Comments
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Inglês
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fornecido por eFloras
J. D. Freeman (1975) considered that Trillium chloropetalum differs from T. albidum in having introrse (not latrorse) anther sacs, and that the purple pigments present on anther and ovary tissue here are absent in T. albidum. In some places, hybridization between the two certainly has occurred, and a complete range of intergrades exists.
This species merits further study. The following varieties are only weakly differentiated and perhaps ought to be dropped.
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Description
(
Inglês
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fornecido por eFloras
Rhizomes ± erect, brownish, somewhat compressed-thickened, superficially bulblike, praemorse, not brittle. Scapes 1–3, green, round in cross section, 2–6.5 dm, robust. Bracts held well above ground, sessile (narrowing of bract blade may give bract subsessile appearance); blade densely to weakly mottled in dark brownish green, mottling becoming more obscure to absent as bract matures, broadly ovate, 7–17.6 × 7.4–17.7 cm, not glossy, apex obtuse-rounded. Flower erect, odor roselike, spicy; sepals spreading-ascending above bracts, green, lanceolate, 35–65 × 7–12 mm, margins entire, flat, apex obtusely rounded; petals long-lasting, erect, connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary, yellow, bronze, maroon, brown, deep purple, reddish brown, pink, dark purplish red, purplish bronze, rarely greenish white, not spirally twisted, veins not engraved, oblanceolate to obovate, 6.5–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, thick-textured, base cuneate, margins entire, apex variably acute to almost truncate, erose; stamens erect, purplish, 17–26 mm; filaments purple, ca. 4 mm, widest at base, much shorter than anther sacs; anthers erect, straight, ± purple-brown, 13–22 mm, dehiscence introrse; connectives purple, straight, extended ca. 1–1.5 mm beyond anther sacs; ovary purple, ovoid, 6-angled, 6–12 mm; stigmas small, divergent or erect, distinct, purple, subulate, 4–8 mm, not fleshy. Fruits red-purple, fragrance not reported, ovoid, obscurely 6-angled, 2.5–3 cm, pulpy, juicy. 2n = 10.
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Synonym
(
Inglês
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fornecido por eFloras
Trillium sessile Linnaeus var. chloropetalum Torrey, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5): 151. 1857; T. giganteum (Hooker & Arnott) A. Heller var. chloropetalum (Torrey) R. R. Gates
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Trillium chloropetalum
(
Azerbaijano
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fornecido por wikipedia AZ
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Trillium chloropetalum: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Trillium chloropetalum (lat. Trillium chloropetalum) — melantkimilər fəsiləsinin trillium cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Trillium chloropetalum
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Trillium chloropetalum, also known as giant trillium,[4] giant wakerobin,[5] or common trillium,[6] is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is endemic to the western U.S. state of California, being especially frequent in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.
Description
Trillium chloropetalum is a perennial, clump-forming herbaceous plant with a thick underground rhizome. Like all trilliums, it has a whorl of three bracts (leaves) and a single trimerous flower with 3 sepals, 3 petals, two whorls of 3 stamens each, and 3 carpels fused into a single ovary with 3 stigmas.[7] Since its flower has no stalk, T. chloropetalum belongs to subgenus Sessilia, the sessile-flowered trilliums. It is one of the largest of all Trillium species, with a scape (stem) from 20 to 70 cm (7.9 to 27.6 in) long. The bracts are broadly ovate, 7 to 21 cm (2.8 to 8.3 in) long and 7 to 18 cm (2.8 to 7.1 in) wide, usually with brownish mottling but sometimes unmottled. Petal color is highly variable, typically ranging from pale greenish yellow to greenish bronze (or purplish green) to dark purple. A variety that lacks yellow pigments has petal colors ranging from white to reddish-purple. The flower petals enclose purple stamens, 15 to 30 mm (0.59 to 1.18 in) long, and a purple ovary. Flowering occurs from late February to early April.[4][8][9]
In the San Francisco Bay Area, a white-petaled form of T. chloropetalum is often confused with T. albidum, which also has white petals. The former is distinguished by the purple pigment in its anther connective tissue, a character lacking in T. albidum.[10]
Taxonomy
In 1856, John Torrey described Trillium sessile var. chloropetalum based on a specimen collected by John Milton Bigelow two years earlier in the "redwoods" of California.[11][12] At the time, Bigelow was exploring the valleys and tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, but the precise original location of his specimen remains unknown. In 1903, Thomas Jefferson Howell described the species Trillium chloropetalum based on Torrey's variety.[13][14] The epithet chloropetalum means "green-petaled".[15]: 105
In 1975, John Daniel Freeman published an influential revision of subgenus Sessilia that included the description of a new species Trillium albidum J.D.Freeman and a completely new circumscription of Trillium chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell.[16] By separating out white-flowered T. albidum, Freeman was able to provide a rational circumscription of T. chloropetalum that includes the following taxa:
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Trillium chloropetalum var. chloropetalum
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Trillium chloropetalum var. giganteum (Hook. & Arn.) Munz
The petals of T. chloropetalum var. chloropetalum always show yellow pigments but these are often masked by purple or other pigments.[17] In contrast, the petals of T. chloropetalum var. giganteum lack yellow pigments altogether.[18] The former is characterized by the green-petaled form described by Torrey while the latter includes a white-flowered form of T. chloropetalum distinguished from T. albidum by the presence of dark purple stamens and carpels.
Freeman's treatment of Trillium chloropetalum is widely (if not universally) accepted.[19][4][2][5] Some authorities consider Trillium chloropetalum var. giganteum to be a synonym for Trillium chloropetalum, but even those authorities cite Freeman.[8]
Distribution and habitat
Trillium chloropetalum is endemic to California. Some authorities claim the species ranges across ten California counties, from Monterey County on the central California coast to Lake County in the north central part of the state:[4][9]
- Alameda, Contra Costa, Lake, Marin, Monterey, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Sonoma
Other authorities claim that T. chloropetalum has a broader range that extends northward to Siskiyou County or southward to Santa Barbara County.[6][8][20]
T. chloropetalum is found at the edges of redwood forests and chaparral, usually on moist slopes, canyon banks, and alluvial soils.[9]
Uses
The variety Trillium chloropetalum var. giganteum, with its deep maroon flower petals, gained the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1993.[21][22]
Gallery
Variety chloropetalum with yellowish-green petals (March 17 in Marin County, CA)
See also
Bibliography
References
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^ "Trillium chloropetalum". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
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^ a b "Trillium chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
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^ "Trillium chloropetalum var. giganteum (Hook. & Arn.) Munz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
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^ a b c d Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium chloropetalum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 7 March 2022 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
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^ a b USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Trillium chloropetalum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
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^ a b "Trillium chloropetalum". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
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^ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 29 March 2023 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
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^ a b c McNeal, Dale W.; Ness, Bryan D. (2012). "Trillium chloropetalum". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
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^ a b c Freeman (1975), pp. 52–55.
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^ Freeman (1975), p. 51.
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^ "Trillium sessile var. chloropetalum Torr.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
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^ Torrey, John (1856), Report on the botany of the expedition (Part V), Description of the general botanical collections (No. 4), Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, vol. IV: Route near the thirty-fifth parallel, explored by lieutenant A. W. Whipple, topographical engineers, in 1853 and 1854, Washington, D.C.: Department of War, p. 151, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.41563, OCLC 12125612, retrieved 7 March 2022
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^ "Trillium chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
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^ Howell, Thomas (1903), A Flora of Northwest America, vol. 1, Portland, Oregon, p. 661, retrieved 7 March 2022
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^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
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^ Freeman (1975), pp. 48–55.
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^ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium chloropetalum var. chloropetalum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 7 March 2022 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium chloropetalum var. giganteum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 7 March 2022 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ Case & Case (1997), pp. 164–170.
-
^ "Trillium chloropetalum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
-
^ "Trillium chloropetalum var. giganteum". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
-
^ "Ornamentals AGM Plants March 2020" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. p. 112. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
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Trillium chloropetalum: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Trillium chloropetalum, also known as giant trillium, giant wakerobin, or common trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is endemic to the western U.S. state of California, being especially frequent in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.
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Trillium chloropetalum
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Trillium chloropetalum est une plante herbacée, vivace et rhizomateuse de la famille des Liliaceae (classification classique) ou des Melanthiaceae (classification APG II, 2003).
Description
Cette plante originaire de l’ouest des États-Unis fleurit au printemps dans les forêts de pente fraîches, le maquis et les plaines alluviales. Les pétales de 3,5 à 7,5 cm sont de couleur variable : blancs, bronze, pourpre et marron. Les feuilles (sub-)sessiles ovales ont des taches plus foncées surtout dans leur jeunesse. Le fruit est une baie ovoïde, de couleur pourpre.
Aire de répartition
Centre de la Californie.
Divers
En anglais son nom est Giant Trillium. Là où leur aire de répartition se chevauche, cette espèce forme des hybrides naturels avec Trillium albidum. La variété giganteum (Hook. & Arnot) Munz est plus robuste.
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Trillium chloropetalum: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Trillium chloropetalum est une plante herbacée, vivace et rhizomateuse de la famille des Liliaceae (classification classique) ou des Melanthiaceae (classification APG II, 2003).
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Trillium chloropetalum
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Trillium chloropetalum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Melanthiaceae. Loài này được (Torr.) Howell miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1902.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Trillium chloropetalum: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Trillium chloropetalum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Melanthiaceae. Loài này được (Torr.) Howell miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1902.
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