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Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Camassia quamash is highly variable morphologically. Although there tend to be distinct geographical variants, here recognized as subspecies following F. W. Gould (1942), there is much overlap among them. The subspecific status of these taxa is retained to highlight the extreme morphological variability and geographical patterns within the species. A detailed biosystematic study of this complex is needed.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 304 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Bulbs seldom clustered, globose, 1–5 cm diam. Leaves usually fewer than 10, 1–6 dm × 4–20 mm. Inflorescences 20–80 cm; sterile bracts absent, bracts subtending flowers usually equaling or exceeding pedicel. Flowers usually zygomorphic, sometimes actinomorphic; tepals withering separately or connivent over capsules after anthesis, long-persistent on fruiting racemes, blue or bluish violet, each 3–9-veined, 12–35 × 1.5–8 mm; anthers usually yellow, sometimes bluish violet, violet, or brown, 2.5–7 mm; fruiting pedicel mostly incurving-erect, occasionally spreading-erect, 5–70 mm. Capsules not deciduous, pale green to pale brown, ovoid, 6–19 mm. Seeds 5–10 per locule. 2n = 30.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 304 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
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eFloras

Synonym ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Phalangium quamash Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 226. 1814
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 304 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
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eFloras

Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: forb

small camas
blue camas
camas
camas lily
common camas
quamash
western camas


TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of small camas is Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene
(Liliaceae) [8,12,13,25]. Recognized subspecies are as follows [13,24]:

Camassia quamash subsp. azurea (A. Heller) Gould
Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora Gould
Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia Gould
Camassia quamash subsp. linearis (Pursh) Greene
Camassia quamash subsp. maxima Gould
Camassia quamash subsp. quamash
Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis (Pursh) Greene, Utah's small camas
Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei (Piper) Gould, Walpole's small camas


LIFE FORM:
Forb

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY





DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Camassia quamash
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Small camas is distributed from southern British Columbia and
southwestern Alberta east to Montana and south to California, Idaho,
Utah, and Wyoming [3,4]. An introduced population occurs near Haines,
Alaska [16].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Small camas is distributed from southern British Columbia and
southwestern Alberta east to Montana and south to California, Idaho,
Utah, and Wyoming [3,4]. An introduced population occurs near Haines,
Alaska [16].



Distribution of small camas. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, January 29] [24].

licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Because growth and flowering occur in spring and early summer,
short-interval fires in spring or early summer would probably reduce
small camas populations.

Northwest Coast Indians reportedly set fires annually. This optimized
small camas production by maintaining an open prairie [20,21].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, grassland

In the Intermountain region and the northern Rocky Mountains, small
camas is usually found in mountain grassland and prairie communities.
West of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada crest, it occurs in both forest and
grassland types [10,13,22].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: forb

Forb
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Small camas decreases under sheep grazing [22].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: cover

Small camas flowers from May to July, depending upon elevation and snow
cover [4,9,12]. Leaves die and seeds are dispersed from late May to
August [22].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of small camas is Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene
(Liliaceae) [8,12,13,25]. Recognized subspecies are as follows [13,24]:

Camassia quamash subsp. azurea (A. Heller) Gould
Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora Gould
Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia Gould
Camassia quamash subsp. linearis (Pursh) Greene
Camassia quamash subsp. maxima Gould
Camassia quamash subsp. quamash
Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis (Pursh) Greene, Utah's small camas
Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei (Piper) Gould, Walpole's small camas
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Camassia quamash. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Spiselig kamassia ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Spiselig kamassia (Camassia quamash) er en løgplante, der har sit hjemsted i det nordvestlige USA, hvor den tjente den oprindelige befolkning som føde.

Dens klaser af blå, stjerneformede blomster gør den til en god, men ret ukendt haveplante.

Beskrivelse

Spiselig kamassia er en flerårig, urteagtig løgplante med grundstillede blade og en opret, blomsterbærende stængel. Bladene er linjeformede med tydelig køl og bølget, men hel rand. Begge bladsider er grågrønne.

Blomstringen foregår i maj-juli, hvor man finder blomsterne 10-30 sammen i endestillede stande. De enkelte blomster er stjerneformede, 3-tallige og regelmæssige med lyseblå til violette blosterblade. Frugterne er trekantet-ægformede kapsler med mange frø.

Rodsystemet består af det kugleformede løg og de mange, grove trævlerødder, der udgår derfra.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 0,50 x 0,25 m (50 x 25 cm/år).

Hjemsted

Spiselig kamassia har sin naturlige udbredelse fra det sydvestlige Canada (Alberta og British Columbia) til det nordvestlige og vestlige USA (Idaho, Montana, Oregon, washington, Wyoming, Californien, Nevada og Utah), hvor den findes i lysåbne, til let skyggede engdrag, ofte højt oppe i Rocky Mountains. Planten fortrækker et let skygget voksested med en fugtig og næringsrig jordbund.

I det økologiske reservat, Mount Tzuhalem, som ligger på Vancouver Island, nordøst for Duncan, findes der rester af en oprindelig skov, domineret af oregoneg og douglasgran. Her vokser arten i bunden sammen med bl.a. alm. mahonie, Brodiaea coronaria (en art af trillinglilje), californisk hejre, Carex inops (en art af star), Dodecatheon hendersonii (en art af gudeblomst), Elymus glaucus (en art af kvik), hvid snebær, Lomatium utriculatum (en art i Skærmplante-familien), mangeblomstret frytle, Plectritis congesta (en art i baldrian-familien), Sanicula crassicaulis (en art af sanikel), Trifolium oliganthum (en art af Kløver) samt mosarterne Dicranum scoparium, Polytrichum juniperinum og Rhacomitrium canescens[2]




Noter

  1. ^ Blandt gartnere kaldes planten - som det også er tilfældet i Tyskland - "Spiselig Prærielilje"
  2. ^ Wayne Erickson: Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) Plant Communities and Ecosystems in southwestern British Columbia(engelsk), grundig gennemgang af plantesamfund, der kan forbindes med Oregon-Eg
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Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
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Spiselig kamassia: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Spiselig kamassia (Camassia quamash) er en løgplante, der har sit hjemsted i det nordvestlige USA, hvor den tjente den oprindelige befolkning som føde.

Dens klaser af blå, stjerneformede blomster gør den til en god, men ret ukendt haveplante.

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direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Essbare Prärielilie ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Essbare Prärielilie (Camassia quamash, Syn.: Phalangium quamash Pursh), auch Quamash genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart, die zur Gattung Prärielilien (Camassia) in der Unterfamilie der Agavengewächse (Agavoideae) gehört.

Beschreibung

Die Essbare Prärielilie ist eine ausdauernde krautige Pflanze, die eine Wuchshöhe von 20 bis 80 cm erreichen. Dieser Geophyt bildet kugelige Zwiebeln als Überdauerungsorgane aus, die einen Durchmesser zwischen 1 und 5 cm aufweisen. Die meist weniger als zehn Laubblätter sind gekielt, zuweilen blaugrün gefärbt und stehen in einer grundständigen Rosette. Sie sind 10 bis 60 cm lang und 4 bis 20 mm breit.

Es werden traubige Blütenstände gebildet. Die meist 10 bis 35 (4 bis 58) Blüten sind zwittrig, meist zygomorph oder seltener radiärsymmetrisch und dreizählig. Es sind sechs gleichgestaltige Blütenhüllblätter vorhanden, deren Farben zwischen hellen und sehr dunklen Blautönen variieren; sie sind 12 bis 35 mm und 1,5 bis 8 mm breit. Es sind sechs freie Staubblätter vorhanden. Die Staubbeutel sind meist gelb, manchmal bläulich violett, violett oder braun. Drei Fruchtblätter sind zu einem oberständigen Fruchtknoten verwachsen. Der Griffel ist fadenförmig und die Narbe ist dreilappig. Die Blütezeit reicht von Mai bis Juli.

Die eiförmigen Kapselfrüchte trocknen auch bei Reife nicht vollkommen, sind hellgrün bis hellbraun, 6 bis 19 mm lang und enthalten 15 bis 30 Samen. Die schwärzlichen Samen sind 2 bis 4 mm groß.

Verbreitung

Die Essbare Prärielilie kommt im westlichen Nordamerika vor. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet sind die Bundesstaaten British Columbia und Alberta in Kanada, sowie Kalifornien, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah und Wyoming in den Vereinigten Staaten. Sie wächst in feuchten Wäldern, Wiesen und an Ufern und ist bis in Höhenlagen von 3300 Metern zu finden.

Bedeutung für den Menschen

Der Name Quamash stammt aus der Sprache der Nez Perce und bezeichnet die essbare Zwiebel.[1] Diese Zwiebeln wurden von den Indianern der Nordwestküste gesammelt und dienten der Ernährung. Dazu wurden sie gedörrt, geröstet, gedünstet oder gekocht, wie etwa bei den Cree und Blackfoot, vor allem aber bei den Küsten-Salish-Stämmen. Getrocknet ließen sie sich lange aufbewahren und dienten als Wintervorrat.[2] Die Zwiebeln können allerdings auch roh gegessen werden. An der pazifischen Küste war Camassia quamash ein wichtiges Handelsgut, vor allem der Küsten-Salish, das bis nach Kalifornien und Alaska gebracht und getauscht wurde. Getrocknet und gemahlen diente sie außerdem als Bindemittel für Teige.[3]

Selten wird die Essbare Prärielilie auch als Zierpflanze für Rabatten, Steingärten und Naturgärten genutzt. Sie ist seit spätestens 1826 in Kultur. Es gibt einige Sorten (Auswahl):

  • 'Orion': Die Blüten sind reinviolett.
  • 'Blue Melody': Die Blüten sind blau, die Blätter weißbunt.

Unterarten

Es gibt acht Unterarten[4]:

  • Camassia quamash subsp. azurea (A.Heller) Gould: Sie kommt im nordwestlichen Washington vor.[4]
  • Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora Gould: Sie kommt von Washington bis zum nordöstlichen Kalifornien vor.[4]
  • Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia Gould: Sie kommt nur im südwestlichen Oregon vor.[4]
  • Camassia quamash subsp. linearis Gould: Sie kommt nur im westlichen Kalifornien vor.[4]
  • Camassia quamash subsp. maxima Gould: Wächst auf feuchten Wiesen, Feldern und an felsigen Küsten in Höhenlagen zwischen 0 und 600 Metern British Columbia, Oregon und Washington.
  • Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene subsp. quamash: Wächst auf feuchten Wiesen in Höhenlagen zwischen 300 und 2500 Metern in Alberta, British Columbia; Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
  • Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis Gould: Sie kommt in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming und Utah vor.[4]
  • Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei (Piper) Gould: Sie kommt nur im südwestlichen Oregon vor.[4]

In Kanada gibt es nur drei Unterarten: In British Columbia kommen nur die Unterarten Camassia quamash subsp. quamash, Camassia quamash subsp. maxima und Camassia quamash subsp. azurea vor, in Alberta nur Camassia quamash subsp. quamash.[5]

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Vgl. (PDF, 80 kB): Alan H. Hartley: The Inland Etymology of Camas, 2001 (Memento vom 25. Dezember 2011 im Internet Archive), 25. November 2011.
  2. Native American Ethnobotany Database (Memento des Originals vom 20. Januar 2009 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/herb.umd.umich.edu, University of Michigan
  3. Vgl. etwa den Aufsatz über den Beacon Hill Park in Victoria: Janis Ringuette, Beacon Hill Park History 1842-2004 (Memento vom 20. August 2007 im Internet Archive).
  4. a b c d e f g Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Camassia quamash - Datenblatt bei World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Zuletzt eingesehen am 13. September 2016.
  5. Vgl. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plants Profile, Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene „small camas“.

Weblinks

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Essbare Prärielilie: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Essbare Prärielilie (Camassia quamash, Syn.: Phalangium quamash Pursh), auch Quamash genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart, die zur Gattung Prärielilien (Camassia) in der Unterfamilie der Agavengewächse (Agavoideae) gehört.

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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

Camassia quamash ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Camassia quamash, commonly known as camas, small camas,[1] common camas,[2] common camash[3] or quamash, is a perennial herb. It is native to western North America in large areas of southern Canada and the northwestern United States.

Description

It is a perennial herbaceous monocot with grasslike leaves emerging from a persistent bulb[4] in a basal rosette. The stems are between 30 and 90 centimetres (12 and 35 inches) long.

The pale blue to deep blue flowers appear in late spring to early summer (May to June in their native habitat). They are arranged in a raceme at the end of the stem. Each of the radially symmetrical, star-shaped flowers[5] has six tepals, about 2.5 cm (1 in) across, and six stamens.[4]

The plant and its bulbs are similar to the toxic white-flowered meadow death-camas (which is not in Camassia, but part of the genus Toxicoscordion, which grows in the same areas).[6][7]

Taxonomy

C. quamash subsp. maxima

There are eight subspecies;[8]

  • Camassia quamash subsp. azurea – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. linearis – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. maxima – small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. quamash – common camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis – Utah small camas
  • Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei – Walpole's small camas

Synonyms

The superseded name for Camassia quamash subsp. quamash, Camassia esculenta (Nutt.) Lindl.,[9] should not be confused with the superseded name Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob., (nom. illeg.) for Camassia scilloides.[10]

Etymology

The genus name comes from the Nez Perce Indian name for this plant, and means "sweet".[5] Qém'es, a term for the plant's bulb, which was gathered and used as a food source by tribes in the Pacific Northwest, and were an important food source for the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806).[5] The bulbs are or were harvested and pit-roasted or boiled by women of the Nez Perce,[4] Cree, and Blackfoot tribes.

Distribution and habitat

C. quamash subsp. maxima, Skagit County, Washington

The species is native to western North America in large areas of southern Canada and the northwestern United States, from British Columbia and Alberta to California and east from Washington state to Montana and Wyoming.

Though the once-immense spreads of camas lands have diminished because of modern developments and agriculture, numerous camas prairies and marshes may still be seen today. In the Great Basin, expanded settlement by whites accompanied by turning cattle and hogs onto camas prairies greatly diminished food available to native tribes and increased tension between Native Americans and settlers and travelers.[11] Both the Bannock and Nez Perce Wars began after Nez Perce became incensed at the failure of the US government to uphold treaties, and at settlers who plowed up their camas prairies, which they depended on for subsistence.[12][13][14][15]

Cultivation

This bulbflower naturalizes well in gardens. The bulb grows best in well-drained soil high in humus. It will grow in lightly shaded forest areas and on rocky outcrops as well as in open meadows or prairies. Additionally it is found growing alongside streams and rivers. The plants may be divided in autumn after the leaves have withered. Additionally the plant spreads by seed rather than by runners.

Uses

Camas is grown as an ornamental plant. Even in the wild, large numbers of camas can color an entire meadow blue-violet.

Food

The bulbs of Camassia species are edible and nutritious when roasted or boiled,[16] but should not be confused with the toxic white-flowered meadow death-camas; the bulbs are difficult to distinguish.[6][7]

Camas has been a food source for many native peoples in the western United States and Canada. After being harvested in the autumn, once the flowers have withered, the bulbs are pit-roasted or boiled.[17] The latter produced a syrup.[18] A pit-cooked camas bulb looks and tastes something like baked sweet potato, but sweeter, and with more crystalline fibers due to the presence of inulin in the bulbs—an oligosaccharide responsible for the copious flatulence caused by excessive consumption or consumption of undercooked bulbs. Bulbs can also be dried and pounded into flour, which can be used for baking or as a thickener.[19][20] Native American tribes who ate camas include the Nez Perce, Cree, Coast Salish, Lummi, and Blackfoot tribes, among many others. Camas bulbs contributed to the survival of members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–06).

Camas bulbs (and bannock made from them) are listed in the Ark of Taste.[21][22]

References

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Camassia quamash". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  2. ^ Kozloff, Eugene N. (2005). Plants of Western Oregon, Washington & British Columbia. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-88192-724-5.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 80. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  5. ^ a b c Karen Wiese, Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, p.22
  6. ^ a b Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing, 1994, pp. 108-109, ISBN 978-1-55105-040-9
  7. ^ a b Karen Wiese, Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, p.170
  8. ^ World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  9. ^ World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Camassia esculenta (Nutt.) Lindl.
  10. ^ World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob.
  11. ^ The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre, Brigham D. Madsen, foreword by Charles S. Peterson, University of Utah Press (1985, paperback 1995), trade paperback, 286 pages, ISBN 0-87480-494-9
  12. ^ Clute, Willard Nelson (1907). The American botanist, devoted to economic and ecological botany, Volumes 11-15. W.N. Clute & co. p. 98.
  13. ^ Mathews, Daniel (1999). Cascade-Olympic Natural History: a trailside reference. Raven Editions. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-9620782-1-7.
  14. ^ Native American History: The Bannock War Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  15. ^ Brimlow, George Francis. Harney County and Its Range Land, 1951, Binfords & Mort, Portland, Oregon, p. 102ff.
  16. ^ Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 196.
  17. ^ Freedman, Robert Louis (1976). "Native North American Food Preparation Techniques". Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1973-1979). Pan American Institute of Geography and History. 38 (47): 131. JSTOR 43996285., s.v. Camas Salish
  18. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 595. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  19. ^ Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 0415927463.
  20. ^ Doherty, Craig A.;Doherty, Katherine M. Plateau Indians, Infobase Publishing, 2008, p.42, ISBN 978-0-8160-5971-3
  21. ^ Camas Bulbs, Ark of Taste, Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity
  22. ^ Quamash Bannock, Ark of Taste, Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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wikipedia EN

Camassia quamash: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Camassia quamash, commonly known as camas, small camas, common camas, common camash or quamash, is a perennial herb. It is native to western North America in large areas of southern Canada and the northwestern United States.

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Camassia quamash ( Francês )

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Camassia quamash est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Asparagaceae, appelée camas commune, petite camas ou jacinthe des Indiens. C'est une plante vivace herbacée originaire de l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord. C'est une plante comestible, également cultivée comme plante ornementale. À l'état sauvage, un grand nombre de camas peuvent colorer une prairie entière en bleu-violet.

Étymologie

Le nom quamash qui signifie "doux" vient du nom donné au bulbe de la plante en Nez-percé en raison de son goût sucré.

Distribution

Sud du Canada et nord-ouest des États-Unis, Colombie-Britannique et de l'Alberta à la Californie et à l'est des États de Washington, du Montana et du Wyoming.

Description

Se développant à partir d'un bulbe, les tiges du Camassia ont une longueur comprise entre 30 cm et 90 cm. Les feuilles sont basales et ont un aspect analogue à du gazon.

Les fleurs bleu pâle à bleu profond poussent en grappe à l'extrémité de la tige de mai à juin. Chacune des fleurs en forme d'étoile à symétrie radiale a six pétales.

Confusions possibles dans son habitat naturel

 src=
Prairie mêlant Camas commune (Camassia quamash) et Mort de camas (Toxicoscordion venenosum)

On peut facilement les confondre avec des plantes de la famille des Melanthiaceae. Comme celles du genre Toxicoscordion (en) et d'autres genres approchants. Par exemple, les espèces de Zigadenus ou Toxicoscordion qui sont surnommées « Quamash de la mort » en raison de leur forte toxicité.

Classification

L'espèce a été décrite en 1813 sous le basionyme de Phalangium quamash par le botaniste germano-américain Frederick Traugott Pursh (1774-1820), puis recombinée dans le genre Camassia en 1894 par l'américain Edward Lee Greene (1843-1915).

En classification phylogénétique APG IV (2016), comme en classification phylogénétique APG III (2009), elle fait partie de la famille des Asparagaceae. En classification classique de Cronquist (1981) elle faisait partie de celle des Agavaceae.

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) (19 mars 2019)[3] :

  • sous-espèce Camassia quamash subsp. azurea (A.Heller) Gould (1942)
  • sous-espèce Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora Gould (1942)
  • sous-espèce Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia Gould (1942)
  • sous-espèce Camassia quamash subsp. linearis Gould (1942)
  • sous-espèce Camassia quamash subsp. maxima Gould (1942)
  • sous-espèce Camassia quamash subsp. quamash
  • sous-espèce Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis Gould (1942)
  • sous-espèce Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei (Piper) Gould (1942)

Utilisation

Autrefois surtout utilisée comme ressource alimentaire par les amérindiens sédentaires[4], elle est aussi cultivée comme plante ornementale. C'est une bonne fleur pour bouquets.

Plante alimentaire

Alors que le bulbe de camas est comestible, il peut parfois se développer avec des espèces qui ont des bulbes similaires, mais extrêmement toxiques.

Les bulbes de Camas ont été une source alimentaire pour beaucoup de peuples indigènes de l'ouest des États-Unis et du Canada. Cependant, toutes les autres parties de la plante sont toxiques. Après avoir été récoltés à l'automne, une fois que les fleurs sont fanées, les bulbes peuvent être consommés crus mais sont généralement grillés ou bouillis. Ils ont un goût de patate douce, mais plus doux en raison de la présence d'inuline dans les bulbes (comme pour le topinambour). On peut également faire sécher les bulbes pour en faire de la farine. Celle-ci entrait notamment dans la composition traditionnelle de la bannique.

Les bulbes de Camas ont contribué à la survie des membres de l'expédition Lewis et Clark (1804-1806).

Les Nez-Percés, les Cris et les Blackfoot utilisaient le bulbe comme une source de nourriture rôtie ou bouillie dans le Nord-Ouest Pacifique.

Bien que les paysages immenses de camas aient diminué aujourd'hui en raison de l'évolution moderne de l'agriculture, de nombreuses prairies de camas peuvent encore être vues aujourd'hui. Dans le grand Bassin des États-Unis, l'installation des Blancs et de leur bétail pâturant sur les prairies de camas a fortement diminué la nourriture disponible pour les tribus indigènes et a instauré une tension accrue entre les colons américains et les Autochtones.

Culture

 src=
Champ de Camassia quamash.

Ce bulbe se naturalise bien dans les jardins notamment en sol bien drainé et riche en humus. Il pousse bien sous un léger ombrage forestier, en zones rocheuses ainsi qu'en prés ou prairies ouvertes et près des rivières mais supporte mal la sécheresse même si sa floraison se termine en juin avant les fortes chaleurs.

Planter en automne à 10 cm de profondeur en espaçant les bulbes de 20 cm. Paillez en hiver dans les régions aux hivers rudes. La vivace revient chaque année de plus en plus vigoureuse avec des inflorescences de plus en plus abondantes.

Les plantes peuvent être divisées en automne tous les 3 ans, après que les feuilles ont fané. En outre, la plante se propage bien par semis mais prévoir 4 à 5 ans avant la première floraison.

Les pucerons et les limaces peuvent attaquer le Camassia mais ils ne créent presque pas de dégâts car la plante est très résistante.

Ses bulbes ont l'avantage de ne pas être dévorés par les rongeurs et peuvent donc rester en place.

Notes et références

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Camassia quamash: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Camassia quamash est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Asparagaceae, appelée camas commune, petite camas ou jacinthe des Indiens. C'est une plante vivace herbacée originaire de l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord. C'est une plante comestible, également cultivée comme plante ornementale. À l'état sauvage, un grand nombre de camas peuvent colorer une prairie entière en bleu-violet.

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original
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wikipedia FR

Camassia quamash ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La camassia comune o quamash (Camassia quamash Lindl., 1832) è una pianta perenne erbacea della famiglia Asparagaceae, originaria dell'ovest dell'America settentrionale.[1]

Il termine quamash viene dal nome dato al bulbo della pianta in lingua nasi forati. Molte tribù della zona della costa del Pacifico nord-occidentale tra cui i Nez-Percé, i Cree e la Confederazione dei Piedi Neri, utilizzavano i bulbi, arrostiti o bolliti, come una delle loro principali fonti di nutrimento.

Descrizione

 src=
Il frutto della quamash contiene numerosi grani neri.

I fiori, di colore da blu pallido a blu profondo, crescono in grappoli alla fine dello stelo. Ogni fiore, ha forma stellata, a simmetria radiale, con sei petali.

Gli steli hanno una lunghezza compresa tra 30 e 90 cm. Le foglie hanno un aspetto analogo a quello dell'erba.

Benché la quamash sia commestibile e nutritiva, a volte, essa si sviluppa insieme a specie di Toxicoscordion e altri generi, che hanno bulbi simili, ma che sono estremamente tossici.

Coltura

Camassia quamash non è solo una pianta commestibile, viene anche coltivata come pianta ornamentale, infatti, anche in natura, un gran numero di quamash possono colorare una prateria di blu-violetto.

Questo bulbo si adatta bene nei giardini specialmente se il suolo è ben drenato e ricco di humus. Cresce bene anche all'ombra leggera, nelle zone rocciose o nei prati aperti e vicino ai fiumi.

Usi

 src=
Campo di Quamash

Il quamash è stato una fonte alimentare per molti popoli indigeni dell'ovest degli Stati Uniti e del Canada. Dopo essere stati raccolti in autunno, dopo che i fiori sono seccati, i bulbi vengono grigliati o bolliti. Hanno un gusto simile alla patata dolce, ma più dolce per la presenza d'inulina (come per i topinambour). Si possono ugualmente fare seccare i bulbi per ottenerne della farina.

Questi bulbi hanno contribuito alla sopravvivenza dei membri della spedizione di Lewis e Clark (1804-1806).

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Camassia quamash, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 10 novembre 2021.

 title=
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Camassia quamash: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La camassia comune o quamash (Camassia quamash Lindl., 1832) è una pianta perenne erbacea della famiglia Asparagaceae, originaria dell'ovest dell'America settentrionale.

Il termine quamash viene dal nome dato al bulbo della pianta in lingua nasi forati. Molte tribù della zona della costa del Pacifico nord-occidentale tra cui i Nez-Percé, i Cree e la Confederazione dei Piedi Neri, utilizzavano i bulbi, arrostiti o bolliti, come una delle loro principali fonti di nutrimento.

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Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia IT

Camassia quamash ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Camassia quamash, (Pursh) é uma espécie do género botânico Camassia pertencente à família Agavaceae.[1] É uma herbácea perene monocotiledónea, nativa do oeste da América do Norte.

O nome quamash provém do nome dado ao bolbo da planta pelos ameríndios Nez Perce. Os Nez Perce, os Cree e os Blackfoot utilizavam o bolbo como alimento, cozido ou assado. O fruto contém muitos grãos negros. Os bolbos desta planta contribuíram para a sobrevivência dos membros da expedição de Lewis e Clark (1804-1806).

É presentemente usada também como planta ornamental.

Referências

  1. «Camassia quamash». Bases de dados de PLANTS. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Consultado em 1 de fevereiro de 2013

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Camassia quamash: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Camassia quamash, (Pursh) é uma espécie do género botânico Camassia pertencente à família Agavaceae. É uma herbácea perene monocotiledónea, nativa do oeste da América do Norte.

O nome quamash provém do nome dado ao bolbo da planta pelos ameríndios Nez Perce. Os Nez Perce, os Cree e os Blackfoot utilizavam o bolbo como alimento, cozido ou assado. O fruto contém muitos grãos negros. Os bolbos desta planta contribuíram para a sobrevivência dos membros da expedição de Lewis e Clark (1804-1806).

É presentemente usada também como planta ornamental.

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wikipedia PT

Camassia quamash ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Camassia quamash là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Măng tây. Loài này được (Pursh) Greene mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1894.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Camassia quamash. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2013.

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Camassia quamash: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Camassia quamash là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Măng tây. Loài này được (Pursh) Greene mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1894.

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Камассия квамаш ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Lilianae
Порядок: Спаржецветные
Семейство: Спаржевые
Подсемейство: Агавовые
Вид: Камассия квамаш
Международное научное название

Camassia quamash
(Pursh) Greene (1894)

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
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ITIS 42883NCBI 205718EOL 1086647GRIN t:400195IPNI 30019006-2TPL kew-301849

Камассия квамаш, или Камассия съедобная (лат. Camassia quamash) — луковичное травянистое многолетнее растение, вид рода Камассия (Camassia) подсемейства Агавовые (Agavoideae).

Ботаническое описание

Луковица шаровидная или широкояйцевидная, 1—5 см в диаметре[2][3].

Листья приземистые[уточнить], линейные, с нижней стороны более светлые, 15—60 см длиной и 0,4—2 см шириной[2][3].

Соцветие кистевидное, содержащее 15—25 цветков, иногда до 35. Цветоножки 0,5—1,5 см, иногда до 3 см длиной. Прицветники обычно равны или длиннее цветоножек. Цветки обычно зигоморфные, иногда актиноморфные, сине-фиолетовые, голубые или белые до 5 см диаметром[4][5][2][3].

Плод — продолговато-яйцевидная коробочка длиной 0,8—2,5 см, плотно прижата к оси кисти; в гнезде пять—десять семян. Семена чёрные, 0,2—0,4 см длиной[2].

Набор хромосом 2n = 30[3].

Распространение и экология

Произрастает на горных лугах таёжной зоны запада Северной Америки. Ареал вида с севера на юг: от провинций Британская Колумбия и Альберта в Канаде до штата Калифорния в США, на востоке ареал доходит до штатов Монтана, Вайоминг и Юта.

Хозяйственное значение и применение

Луковица съедобная[5][2][3].

Систематика

Подвиды

В пределах вида выделяют около 8 подвидов[6][7].

  • Camassia quamash subsp. azurea (A.Heller) Gould — штат Вашингтон.
  • Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora Gould — штаты Вашингтон, Орегон, Калифорния и Невада.
  • Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia Gould — штат Орегон.
  • Camassia quamash subsp. linearis Gould — штат Калифорния.
  • Camassia quamash subsp. maxima Gould — штаты Вашингтон, Орегон и провинция Британская Колумбия в Канаде
  • Camassia quamash subsp. quamash — штаты Вашингтон, Орегон, Айдахо, Монтана, Вайоминг, и провинций Британская Колумбия и Альберта.
  • Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis Gould — штаты Айдахо, Монтана, Вайоминг и Юта.
  • Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei (Piper) Gould — штат Орегон.

Синонимы

По информации базы данных The Plant List (2013), в синонимику вида входят следующие названия[8]

Камассия квамаш является синонимом Camassia esculenta (Nutt.) Lindl., (1832)[10][11]. Но не является синонимом для Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob., (1908), которая является синонимом Camassia scilloides (Raf.) CoryКамассия пролесковая[12].

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 ЭДСР.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 efloras.
  4. Артюшенко, 1963.
  5. 1 2 Аксёнов, 2000.
  6. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
  7. ITIS Standard Report Page: Camassia quamash
  8. Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene — The Plant List
  9. Tropicos | Name - Quamasia quamash (Pursh) Coville
  10. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
  11. IPNI Plant Name Details
  12. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
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Камассия квамаш: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Камассия квамаш, или Камассия съедобная (лат. Camassia quamash) — луковичное травянистое многолетнее растение, вид рода Камассия (Camassia) подсемейства Агавовые (Agavoideae).

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