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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por ReptileDB
Continent: Australia
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)
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Peter Uetz
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ReptileDB

Pseudechis butleri ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Pseudechis butleri, in Australien als Spotted Mulga Snake oder Butler's Snake (Butler's Schlange) bezeichnet, ist eine Schlangenart aus der Familie der Giftnattern und zählt zur Gattung der Schwarzottern (Pseudechis). Es sind keine Unterarten bekannt.[1]

Merkmale

Pseudechis butleri besitzt einen kräftigen Körperbau. Es wird eine Gesamtlänge zwischen 100 und 160 cm erreicht. Der Kopf setzt sich geringfügig vom Hals ab. Die relativ kleinen Augen besitzen eine bei Lichteinfall runde Pupille. Der Körper weist eine schwarze Grundfärbung auf. Schuppen mit gelblich gefärbtem Zentrum bilden ein unregelmäßiges Fleckenmuster. An Kopf und Nacken sind wenige helle Flecken erkenntlich, die auch fehlen können. Die Schnauze und Seiten des Kopfes sind rötlich-braun. Der Bauch ist gelblich.

Der Giftapparat besteht, wie für Giftnattern typisch, aus seitlich des Schädels befindlichen Giftdrüsen (spezialisierte Speicheldrüsen) und im vorderen Oberkiefer befindlichen, unbeweglichen Fangzähnen (proteroglyphe Zahnstellung).

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Pseudechis butleri erstreckt sich innerhalb Australiens über Areale im Zentrum von Western Australia. Die besiedelten Habitate zeichnen sich durch arides Klima aus. Die Biotope haben steinige oder felsige Böden und werden von Wäldern und Büschen mit Mulgabeständen (Acacia aneura) bestimmt. Die Art wird als nicht gefährdet betrachtet, die Populationsbestände sind stabil.[2]

Lebensweise

Pseudechis butleri führt eine weitestgehend bodenbewohnende sowie tagaktive Lebensweise. Bei hohen Temperaturen wird die Aktivitätsphase auf die Dämmerung und Nacht verlegt. Als Unterschlüpfe dienen Tierbauten im Erdboden, Totholz oder Felsen. Zum Beutespektrum zählen in erster Linie Echsen (Ctenophorus- und Tiliqua-Arten), teilweise werden jedoch auch andere Schlangen[2] und Kleinsäuger erbeutet. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt durch Oviparie, also eierlegend. Die Eiablage erfolgt im Dezember. Das Gelege umfasst 7 bis 12 Eier. Der Schlupf der Jungschlangen erfolgt bei Inkubation (30 °C) nach 65 bis 80 Tagen.[2]

Schlangengift

Das Giftsekret von Pseudechis butleri enthält basische und saure Phospholipase A2-Enzyme, Aminosäureoxidasen, Metalloproteinasen (Snake venom metalloproteinases), 5'-Nukleotidasen, Cysteine-rich Secretory Proteins, Venom Nerve Growth Factors und postsynaptisch wirksame Neurotoxine. Phospholipasen wirken systemisch als Myotoxine und sind für antikoagulative Eigenschaften verantwortlich.[3] Neurotoxische Komponenten sind klinisch nicht signifikant. Beim Menschen tritt in circa 40 bis 60 % der Bissfälle eine Intoxikation auf. Die Letalität liegt ohne adäquate Therapie bei 30 bis 40 %. Neben unspezifischen Allgemeinsymptomen (z. B. Kopfschmerz, Schwindel, Übelkeit, Erbrechen) stehen lokale Schmerzen und Ödeme, Myolyse, Koagulopathie sowie sekundäres Nierenversagen im Vordergrund. Eine Nekrosebildung an der Bissstelle kommt selten vor. Zur Therapie des Giftbisses stellt der Hersteller CSL Limited verschiedene Antivenine zur Verfügung ('Black Snake Antivenom' und 'Polyvalent Snake Antivenom (Australia - New Guinea)').[4]

Einzelnachweise

  1. The Reptile Database: Pseudechis butleri (aufgerufen am 13. April 2019)
  2. a b c IUCN Red List: Pseudechis butleri (aufgerufen am 13. April 2019)
  3. Georgieva et al. (2017): Protein Profile Analysis of Two Australian Snake Venoms by One-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and MS/MS Experiments. Curr Med Chem.
  4. University of Adelaide, Clinical Toxinology Resources: Pseudechis butleri (aufgerufen am 13. April 2019)
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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
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wikipedia DE

Pseudechis butleri: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Pseudechis butleri, in Australien als Spotted Mulga Snake oder Butler's Snake (Butler's Schlange) bezeichnet, ist eine Schlangenart aus der Familie der Giftnattern und zählt zur Gattung der Schwarzottern (Pseudechis). Es sind keine Unterarten bekannt.

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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Spotted mulga snake ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The spotted mulga snake (Pseudechis butleri), also known commonly as Butler's black snake and Butler's snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Western Australia. It is a member of the genus Pseudechis, dangerously venomous snakes that can intimidate an opponent by raising the head and presenting a hood. This cobra-like threat display is supported by the ability to produce a very large amount of venom.

Taxonomy

The first description of the species P. butleri emerged in a study of morphological variation of the widespread species P. australis, known commonly as the king brown or mulga snake. The author, Laurie Smith, examined a large series of specimens, allocating 213 to P. australis and 21 to the new species. The holotype of P. butleri is a female specimen, carrying eggs, collected at the Yalgoo region in 1963 by I. C. Carnaby.[2] The suggestion of a cryptic Pseudechis species in the midwest was noticed by Ludwig Glauert in 1957, but with few available specimens the author hesitated to describe it as a new taxon.[3][2] The morphological comparison by Smith concluded the closest affinity was with the type of the genus, P. porphyriacus, the red-bellied Pseudechis of Australia's eastern states. A revision of the phylogeny of the "black snake" genus several years later found instead that this species was most closely related to P. australis in finer details of morphology, a position supported by comparison of results from electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins and phylogenetic indicators.[4]

Common names for P. butleri include Butler's black snake,[5] Butler's snake,[6] and spotted mulga snake.[6] The generic name, Pseudechis, suggests a similarity to the African-Asian vipers of the genus Echis. The specific epithet, butleri, commemorates the conservation efforts of naturalist W. H. "Harry" Butler.[7][5]

Description

P. butleri is a species of Pseudechis, a genus of large front-fanged venomous snakes occurring in Australia and New Guinea. The species is similar to the common mulga P. australis, a larger and widespread snake which occurs in sympatry at parts of central Western Australia. However, P. butleri is spotted with yellow or yellow-green scales and does not usually exceed a total length (including tail) of 1.6 m (5.2 ft). The snout-to-vent length (SVL) is up to 1.56 m (5.1 ft), and the tail length is around 15% of the SVL. The dorsal scales of the body are occasionally all black, but most of the upper body is covered in yellow or brownish scales with black bases.[8] The colour of the head and neck tends to completely black. The neck is slightly defined from the head, broad and slightly larger than the robust body.[2]

Pseudechis butleri is readily distinguished from others of the genus, by colouration and by the number of ventral scales. The number of dorsal scale rows at the midbody is 17, at the neck this is usually 19, but ranges from 16 to 23. Just anterior to the tail there are 17 (15–18) rows. P. australis has reddish-brown ventral scales, each with a cream-coloured edge, whereas P. butleri has black-based, bright yellow ventral scales. Also, the number of ventral scales in P. butleri is less than in specimens of P. australis found at the same latitude. P. butleri has a range of 189–207, compared to the range 204–216 for P. australis. The color of the ventral scales is pink or red in the black snake of Eastern Australia, P. porphyriacus, which has even fewer ventral scales than P. butleri. The lighter spots of P. butleri were described by Glauert, when examining a recently killed specimen, as "primrose yellow".[2]

Distribution and habitat

The distribution range of P. butleri is within the Murchison region of Western Australia, where it occurs in Acacia woodlands on stony and loamy soils, and occasionally amongst rocks.[8] Specimens of this West Australian endemic species have been recorded in Mullewa in the north, as far south as Leonora, and to the east near Laverton.[9]

Venom

The venom of P. butleri contains systemic myotoxins. Treatment for positive envenomation is the same as for P. australis, using a black snake antivenom.[10]

Reproduction

P. butleri is oviparous.[6] Mating takes place in October and November. A clutch of 7–12 eggs is laid in December. Hatchlings emerge after 65–80 days.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b Ellis, R.; Wilson, S. (2017). "Pseudechis butleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42493217A42493223. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T42493217A42493223.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Smith, L.A. (1982). "Variation in Pseudechis australis (Serpentes: Elapidae) in Western Australia and description of a new species of Pseudechis ". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 10 (1): 35–45. (Pseudechis butleri, new species).
  3. ^ Glauert, L. (1957). Handbook of the Snakes of Western Australia. Western Australian Naturalists’ Club. Handbook No. 1, Perth.
  4. ^ Mengden, G.A.; Shine, R.; Moritz, C. [in French] (1986). "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Australasian Venomous Snakes of the Genus Pseudechis ". Herpetologica. 42 (2): 215–229. ISSN 0018-0831. JSTOR 3892390.
  5. ^ a b Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins; Michael Grayson (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Pseudechis butleri, p. 44).
  6. ^ a b c Species Pseudechis butleri at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
  7. ^ "Pseudechis". kingsnake.com. 1998. Archived from the original on 2003-09-24. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  8. ^ a b Browne-Cooper, Robert; Bush, Brian; Maryan, Brad; Robinson, David (2007). Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia. University of Western Australia Press. pp. 259, 260. ISBN 978-1-920694-74-6.
  9. ^ "Distribution of Pseudechis butleri ". FaunaBase. Western Australian Museum. 2003. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  10. ^ "Pseudechis butleri ". Clinical Toxinology Resources. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
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wikipedia EN

Spotted mulga snake: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The spotted mulga snake (Pseudechis butleri), also known commonly as Butler's black snake and Butler's snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Western Australia. It is a member of the genus Pseudechis, dangerously venomous snakes that can intimidate an opponent by raising the head and presenting a hood. This cobra-like threat display is supported by the ability to produce a very large amount of venom.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
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Pseudechis butleri ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pseudechis butleri: Brief Summary ( Basco )

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Pseudechis butleri Pseudechis generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Elapidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Pseudechis butleri ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pseudechis butleri est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Elapidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique d'Australie-Occidentale[1].

Description

Pseudechis butleri[2] mesure jusqu'à 156 cm dont environ 15 % pour la queue.

Étymologie

Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de William Henry Butler[3].

Publication originale

  • Smith, 1982 : Variation in Pseudechis australis (Serpentes: Elapidae) in Western Australia and description of a new species of Pseudechis. Records of the Western Australian Museum, vol. 10, no 1, p. 35-45 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Smith, 1982 : Variation in Pseudechis australis (Serpentes: Elapidae) in Western Australia and description of a new species of Pseudechis. Records of the Western Australian Museum, vol. 10, no 1, p. 35-45.
  3. Beolens, Watkins & Grayson, 2009 : The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 1-296
licença
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Pseudechis butleri: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pseudechis butleri est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Elapidae.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
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wikipedia FR

Pseudechis butleri ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Pseudechis butleri là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn hổ. Loài này được Smith mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1982.[2]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Smith LA. 1982. Variation in Pseudechis australis (Serpentes: Elapidae) in Western Australia and description of a new species of Pseudechis. Records of the Western Australian Museum 10 (1): 35-45.
  2. ^ Pseudechis butleri. The Reptile Database. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2013.


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Pseudechis butleri: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Pseudechis butleri là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn hổ. Loài này được Smith mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1982.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia VI