewidangan Kawedaran

Wewidangan kawedaran andong sané asli nénten kauningin nanging kasengguh mawit saking wewidangan jimbar, saking Bangladesh ngantos Asia Kelod-Kangin, Cino kidul, Taiwan, Nusantara, Nugini miwah Australi kalér. Morfologi sané pinih makuang-kudang wénten ring Nugini.^[3][4]

Wong Austronésia makta andong ka Oséania, ngantos Hawaii, Sélandia Anyar miwah Rapa Nui (Pulo Paskah).

Kawigunan

Ring Bali don andong katandur nampek désa miwah sanggah.^[5][6] Kawigunan don andong sané duk riin ketah ring upacara agamawi animis ring Nusantara, sampun ical sasampun rauhnyané agama Hindu, Buddha, Islam lan Kristen.^[7]

Pustaka

1. ↑ "The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress". Oceanic Linguistics Vol 52(2): 493-523.
2. ↑ "Tī". Te Mara Reo ~ The Language Garden.
3. ↑ Hinkle, Anya E. (May 2007). "Population structure of Pacific Cordyline fruticosa (Laxmanniaceae) with implications for human settlement of Polynesia". American Journal of Botany. 94 (5): 828–839
4. ↑ "Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant)". Invasive Species Compendium.
5. ↑ "Religion and Architecture in Premodern Indonesia". BRILL 2014.
6. ↑ "Plants Interwined with Culture". Botanic Gardens Conservation International.
7. ↑ ""INEDIBLE" TO "EDIBLE": FIREWALKING AND THE TI PLANT [CORDYLINE FRUTICOSA (L.) A. CHEV.]". Journal of the Polynesian Society Vol 109, No 4, kaca 371-400.

Cordyline fruticosa is an evergreen flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae. The plant is of great cultural importance to the traditional animistic religions of Austronesian and Papuan peoples of the Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Island Southeast Asia, and Papua New Guinea. It is also cultivated for food, traditional medicine, and as an ornamental for its variously colored leaves. It is identified by a wide variety of common names, including ti plant, palm lily, cabbage palm.

Description

Ti is a palm-like plant growing up to 4.5 metres (15 feet) tall^[2] with an attractive fan-like and spirally arranged cluster of broadly elongated leaves at the tip of the slender trunk. The leaves range from red to green^[2] and variegated forms. It is a woody plant with leaves 30–60 centimetres (12–24 inches) (rarely 75 cm or 30 in) long and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) wide at the top of a woody stem. It produces 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long panicles of small scented yellowish to red flowers that mature into red berries.

Taxonomy

Cordyline fruticosa was formerly listed as part of the families Agavaceae and Laxmanniaceae (now both subfamilies of the Asparagaceae in the APG III system).

Names

The reconstructed Proto-Malayo-Polynesian word for ti plant is *siRi. Cognates include Malagasy síly; Palauan sis; Ere and Kuruti siy; Araki jihi; Arosi diri; Chuukese tii-n; Wuvulu si or ti; Tongan sī; Samoan, Tahitian, and Māori tī; and Hawaiian kī. The names in some languages have also been applied to the botanically unrelated garden crotons (Codiaeum variegatum), which similarly have red or yellow leaves. The cognates of Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian *sabaqaŋ, similarly, have been applied to both garden crotons and ti plants.^[3][4]

In the Philippines, they are also known by names derived from the Proto-Austronesian *kilala, "to know", due to its use in divination rituals. Cognates derived from that usage include Tagalog sagilala; and Visayan and Bikol kilála or kilaa, though in Central Visayas, this plant is called ti-as.^[3] In New Zealand, the terms for ti were also transferred to the native and closely related cabbage tree (Cordyline australis), as tī kōuka.^[3]

Distribution and history

Its original native distribution is unknown, but it is believed to be native to the region from Bangladesh, to Mainland Southeast Asia, South China, Taiwan, Island Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Northern Australia. It has the highest morphological diversity in New Guinea and is believed to have been extensively cultivated there.^[5][6]

It was carried throughout Oceania by Austronesians, reaching as far as Hawaii, New Zealand (including the Kermadec Islands), and Easter Island at their furthest extent. A particularly important type of ti in eastern Polynesia is a large green-leafed cultivar grown for their enlarged edible rhizomes. Unlike the ti populations in Southeast Asia and Near Oceania, this cultivar is almost entirely sterile in the further islands of eastern Polynesia. It can be propagated only by cuttings from the stalks or the rhizomes. It is speculated that this was the result of deliberate artificial selection, probably because they produce larger and less fibrous rhizomes more suitable for use as food.^[5][7][8]

It was introduced to Europe as a houseplant in 1771.^[9]

Uses

Religious

Ti has many uses but it is most notable as one of the most important plants related to the indigenous animist religions of Austronesians. It is very widely regarded as having mystical or spiritual powers in various Austronesian (as well as Papuan) cultures. Among a lot of ethnic groups in Austronesia it is regarded as sacred. Common features include the belief that they can hold souls and thus are useful in healing "soul loss" illnesses and in exorcising against malevolent spirits, their use in ritual attire and ornamentation, and their use as boundary markers. Red and green cultivars also commonly represented dualistic aspects of culture and religion and are used differently in rituals. Red ti plants commonly symbolize blood, war, and the ties between the living and the dead; while green ti plants commonly symbolize peace and healing.^{[10][11][12][7]} They are also widely used for traditional medicine, dye, and ornamentation throughout Austronesia and New Guinea.^[13] Their ritual uses in Island Southeast Asia have largely been obscured by the introduction of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity, but they still persist in certain areas or are coöpted for the rituals of the new religions.^[10]

In Philippine anitism, ti were commonly used by babaylan (female shamans) when conducting mediumship or healing rituals. A common belief in Filipino cultures is that the plant has the innate ability to host spirits. Among the Ifugao people of Northern Luzon, it is planted around terraces and communities to drive away evil spirits as well as mark boundaries of cultivated fields. The red leaves are believed to be attractive to spirits and is worn during important rituals as part of the headdresses and tucked into armbands. In the past, it was also worn during ceremonial dances called bangibang, which was performed by both men and women for warriors who died in battle or through violent means. They are also used to decorate ritual objects.^{[14][15][16][17]} Among the Palaw'an people, it is planted in burial grounds to prevent the dead from becoming malevolent spirits.^[18] In Indonesia, red ti are used similarly as in the Philippines. Among the Dayak, Sundanese, Kayan, Kenyah, Berawan, Iban and Mongondow people, red ti are used as wards against evil spirits and as boundary markers. They are also used in rituals like in healing and funerals and are very commonly planted in sacred groves and around shrines.^[10][19] The Dayak also extract a natural green dye from ti.^[20] During healing rituals of the Mentawai people, the life-giving spirit are enticed with songs and offerings to enter ti stems which are then reconciled with the sick person.^[21] Among the Sasak people, green ti leaves are used as part of the offerings to spirits by the belian shamans.^[20] Among the Baduy people, green ti represent the body, while red ti represent the soul. Both are used in rice planting rituals. They are also planted on burial grounds.^[22][23] Among the Balinese and Karo people, ti plants are planted near village or family shrines in a sacred grove.^[24][25] Among the Toraja people, red ti plants are used in rituals and as decorations of ritual objects. They are believed to occur in both the material and the spirit worlds (a common belief in Austronesian animism). In the spirit world, they exist as fins and tails of spirits. In the material world, they are most useful as guides used to attract the attentions of spirits. The red leaves are also symbolic of blood and thus of life and vitality.^[26][27][28] Among the Ngaju people, ti plants were symbolic of the sacred groves of ancestors. They were also important in ritual promises dedicated to high gods. They were regarded as symbolic of the masculine "Tree of Life", in a dichotomy against Ficus species which symbolize the feminine "Tree of the Dead".^[10]

In New Guinea, ti are commonly planted to indicate land ownership for cultivation and are also planted around ceremonial men's houses. They are also used in various rituals and are commonly associated with blood and warfare.^[29][30][31] Among the Tsembaga Maring people, they are believed to house "red spirits" (spirits of men who died in battle). Prior to a highly ritualized (but lethal) warfare over land ownership, they are uprooted and pigs are sacrificed to the spirits. After the hostilities, they are re-planted in the new land boundaries depending on the outcome of the fight. The men involved ritually place their souls into the plants. The ritual warfare have been suppressed by the Papua New Guinea government, but parts of the rituals still survive.^[12][32] Among the Ankave people, red ti is part of their creation myth, believed as having arisen from the site of the first murder.^[33] Among the Mendi and Sulka people they are made into dyes used as body paint, and their leaves are used for body adornments and purification rituals.^[34] Among the Nikgini people, the leaves have magical abilities to bring good luck and are used in divination and in decorating ritual objects.^[35] Among the Kapauku people, ti plants are regarded as magical plants and are believed to be spiritual beings themselves. Unlike other magical plants which are controlled by other spirits, ti plants had their own spirits and are powerful enough to command other spiritual beings. Red plants are used in white magic rituals, while green plants are used in black magic rituals. They are also commonly used in protection and warding rituals. Among the Baktaman people, red plants are used for initiation rites, while green plants are used for healing. The Ok-speaking peoples also regard ti plants as their collective totem.^[10]

In Island Melanesia, ti are regarded as sacred by various Austronesian-speaking peoples and are used in rituals for protection, divination, and fertility.^[10] Among the Kwaio people, red ti are associated with feuding and vengeance, while green ti are associated with ancestor spirits, markers of sacred groves, and wards against evil. The Kwaio cultivate these varieties around their communities.^[36] Among the Maenge people of New Britain, ti leaves are worn as everyday skirts by women. The color and size of leaves can vary by personal preference and fashion. New cultivars with different colors are traded regularly and strands of ti are grown near the village. Red leaves can only worn by women past puberty. Ti is also the most important plant in magic and healing rituals of the Maenge. Some ti cultivars are associated with supernatural spirits and have names and folklore around them.^[37] In Vanuatu, Cordyline leaves, known locally by the Bislama name nanggaria, are worn tucked into a belt in traditional dances like Māʻuluʻulu, with different varieties having particular symbolic meanings. Cordylines are often planted outside nakamal buildings.^[38] In Fiji, red ti leaves are used as skirts for dancers and are used in rituals dedicated to the spirits of the dead. They are also planted around ceremonial buildings used for initiation rituals.^[10]

In Micronesia, ti leaves are buried under newly built houses in Pohnpei to ward of malign sorcery.^[29] In instances of an unknown death, shamans in Micronesia communicate with the dead spirit through ti plants, naming various causes of death until the plant trembles.^[7] There is also archaeological evidence that the rhizomes of the plants were eaten in the past in Guam prior to the Latte Period.^[39]

In Polynesia, green ti were cultivated widely for food and religious purposes. They are commonly planted around homes, in sacred places (including marae and heiau), and in grave sites. The leaves are also carried as a charm when traveling and the leaves are used in rituals that communicate with the species. Like in Southeast Asia, they are widely believed to protect against evil spirits and bad luck; as well as having the ability to host spirits of dead people, as well as nature spirits.^[5][7][40]

In ancient Hawaiʻi the plant was thought to have great spiritual power; only kahuna (shamans) and aliʻi (chiefs) were able to wear leaves around their necks during certain ritual activities. Ti was sacred to the god of fertility and agriculture Lono, and the goddess of the forest and the hula dance, Laka. Ti leaves were also used to make lei, and to outline borders between properties it was also planted at the corners of the home to keep evil spirits away. To this day some Hawaiians plant tī near their houses to bring good luck. The leaves are also used for lava sledding. A number of leaves are lashed together and people ride down hills on them. The leaves were also used to make items of clothing including skirts worn in dance performances. The Hawaiian hula skirt is a dense skirt with an opaque layer of at least fifty green leaves and the bottom (top of the leaves) shaved flat. The Tongan dance dress, the sisi, is an apron of about 20 leaves, worn over a tupenu, and decorated with some yellow or red leaves.^[41][42][43]

In Aotearoa, certain place names are derived from the use and folklore of ti, like Puketī Forest and Temuka. The ti plants in Kaingaroa are known as nga tī whakāwe o Kaingaroa ("the phantom trees of Kaingaroa"), based on the legend of two women who were turned into ti plants and seemingly follow people traveling through the area.^[40]

Other uses

Ti tree as wedding decorations in Cirebon, Javanese culture

The roots and young leaves can be cooked and eaten as survival food. The leaves can make a rain cloak.^[2] The plants are also widely used for traditional medicine, dye, and ornamentation throughout Austronesia and New Guinea.^[13]

Cordyline fruticosa flowers are a traditional treatment for asthma, and their anthocyanin content has been assessed to see if they might be commercial herbal remedy.^[44]

In the Philippines, the roots were used to flavor the traditional intus sugarcane wines of the Lumad people of Mindanao.^[45]

In Polynesia, the leaves of the green-leafed form are used to wrap food, line earth ovens and fermentation pits of breadfruit, and their rhizomes harvested and processed into a sweet molasses-like pulp eaten like candy or used to produce a honey-like liquid used in various sweet treats. In Hawaii, the roots mixed with water and fermented are also distilled into an alcoholic beverage known as okolehao.^{[5][40][46][47]} Fibers extracted from leaves are also used in cordage and in making bird traps.^[40] The consumption of ti as food, regarded as a sacred plant and thus was originally taboo, is believed to have been a daring innovation of Polynesian cultures as a response to famine conditions. The lifting of the taboo is believed to be tied to the development of the firewalking ritual.^[10]

Ti is a popular ornamental plant, with numerous cultivars available, many of them selected for green or reddish or purple foliage.

See also

• Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
• Samoan plant names

References

Cordyline fruticosa (planta Ti, Polinesia, umu ti, Francia), es una especie fanerógama siempreverde en la familia Liliaceae, anteriormente tratada en las familias Agavaceae y Laxmanniaceae.

Floración del ti

Drupas del ti

Ilustración

Descripción

Es planta leñosa creciendo hasta 4 m de altura, con hojas de 3-6 dm (raramente 8 dm) de longitud y 5-10 cm de ancho al tope de un tallo leñoso. Produce panículas de 4-6 dm de longitud con flores aromáticas, amarillentas a rojiza que maduran a drupas o bayas de color vinosas.

Distribución

Es nativa del Asia tropical del sudeste, Papúa Nueva Guinea, Melanesia, noreste de Australia, el océano Índico, y partes de Polinesia. No es nativo de Hawái ni de Nueva Zelanda pero existe en esas islas como importante maleza introducida por colonos polinesios.^[1]​ C. fruticosa es conocida con una gran variedad de nombres comunes como palma cabbage, planta de la buena suerte, palma lirio, planta Ti, kī (idioma hawaiano), sī (idioma tongano), ʻautī.

Cultivo y usos

La especie está expandida desde sus áreas nativas hacia toda la Polinesia por los granjeros. Su almidón y rizomas, que son muy dulces al madurar la planta, se comen tanto como alimento como medicina, y sus hojas se usan para tejados de paja en las cubiertas de casas, y para resguardar alimento almacenado. Tanto planta como raíces están bien explicitadas en la mayoría de los idiomas polinesios como tī.

Las hojas también se usaban para confeccionar indumentaria como faldas empleadas en danzas. La falda hawaiana hula es muy densa con una capa opaca de al menos 50 hojas verdes y en su puntas con deshoje. En cambio, el vestido de danza tongano: sisi, tiene 20 hojas, sobre una falda tupenu, y decorado con algunas hojas amarillas o rojas (ver imagen en Māʻuluʻulu).^[1]​

En el antiguo Hawaiʻi la planta poseía grandes poderes espirituales; solamente altos dignatarios sacerdotales y jefes estaban capacitados para vestir sus hojas alrededor de sus cuellos durante ciertas actividades rituales. Las hojas de Ti también se usaban para hacer las guirnaldas de collar lei, cuidando de limitar sus propiedades (de allí su nombre binomial alternativo: terminalis). Se considera que poseer una planta hawaiana de Ti cerca de los hogares da buena suerte. También las hojas se usan para deslizarse por las laderas rocosas, y en la antigüedad tenía también un contenido espiritual.

Las raíces de Ti se usaron como una cubierta de los surfboards en Hawái a principios de 1900s.

Es una popular planta ornamental, con numerosos cultivares, muchos seleccionados por sus vivos follajes verdosos a rojizos, hasta purpúreos.

En Hawái, sus rizomas se fermentan y se destilan para hacer okolehao: un licor.

Taxonomía

Cordyline fruticosa fue descrita por (L.) A.Chev. y publicado en Catalogue des plantes du Jardin botanique de Saigon 66. 1919.^[2]​

Etimología

Cordyline: nombre genérico que deriva de la palabra griega kordyle que significa "maza" o "porra", en referencia a los tallos subterráneos o agrandamiento de los rizomas.^[3]​

fruticosa: epíteto latino que significa "arbustivo".^[4]​

Sinonimia

• Lista de Sinónimos^[5]​^[6]​

Véase también

• Historia de la Botánica
• Terminología descriptiva de las plantas
• Descripción de las asparagáceas

Referencias

Bibliografía

1. Correa A., M.D., C. Galdames & M. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.
2. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2000. Flora of China (Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae). 24: 1–431. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
3. Grayum, M. H. 2003. Asteliaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 296.
4. Lott, E. J. & A. García-Mendoza. 1994. 4. Cordyline Comm. ex R. Br. 6: 37. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Fl. Mesoamer.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F.
5. Stevens, W. D., C. Ulloa Ulloa, A. Pool & O. M. Montiel Jarquín. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: i–xlii,.

Cordyline fruticosa, également appelé Épinard hawaïen, Ti ou Auti en Polynésie Française, Nouvelle-Zélande, Tonga et Samoa, Cordyline à la Réunion et en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Langue de femme à la Réunion encore et Roseau des Indes ou Foulard en Guadeloupe et en Martinique, est un arbuste aux feuilles persistantes de la famille des Agavacées.

Description

Cordyline fruticosa

Il peut atteindre 4-5 m de haut.

C'est une monocotylédone, donc sans ramifications secondaires.

Les feuilles sont lancéolées, de 30 à 50 cm de long. Comme leur durée de vie est brève, elles sont plus denses près du sommet de la tige où elles sont encore jeunes, formant une sorte de houppe. Ces feuilles peuvent être entièrement vertes, mais l'intérêt décoratif réside dans le fait qu'il existe de nombreuses variétés à feuilles rouges ou rayées de rouge, voire d'autres couleurs (jaune en particulier).

Répartition

Son origine géographique est l'Asie et l'Océanie, mais elle a été diffusée dans toutes les régions tropicales et subtropicales.

Utilisation

Un Umuti (four pour la cuisson des racines de Ti) à Huahine (Tahiti).

Cette espèce est culturellement très importante à Hawaï, où elle est appelée « ki » et possède des pouvoirs protecteurs dans les croyances locales.
En Polynésie Française, elle est généralement utilisée pour fabriquer des costumes traditionnels.

En Nouvelle-Calédonie, dans la culture kanak, la cordyline rouge, ou verte (dans une moindre mesure), est associée au mythe d'origine et au sacré. On y enveloppe les monnaies dans ses feuilles^[2].

La racine de cette espèce peut être consommée^[2].

Noms scientifiques synonymes

• Asparagus terminalis L.
• Convallaria fruticosa L.
• Cordyline fruticosa Göpp.
• Cordyline terminalis Kunth
• Cordyline terminalis var. ferra (L.) Baker
• Dracaena terminalis L.
• Dracaena terminalis Lam.
• Dracaena terminalis Rich.
• Terminalis fruticosa (L.) Kuntze

Références

Cordyline fruticosa adalah tanaman hias dari keluarga Asparagaceae, yang berasal dari austronesia, Asia Tenggara dan Oseania.^[1] Tanaman ini secara lokal dikenal sebagai tanaman andong, pohon ti, atau hanjuang.

Nama lain

Nama daerah untuk tanaman Cordyline fruticosa ini di antaranya adalah Bak Juang (Aceh), Linjuang (Medan), Tumjuang (Palembang), Hanjuang (Sunda), Andong (Jawa Tengah), Kayu Urip (Madura), Andong (Jakarta), Endong (Bali), Renjuang (Dayak), Endong (Nusa Tenggara), Tabango (Gorontalo), Palili (Makasar), Panjureng (Bugis), dan Weluga (Ambon).^[2]

Galeri

• Pohon hanjuang Cordyline fruticosa di Pilangsari, Kedawung, Cirebon

• Pohon hanjuang Cordyline fruticosa

• Tanaman Hias Hanjuang atau Andong (Cordyline fruticosa)

• Pohon Ti/Hanjuang sebagai dekorasi acara pernikahan di Wotgali, Plered, Cirebon

• Pohon Ti/Hanjuang sebagai dekorasi acara pernikahan di Wotgali, Plered, Cirebon

Referensi

Lihat pula

• Cordyline

Pranala luar

Kordylina krzewiasta, maczużnia graniczna^[3] (Cordyline fruticosa) – gatunek z rodziny szparagowatych. Według niektórych źródeł pochodzi z Nowej Gwinei^[4], podczas gdy inne wskazują wyspy na Pacyfiku tylko jako prawdopodobną ojczyznę tego gatunku, którego pochodzenie trudno ustalić jednoznacznie z powodu szerokiego rozprzestrzenienia przez człowieka^[5]. Roślina jest uprawiana w całej strefie międzyzwrotnikowej^[5], zwłaszcza na tropikalnych obszarach Azji i Polinezji^[4], w różnych miejscach ucieka z upraw i dziczeje^[5]. Strefy mrozoodporności: 10-11^[4]. W uprawie znajduje się wiele odmian.

Kwiatostany

Morfologia

Pokrój

Roślina krzewiasta, słabo rozgałęziona lub o łodydze pojedynczej, osiągającej 3 m wysokości i 3 cm średnicy^[5] (według niektórych źródeł do 7 m wysokości^[3]), odgałęzienia ukośne^[3].

Liście

Naprzemianległe i ogonkowe (ogonek długości 10-30 cm^[5]), skupione na końcach pędów, o długości od 20 do 60 cm i szerokości do 12 cm. Użyłkowanie pierzaste, z nerwami bocznymi odchodzącymi pod kątem ostrym. Wiązka centralna wyraźna. Blaszka liściowa jest podłużnie pasiasta, zielona do różnobarwnej, zwłaszcza u odmian uprawnych kolorowa – różowa, czerwona i purpurowa^[3]. Nasada liścia obejmuje łodygę i inne nasady liści. Koniec blaszki zaostrzony^[5].

Kwiaty

Zebrane w wielokwiatowe kłosy o długości do 20 cm, a te z kolei w wiechę długości do 60 cm. Kwiaty drobne (do 15 mm), od białych po czerwono-fioletowe, o delikatnym zapachu^[3]. Wyrastają na krótkich szypułkach (do 4 mm długości), wspartych 3 błoniastymi przysadkami. Listki okwiatu zrośnięte u dołu w rurkę, górne ich końce są zaokrąglone, wzniesione lub odwinięte. Pręciki zwykle nie wystają poza rurkę^[5].

Owoc

Okrągła ciemnoczerwona jagoda o średnicy 8 mm, zwykle z 1 nasieniem^[3].

Zastosowanie

• W Polinezji i Azji Południowo-Wschodniej tradycyjnie sadzona wokół domostw w celu odpędzenia złych duchów^[3].
• Na wyspach Polinezji korzenie, zawierające 20 % cukru, były głównym produktem żywnościowym. Wytwarza się z nich również napoje alkoholowe^[3].
• Ponieważ liście nie kurczą się po wyschnięciu, używane są do wyplatania mat, tradycyjnych "spódniczek z trawy" itp.^[3]
• Na wyspach Polinezji liście wykorzystuje się do wytwarzania girland lei^[3].

Przypisy

Bloddracena (Cordyline fruticosa) är en växtart i familjen trådliljeväxter från tropiska Sydostasien, Australien och Hawaii. Bloddracena odlas ibland som krukväxt i Sverige.

Synonymer

• Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth
• Dracaena glauca anon.

Referenser

Webbkällor

• Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas

Tryckta källor

• Walters, S.M. (1986). The European Garden Flora, Vol. 1. Pteridophyta; Gymnospermae; Angiospermae — Alismataceae to Iridaceae. ISBN 0-521-24859-0

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Bloddracena.
  Bilder & media

Huyết dụ đỏ hay phát dụ, long huyết (danh pháp khoa học: Cordyline fruticosa var. tribcolor) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Măng tây. Loài này được (L.) A.Chev. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1919.^[2]

Hình ảnh

Công dụng

Giúp cầm máu

• Chữa chứng sốt xuất huyết (kể cả các xuất huyết dưới da): Lá huyết dụ tươi 30g, trắc bá sao đen 20g, cỏ nhọ nồi 20g. Sắc uống ngày 1 thang, chia 2 – 3 lần.
• Chữa ho ra máu, chảy máu cam và chảy máu dưới da: Lá huyết dụ tươi 30g, trắc bá diệp sao cháy 20g, cỏ nhọ nồi 20g, sắc uống ngày 1 thang, chia 2 – 3 lần.
• Chữa ho ra máu: Lá huyết dụ 10g, rễ rẻ quạt 8g, trắc bách diệp sao đen 4g, lá thài lài tía 4g, tất cả phơi khô, sắc uống ngày 1 thang, chia 2 – 3 lần.
• Chữa các loại chảy máu (kể cả xuất huyết tử cung, tiêu chảy ra máu): Lá huyết dụ tươi 40 – 50g (nếu sử dụng lá khô, hoa khô lượng chỉ bằng nửa lá tươi), sắc uống ngày 1 thang, chia 2 – 3 lần. Không dùng cho phụ nữ sau khi nạo thai hoặc đẻ sót rau.
• Chữa bạch đới, khí hư, lỵ, rong huyết, viêm dạ dày, viêm ruột, trĩ nội, hậu môn lở loét ra máu: Huyết dụ tươi 40g, lá sống đời (lá bỏng) 20g, xích đồng nam (lá băn) 20g, sắc uống ngày 1 thang, chia 2 – 3 lần.
• Chữa đi tiểu ra máu: Lá huyết dụ tươi 20g, rễ cây rang 10g, lá lẩu 10g, lá cây muối 10g, lá tiết dê 10g. Tất cả rửa sạch để ráo nước, giã nát vắt lấy nước cốt uống.
• Chữa vết thương hay phong thấp đau nhức: Dùng huyết dụ (cả lá, hoa, rễ) 30g, huyết giác 15g, sắc uống ngày 1 thang, chia 2 – 3 lần.
• Chữa rong kinh, băng huyết: Lá huyết dụ tươi 20g, rễ cỏ tranh 10g, đài tồn tại của quả mướp 10g, rễ cỏ gừng 8g. Thái nhỏ cho 300ml nước sắc còn 100ml, chia 2 lần uống trong ngày. Hoặc lá huyết dụ tươi 20g, cành tử tô 10g, hoa cau đực 10g, tóc một ít đốt thành than, thái nhỏ, trộn đều sao vàng rồi sắc uống ngày 1 thang, chia 2 – 3 lần.
• Chữa kiết lỵ: Lá huyết dụ tươi 20g, cỏ nhọ nồi 12g, rau má 20g, giã nát cho vào chút nước vắt lấy nước cốt uống ngày 2 lần.

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Cây huyết dụ: Thảo dược chữa cầm máu hiệu quả http://www.caythuoc.vn/cay-huyet-du-thao-duoc-chua-cam-mau-hieu-qua.html
• Phương tiện liên quan tới Cordyline fruticosa tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Cordyline fruticosa tại Wikispecies
• Vườn thực vật hoàng gia Kew; Đại học Harvard; Australian Plant Name Index (biên tập). “Cordyline fruticosa”. International Plant Names Index. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2013.

Bài viết liên quan phân họ thực vật Nolinoideae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

Ствол Cordyline fruticosa

Вид был распространен из своего родного ареала по всей Полинезии как культурное растение. Его крахмалистые корневища, очень сладкие у созревших растений, применяются в пищу или используются как лекарство в качестве антисептика и мочегонного средства. Листья применяют для приготовления пищи, например кулоло. Листья кордилины также использовались как материал для кровли домов и для обертывания и хранения пищи, а также для изготовления предметов одежды, в том числе юбок, которые надевали для традиционных танцевальных представлений.

В древности гавайцы считали, что растение обладает большой духовной силой. Из листьев изготавливались леи, которые могли носить вокруг шеи только кахуна (первосвященники) и алии (вожди) во время определенных ритуальных действий. Растение высаживали на границах участка и расставляли по углам дома для отпугивания призраков. По сей день некоторые гавайцы сажают кордилину у своих домов, чтобы принести удачу.

Объединив несколько листьев вместе, можно сделать приспособление для катания с холмов и горок.

Примечания

朱蕉（学名：Cordyline fruticosa）为天门冬科朱蕉属下的一个种，又名紅葉鐵樹。

参考文献

扩展阅读

この項目では、リュウゼツラン科の植物について説明しています。フトモモ科の植物については「ティーツリー」をご覧ください。

Aletris chinensis Lam.
Asparagus terminalis L.
Convallaria fruticosa L.
Cordyline jacquinii (L.) Kunth
Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth
Cordyline terminalis var. ferrea (L.) Baker
Dracaena ferrea L.
Dracaena terminalis L.
Taetsia ferrea Medik.
Taetsia fruticosa (L.) Merr.
Taetsia fruticosa var. ferrea Standl.
Taetsia terminalis (L.) W. Wight ex Saff. ^[1]

ティ－（英語: Ti Tree）は学名をCordyline fruticosaとする、リュウゼツラン科（APG IIIではキジカクシ科）コルディリネ属に属する植物で、背の高い喬木で、広い葉「ティー・リーフ」を有する。葉はハワイのフラの踊り手のスカートなどに使われている。

概要[編集]

ティ－の木はハワイ語ではキー（ki）またはライー（la'i）と呼ばれ、学名をCordyline fruticosaとするリュウゼツラン科コルディリネ属（キジカクシ科）に属する植物で、背の高い喬木で、広い葉「ティー・リーフ」（ti leaf）を有する。もともとはパプアニューギニア、ポリネシアなどの南洋諸島の原産で、ハワイ諸島にはポリネシアからの移民によってもたらされたと考えられている。 ^[2]

ティーの地下茎は少し甘い食用に供され、葉はラウラウなどの料理にも使われ、カヌーの綱、衣服としても利用されて、ハワイのフラの踊り手のスカート（ライー・スカート）にも使われている。^[3]

古代ハワイではティーは神聖のものと考えられていて、その葉を笹の葉の大きさに切って整えてから編んだレイはカフナ（神官）、アリイ（王族）階級のみに許されていた。

関連項目[編集]

• ハワイの歴史
• コルディリネ属

脚注[編集]

1. ^ ^{a b} Cordyline fruticosa Tropicos
2. ^ キー／ティー（ハワイの花・植物・野鳥図鑑)
3. ^ ティー・リーフ