Comments
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Disjunct Alaskan populations of Larix laricina , originally described as Larix alaskensis on the basis of narrower cone scales and bracts, are indistinguishable from other populations of the species.
The wood of tamarack is used for railway ties, pilings, and posts; it formerly was used for boat construction. Slow-growing trees develop wood with high resin content, making it decay resistant but limiting its value for pulpwood. The bark contains a tannin, which has been used for tanning leather. Although tamarack is the most rapidly growing boreal conifer under favorable conditions, it is of little commercial interest because of insect and disease problems and its poor pulping properties. Plants of this species are often stunted in the far north and on mountain slopes.
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Trees to 20m; trunk to 0.6m diam.; crown narrow, branches sparse. Bark of young trees gray, smooth, becoming reddish brown and scaly, inner layer red-purple. Branches horizontal or slightly ascending; twigs orange-brown, glabrous. Buds dark red, subtended by ring of hairlike bracts, glabrous. Leaves of short shoots 1--2cm × 0.5--0.8mm, 0.3--0.5mm thick, keeled abaxially, rounded adaxially, pale blue-green; resin canals 10--20µm from margins. Seed cones 1--2 × 0.5--1cm, usually on curved stalks 2--5 × 2--2.5mm, sometimes sessile on long shoots; scales 10--30, margins entire, brown-strigose to -tomentose at base; bracts mucronate or tipped by awn to 1mm, hidden by mature scales, at first dark red to violet, later turning yellow-brown. Pollen 53--65µm diam. Seeds with bodies 2--3mm, wings 4--6mm. 2 n =24.
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Boreal forests in wet, poorly drained sphagnum bogs and muskegs, also on moist upland mineral soils; 0--1200m; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Conn., Ill., Ind., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Vt., W.Va., Wis.
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Pinus laricina DuRoi, Diss. Observ. Bot., 49. 1771; Larix alaskensis W.Wight; L. laricina var. alaskensis (W.Wight) Raup
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
tamarack
Eastern larch
Alaskan larch
American larch
tamarack larch
hackmatack
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverTamarack is probably of limited value as cover for mammals and birds
because it sheds its needles in the winter and often occurs in rather
open stands. In northern Minnesota, ospreys prefer to nest in dead
tamarack trees. Bald eagles occasionally nest in tamarack [
35].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTamarack is a native, deciduous, coniferous, small- to medium-sized
upright tree. It has a straight bole with a narrow pyramidal crown.
Tamarack is a good self-pruner and by 25 to 30 years of age, trees are
generally clear of branches for one-half to two-thirds of their bole
[
26]. Trees generally reach 50 to 75 feet (15-23 m) in height and 14 to
20 inches (46-51 cm) d.b.h. but are occasionally larger. In Alaska,
trees are often stunted, reaching heights of only 10 feet (3 m) and
diameters of 3 inches (8 cm), but on good sites mature trees are
generally 30 to 60 feet (9-18 m) tall and 4 to 10 inches (10-25 cm)
d.b.h. [
26,
49]. The maximum age for tamarack is about 180 years,
although older trees have been found [
26].
Tamarack has 1-inch-long (2.5 cm) needles that occur in clusters of 10
to 20 on dwarf twigs [
22] and turn yellow in the fall before they are
shed. Erect mature cones are about 0.5 to 0.75 inch (1.3-1.9 cm) long
[
26]. Tamarack bark is smooth when young but becomes rough and scaley
on older trees. The bark is thin, only about 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.6-1.2
cm) thick on mature trees [
28]. The root system is typically shallow
and wide spreading. Rooting depth rarely exceeds 1.5 feet (46 cm), but
the roots commonly spread over areas greater in radius than the tree
height [
7]. On wet and very wet peatlands in Alberta, roots are
generally restricted to the upper 8 inches (20 cm) of soil on hummocky
positions [
31].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tamarack is distributed across most of northern North America. It
occurs from Newfoundland and Labrador northwest across northern Canada
to the northern Yukon Territory, south to northeastern British Columbia
and central Alberta, southeast to southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
northeastern Illinois, and east to New England [
32]. A major disjunct
population occurs in the interior of Alaska between the Brooks Range to
the north and Alaska Range to the south [
26]. It also occurs locally in
the mountains of West Virginia and western Maryland.
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
seedTamarack trees are easily killed by fire. The species relies on seed
from surviving trees to revegetate burned areas. Generally found in
boggy and swampy habitats, pockets of tamarack trees often escape
burning due to local topography or extremely wet conditions. These
trees provide seeds for postfire recovery. Because seed is dispersed
over short distances, tamarack is not well adapted to rapid reseeding of
large burns.
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
shrubsTamarack establishes readily on sites where logging slash is burned but
poorly on sites where slash is untreated. On peatlands in Minnesota,
tamarack seedlings were abundant 6 years following broadcast burning of
black spruce-tamarack slash in clearcuts [
24]. However, pure tamarack
slash is difficult to broadcast burn. Therefore, when cutting pure
tamarack stands, piling and burning slash is the option that best favors
tamarack reproduction [
25].
In Wisconsin, prescribed burning has been conducted in conifer swamps
and muskegs to improve wildlife habitat. Prescribed burning killed
tamarack and other conifers in swamps, and improved feeding and nesting
habitat for game birds by converting these areas to swamps dominated by
sedges (Carex spp.) and ericaceous shrubs [
50].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
bog,
minerotrophic,
organic soils,
peat,
peatland,
permafrost,
shrub,
shrubs,
swamp,
treeTamarack is most commonly found on cold, wet to moist, poorly drained
sites such as swamps, bogs, and muskegs [
22,
26,
44]. It is also found
along streams, lakes, swamp borders, and occasionally on upland sites.
It becomes more common on drier sites in the northern portion of its
range where it is found on ridges and benches and other upland locations
[
26]. In British Columbia, it grows as an upland tree on cool, moist
north slopes as well as on wet organic sites [
26]. In interior Alaska,
tamarack is generally restricted to wet and cold sites underlain by
shallow permafrost but occasionally grows in warmer, well-drained
floodplains and upland forests dominated by white spruce (Picea glauca)
[
4].
Soils: Tamarack can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions but most
commonly grows on wet to moist organic soils, such as sphagnum or woody
peat, and is especially common on nutrient-poor, acid peatlands [
9,
26].
In Minnesota, tamarack occurs on a wide variety of peatland types, from
rich swamps to raised bogs, and is an indicator of weakly minerotrophic
sites (pH 4.3-5.8, Ca 3-10 ppm, Ca + Mg 5-13 ppm) [
21]. In
Saskatchewan, tamarack grows on peatland sites with a wide range of
fertility and moisture regimes; it is most common on those with a pH
between 6.0 and 6.9 [
23]. Although most commonly occurring on
peatlands, tamarack actually grows best on well-drained loamy soils
along streams, lakes, and seeps, and on mineral soils with a shallow
surface layer of organic matter [
26]. However, tamarack is uncommon on
these sites in the southern portion of its range because it is easily
outcompeted by other trees. It is more common on mineral soil in the
north.
Stand characteristics and associated trees: Because the species is
intolerant of shade, tamarack stands are usually even-aged [
13]. They
occur on wetter sites than black spruce stands. Across tamarack's range
black spruce is its most common associate. These two species often form
mixed stands on peatlands. Throughout much of boreal Canada, other
associates include balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white spruce, paper
birch (Betula papyrifera), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)
[
22,
26]. In the Lake States and New England, common associates include
northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis), balsam fir, eastern white
pine (Pinus strobus), red pine (P. resinosa), quaking aspen, black ash
(Fraxinus nigra), white spruce, and red maple (Acer rubrum) [
7,
44]. In
Alaska, tamarack is usually found with black spruce and paper birch but
almost never with aspen [
26].
Understory: Tamarack stands tend to cast light shade and have a dense
undergrowth of shrubs. Tall shrubs associated with tamarack include bog
birch (Betula glandulosa), swamp birch (B. pumila), speckled alder
(Alnus incana ssp. rugosa), willows (Salix spp.), and red-osier dogwood
(Cornus stolonifera). Low shrub associates include Labrador-tea (Ledum
groenlandicum), bog-rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla), leatherleaf
(Chamaedaphne calyculata), and blueberries and huckleberries (Vaccinium
spp.). The ground is usually covered with sphagnum and other mosses
[
26].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white cedar
38 Tamarack
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
107 White spruce
201 White spruce
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the terms:
bog,
forestK093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
muskeg,
seed,
surface fireTamarack is easily killed by fire because it has thin bark and shallow
roots. On peatlands it is usually killed by all but very light surface
fires [
26]. Tamarack seeds have no endosperm to protect them from high
temperatures; therefore, seeds on the ground are usually destroyed by
fire. Cones are not necessarily destroyed by summer fires, but immature
seeds will not ripen on fire-killed trees [
52]. If summer fires kill
tamarack trees over extensive areas, no seed will be available to
revegetate the burned area.
Following a fire in a northern Wisconsin muskeg all tamaracks died
(trees were 1 to 5 inches [2.5-12.5 cm] d.b.h.) [
50]. In interior
Alaska, all tamarack trees died following a low-intensity surface fire
that burned only 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) into the organic mat [
20].
These trees were 49 to 79 years old and 1.5 to 3 inches (3-6 cm) in
diameter.
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedBrowse: Tamarack is an important dietary component of very few wildlife
species. It is browsed by some animals but generally to a limited
extent. Snowshoe hares feed on twigs and bark, and porcupines feed on
the inner bark [
16]. Moose and white-tailed deer generally avoid
tamarack [
6,
16]. Spruce, blue, and sharp-tailed grouse readily consume
the needles and buds [
34,
51]. A study in north-central Canada found
that caribou consume small amounts of tamarack; needles were frequently
found in caribou rumens, but always in small amounts [
36].
Seed: Red squirrels cut and cache tamarack cones. The pine siskin,
crossbills, and probably other seed eating birds eat tamarack seeds
[
19]. Mice, voles, and shrews consume large numbers of tamarack seeds
off the ground [
11].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
bog,
forest,
permafrost,
treeIn northern Minnesota and throughout much of Canada, tamarack forms
extensive pure stands. Throughout the rest of its range in the United
States it forms isolated pure stands or is a minor component of other
forest types [
26]. In the northeastern United States, tamarack is
characteristically found in open and forested bogs, but it seldom
dominates in forested bog communities [
9]. Throughout its range, black
spruce (Picea mariana) is usually associated with tamarack. In Alaska,
black spruce and tamarack may codominate wet, lowland sites with shallow
permafrost [
48].
Tamarack is sometimes a dominant tree in seral lowland communities. It
has been listed as a community type (cts) dominant in the following
classifications:
Area Classification Authority
AK general veg. cts Viereck & Dyrness 1980
AB general veg. cts Moss 1955
PQ: ST. Lawrence general veg. pas, cts Dansereau 1959
Valley
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Silviculture: Tamarack seeds germinate and establish best in the open.
Seedlings require nearly full sunlight to survive and grow well.
Consequently, even-age silviculture is best for perpetuating larch on a
site [
2,
27].
Insects and diseases: Larch sawfly is the most destructive pest of
tamarck. Epidemics occur periodically in tamarack stands across the
northern United States and Canada. This insect is capable of
defoliating stands over large areas and killing many trees. Trees die
after 6 to 9 years of heavy defoliation [
26]. Outbreaks of the larch
casebearer have also caused extensive mortality in some areas. The
spruce budworm, larch bud moth, spruce spider mite, larch shoot moth,
and several bark beetles also infest tamarack but seldom cause serious
injury [
26]. Tamarack is generally resistant to rusts and other
diseases [
26].
Flooding: Tamarack is susceptible to damage from flooding and
disruptions in groundwater movements. Trees have been killed over large
areas where newly constructed roads impede water movements and where
beavers dam drainage ditches or small streams [
26].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
AK CT IL IN ME MD MA MI MN NH
NJ NY OH PA VT WV WI AB BC LB
MB NB NF NS ON PE PQ SK YT
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
In Alaska, young tamarack stems are used for dogsled runners, boat ribs,
and fishtraps. In northern Alberta, duck and goose decoys are made from
tamarack branches. Indians used the roots for cordage, the wood for
arrow shafts, and the bark for medicine. Early Americans used the soft
needles for stuffing pillows and mattresses and used the roots of large
trees for ship building [
26,
28].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The palatability of tamarack for white-tailed deer and moose is low.
Tamarack is more palatable to snowshoe hare than white spruce (Picea
glauca) is [
4].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
seedMinnesota: Buds begin to swell from early to late April. Needles begin
to emerge from about mid-April to mid-May. Needles are shed from
mid-September to mid-October. Flowering occurs from late April to early
May. Seedfall begins in early September and is nearly complete by late
October [
11,
16,
26].
Wisconsin: Tamarack begins to leaf out in the early spring before the
ground has thawed. It takes 4 to 6 weeks for the needles to develop
fully. The needles turn yellow in late September or early October and
are shed shortly thereafter [
7].
Upper Peninsula of Michigan: Needles begin to emerge in mid-April to
mid-May. Needles begin to turn yellow in early September and are shed
from mid-September to mid-October. Flowering occurs in early May, and
cones are ripe by late August [
16,
26].
Alaska: Seed dispersal begins in early September and is mostly
completed by late October [
4].
New York: Height growth begins in late May and ends by late August [
5].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
seed,
swamp,
treeFollowing fire, tamarack reestablishes via wind-dispersed seeds from
surviving trees in protected pockets or adjacent unburned areas. Burned
organic surfaces favor seedling establishment. Within a few years
tamarack reproduction is often localized and centered around areas of
surviving trees [
37].
In northeastern British Columbia, tamarack seeded onto burned areas over
several years. Most seedlings established within 10 years after fire,
but additional establishment continued until 20 years after fire [
41].
Postfire tamarack seedlings grow rapidly. Twenty-one years after a fire
in a tamarack-black spruce swamp in northeastern British Columbia,
tamarack seedlings were more than 2 times taller than black spruce
seedlings. Tamarack seedlings that established soon after the fire
averaged 7.9 feet (2.4 m) tall, while black spruce seedlings that
established at the same time were only 3.6 feet (1.1 m) tall [
40].
Tamarack seedlings were abundant 6 years after clearcutting and
broadcast burning in mixed black spruce-tamarack stands in northern
Minnesota. Tamarack seedlings made up 43 percent of tree seedlings 66
feet (20 m) downwind from the uncut border, even though tamarack made up
only 27 percent of the seed trees (55 per acre [136/ha]). On this site,
4,200 tamarack seedlings averaging 21 inches (53 cm) in height were
established per acre (10,400/ha). On another cut where there were only
12 tamarack seed trees per acre (30/ha) at the uncut border, 4,400
seedlings averaging 39 inches in height (1 m) were established per acre
(10,900/ha) [
24].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedoff-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
layering,
litter,
seed,
tree,
tussockCone and seed production: Cone production begins at about 15 years of
age for open-grown trees and 35 to 40 years of age for trees in
well-stocked stands [
11]. Large quantities of seed are usually not
produced until trees are at least 40 years old. Fifty- to 150-year-old
open-grown trees produce the best cone crops, with individual trees
sometimes producing as many as 20,000 cones in a good year [
11]. Good
seed crops are produced every 3 to 6 years, with some seed produced in
intervening years. Tamarack seeds are about 0.12 inch (3 mm) long and
have a wing about 0.25 inch (6 mm) long [
26].
Dispersal: Seeds are dispersed in the fall over a relatively short time
period. In a Minnesota study, dispersal began about September 1, and by
October 31 about 98 percent of seed had fallen [
11]. The remaining seed
fell throughout the winter. In interior Alaska, 95 percent of tamarack
seeds are shed by November [
4]. Tamarack seeds are primarily wind
dispersed, but red squirrels disperse some seed. Most wind-dispersed
seeds fall within a distance of two tree heights, but a small percentage
travels greater distances [
4,
11].
Seed destruction and predation: In Minnesota, small mammals, presumably
mice, voles, and shrews, consume large quantities of tamarack seed off
the ground and can destroy up to one-half of a tamarack seed crop [
11].
Also, seeds on the ground are susceptible to infections from bacteria
and fungi. Consequently, only about 4 or 5 percent of tamarack seed
that reaches the ground germinates [
26]. In tamarack stands in New
Brunswick, insects destroyed between 25 and 88 percent of seed produced.
Larvae of the spruce budworm and the cone maggot were responsible for
greatest loss [
53].
Viability: Tamarack seed remains viable for only about 1 year after
dispersal [
11]. Typically a large percentage of tamarack seed is
unfilled. In Minnesota about one-third, and in northern Ontario about
one-half of seed had undeveloped embryo and endosperm [
11,
15]. At the
northern portion of the species range in the Northwest Territories,
tamarack produced a limited amount of seed, but none was viable [
12].
Germination and establishment: Germinative capacity ranges from about
30 to 60 percent [
11]. Neither light nor pH appear to influence
germination appreciably [
11,
15]. Tamarack seeds require a moist but
unsaturated substrate for germination. The best seedbed is warm, moist
mineral or organic soil free from competing vegetation [
26].
Slow-growing sphagnum mosses also provide a good seedbed, as they have a
tendency to remain moist. In open swampy habitats, tamarack seedlings
are often found on sphagnum mosses [
1,
7]. Feather mosses are usually
poor seedbeds because they tend to dry out, but if they remain moist,
they can provide a favorable seedbed [
4]. On poorly drained river
terraces in interior Alaska, tamarack seedlings are more abundant on
sphagnum and feather mosses than on sedge tussock tops, troughs between
the tussocks, or litter-covered sites; on well-drained river terraces,
seedlings are primarily restricted to mineral soil [
4]. Tamarack
seedlings are intolerant of shade and flooding. Seedlings may survive a
few years in shade, but most will die unless released. Partial water
submersion for 1 to 3 weeks kills 1st-year seedlings [
11]. In full
sunlight seedlings grow relatively rapidly, reaching heights of 7 to 9
inches (18-23 cm) after one growing season, and 18 to 25 inches (46-51
cm) tall after three [
26]. Roots of seedlings growing in nearly full
sunlight may reach depths of 2.5 to 3.5 inches (5-11 cm) after one
growing season, while over the same time period roots of seedlings
growing in shade reach depths of only about 1 inch (2.5 cm) [
11].
Vegetative reproduction: Layering is a dominant mode of reproduction at
the northern limit of the species' range. In the southern part of its
range, layering is uncommon but does occur when lower branches become
covered with litter or fast-growing mosses [
26]. Curtis [
7] reported
that tamarack has the unusual ability to produce root sprouts up to 30
feet (9 m) away from a mother tree.
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
peat,
shrub,
swamp,
treeTamarack is a pioneer or early seral species. It is often the first
tree to invade open bogs and burned peatlands [
26]. In open bogs and
swamps, tamarack is the first tree to pioneer the sphagnum moss mat
floating over water [
7]. This invasion toward the center or wettest
portion of a swamp is common [
1,
18]. It may invade bogs during sedge
mat, sphagnum moss, or ericaceous shrub stages. Tamarack is extremely
intolerant of shade, however, and eventually, as the peat becomes
consolidated and firm, other conifers replace it. It is replaced by
black spruce on poorly drained acid peatlands. In nutrient-rich swamps
it is replaced first by black spruce, and later by northern white-cedar,
balsam fir, and eventually swamp hardwoods [
16].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Larix laricina var. alaskensis (W.F. Wright) Raup
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
naturalThe currently accepted scientific name of tamarack is Larix laricina (Du
Roi) K. Koch [
32]. The genus Larix consists of 10 species of deciduous,
coniferous trees found in cool, temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere. Three species of Larix, including tamarack, are native to
North America.
Tamarack is a widely distributed species that exhibits considerable
genetic variation. At one time, plants from Alaska were considered as
either a distinct species or as a variety of tamarack. Recent research
shows that although Alaskan plants exhibit some variation in cone and
needle characteristics, the variation is insufficient to warrant
recognition as a separate species or variety [
39]. Across tamarack's
range the pattern of variation is gradual, and no varieties or ecotypes
are currently recognized [
26].
Natural hybridization between tamarack and other larches has not been
documented. Tamarack has been artificially crossed with Japanese larch
(L. leptolepis) and European larch (L. decidua) [
26].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedTamarack may be useful for revegetating disturbed peatlands. In
southeastern Canada, Maine, and Minnesota, tamarack naturally invades
well-drained, raised surfaces in abandoned mined peatlands [
14].
Tamarack should not be planted with fast-growing trees because of its
low tolerance for shade.
On amended sand tailings in northern Alberta, tamarack survival varied
from 0 to 60 percent [
51]. When planted on coal mine spoils it
performed quite well. It grew faster than black spruce and added needed
organic matter to the spoil [
51].
Tamarack can be established on disturbed sites by direct seeding or by
transplanting seedlings. Tamarack seed does not exhibit dormancy and
can be planted in the spring or fall. Seed should be sown at a depth of
about 0.25 inch (0.6 cm). Seed remains viable for 4 years when kept in
sealed containers at 18 to 22 degrees F (-8 to -6 C) and a seed moisture
content of 2 to 5 percent [
45]. Tamarack is easily propagated from
cuttings taken from young trees [
26,
54].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tamarack is not a major commercial timber species. In the United
States, it is primarily used for pulpwood. Because the wood is heavy,
durable, and decay-resistant, it is also used for posts, poles, mine
timbers, and railroad ties. It is used less commonly for rough lumber,
fuelwood, boxes, crates, and pails [
28].
- citação bibliográfica
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Larix laricina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Tamarack forms extensive pure stands in the boreal region of Canada and
in northern Minnesota. In the rest of its United States range and in the
Maritime Provinces tamarack is found locally in both pure and mixed
stands. It is a major component in the forest cover types Tamarack
(Society of American Foresters Type 38) and Black Spruce-Tamarack (Type
13) and is a minor component in the following types (11):
1
Jack Pine
5
Balsam Fir
12
Black Spruce
33
Red Spruce-Balsam Fir
37
Northern White Cedar
39
Black Ash-American Elm-Red Maple
107
White Spruce
203
Balsam Poplar
204
Black Spruce
253
Black Spruce-White Spruce
254
Black Spruce-Paper Birch
Black spruce (Picea mariana) is usually tamarack's main
associate in mixed stands on all sites. The other most common associates
include balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white spruce (Picea
glauca), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the boreal
region, and northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis), balsam fir,
black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and red maple (Acer rubrum) on
the better organic-soil (swamp) sites in the northern forest region (11).
In Alaska, quaking aspen and tamarack are almost never found together
(50). Additional common associates are American elm (Ulmus americana),
balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), jack pine (Pinus
banksiana), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), Kenai birch (B.
papyrifera var. kenaica), and yellow birch (B.
alleghaniensis).
Tamarack stands cast light shade and so usually have a dense undergrowth
of shrubs and herbs. Because the tree has an extensive range, a great
variety of shrubs is associated with it. Dominant tall shrubs include
dwarf (resin) and low (swamp) birch (Betula glandulosa and B.
pumila), willows (Salix spp.), speckled alder (Alnus
rugosa), and red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera); low
shrubs include Labrador-tea (Ledum groenlandicum), bog-rosemary
(Andromeda glaucophylla), leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne
calyculata), and small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) (see 12
for a more complete list). Characteristically the herbaceous cover
includes sedges (Carex spp.), cottongrass (Eriophorum spp.),
false Solomonseal (Smilacina trifolia), marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla
palustris), marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris), and bogbean
(Menyanthes trifoliata). Ground cover is usually composed of
sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.) and other mosses (11).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Because of its wide distribution, tamarack grows under extremely varied
climatic conditions. Average January temperatures range from -30° to
-1° C (-22° to 30° F) and those of July from 13° to 24°
C (55° to 75° F). The lowest recorded temperatures range from
-29° to -62° C (-20° to -79° F); the highest, from 29°
to 43° C (85° to 110° F).
Annual precipitation within the range of tamarack is also extremely
variable. It ranges from 180 mm (7 in) at Fort Yukon, AK, to 1400 mm (55
in) in eastern Canada. Of this, 75 to 355 mm (3 to 14 in) is in June,
July, and August. Snowfall has a similarly wide variation, from about 100
cm (40 in) in the District of Mackenzie in northwestern Canada to 510 cm
(200 in) near the Atlantic coast in Labrador and Quebec.
The average frost-free period for tamarack ranges from probably less
than 75 days over much of its range to 120 days in interior Alaska and 180
days along its southern limits. The generally shorter growing season in
the northern latitudes is counterbalanced by longer periods of daylight
(12).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Because its bark is thin, tamarack is highly
susceptible to fire damage, except perhaps in older, upland stands; and
because its roots are shallow, it is usually killed on peatlands by all
but very light burns. However, the habitat of tamarack-especially south of
the boreal forest-is normally wet enough to protect the tree from fire
(6). In the boreal forest the tamarack type apparently has a high
surface-fire hazard in spring but a low crown-fire hazard in pure stands
(35).
Abnormally high water levels often kill tamarack stands, and those that
survive under such conditions usually grow very slowly. Other effects of
high water include dieback and the development of adventitious roots and
shoots (8). Wetland road crossings and beaver damming are the primary
causes of flooding. Road-caused flooding has killed tamarack or reduced
its growth on thousands of hectares in northern Minnesota (40); natural
gas and petroleum pipelines will probably have similar effects unless
cross drainage is provided (3).
Strong winds can uproot large tamarack trees growing in swamps or other
wet sites where rooting is shallow. Compared with black spruce, however,
tamarack seems to be fairly windfirm.
The larch sawfly is the most destructive insect enemy of tamarack.
Epidemics occur periodically across Canada and the northern United States
and have caused tremendous losses of merchantable tamarack throughout most
of the tree's range. Indications are that radial increment declines
markedly after 4 to 6 years of outbreak and trees die after 6 to 9 years
of moderate to heavy defoliation (9). In southeastern Manitoba and
northern Minnesota, however, imported parasites of the sawfly (especially
Olesicampe benefactor) have become established and should reduce
the frequency and duration of future outbreaks (42).
The larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella) is also a serious
defoliator of tamarack. A native of Europe, it is now widely distributed
in eastern North America westward to southeastern Manitoba and the Lake
States. The larch casebearer attacks tamarack of all ages, and several
severe outbreaks have caused extensive mortality in some areas (49).
Outbreak severity has lessened in recent years, however, probably because
imported parasites of the casebearer have also become widely established
(34).
Only a few other insects and related organisms (such as mites) that feed
on tamarack are known to sometimes cause serious injury. During an
outbreak the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) can
severely damage tamarack where it grows along with balsam fir and white
spruce-the preferred hosts. The larch bud moth (Zeiraphera improbana)
has had occasional short epidemics, and the spruce spider mite (Oligonychus
ununguis) is occasionally found in large numbers on tamarack. The
larch shoot moth (Argyresthia laricella) is widely distributed but
serious injury is unusual. One of the most common bark beetles attacking
tamarack is the eastern larch beetle (Dendroctonus simplex), but
it feeds mainly on weakened, dying, or dead trees. Warren's collar weevil
(Hylobius warreni), common in Canada, has killed pole-sized
tamarack in Michigan's Upper Peninsula (34,49).
Several insects feed on tamarack cones and seeds, but little is known
about their importance. Those that feed inside cones include the spruce
coneworm (Dioryctria reniculelloides) and a seed chalcid (Megastigmus
laricis). Two defoliators that sometimes feed on tender young cones
during epidemics are the spruce budworm and the larch bud moth (16,34).
Cones were still being produced after 3 to 4 years' defoliation by the
larch sawfly in Canada and after 8 years of attack in northern Minnesota
(12).
Tamarack is host to many pathogens, but none causes disease serious
enough to have an economic impact on its culture. The only common foliage
diseases are rusts, such as the leaf rust of poplar (Populus spp.) and
larch (Larix spp.) in eastern and central North America.
However, this rust, caused by the fungus Melampsora medusae, and
other rusts do little damage to tamarack (19,37). The needle-cast fungus
Hypodermella laricis has attacked tamarack in Ontario and has the
potential for local damage.
Tamarack is essentially free of stem diseases. Eastern dwarf mistletoe
(Arceuthobium pusillum) is occasionally found on the tree (29),
but its witches' brooms are small on tamarack and occur only where the
tree is growing in mixture with infected black spruce (19).
The root- and butt-rot fungi reported on tamarack include Armillaria (or
shoestring) root rot (Armillaria mellea), Scytinostroma galactinum,
red-brown butt rot (Phaeolus schweinitzii), and the false
velvet top fungus (Inonotus tomentosus) (19,47). They are not
aggressive killers on tamarack; however, flood-damaged trees are
particularly susceptible to attack by fungi such as Armillaria root rot
(8), and pole-sized trees have been killed by the false velvet top fungus.
The principal heart-rot fungi of tamarack are brown trunk rot (Fomitopsis
officinalis) and red ring rot (Phellinus pini). Climacocystis
borealis causes a white mottled rot of tamarack in Canada (19).
Snowshoe hares kill many tamarack seedlings in some areas of the Lake
States, Alberta, and Alaska (50). White-tailed deer and moose apparently
browse seedlings or saplings to a lesser extent. Porcupines commonly feed
on the inner bark and deform the stem or kill the tree. Many tamarack
stands have been damaged by this pest in the Lake States, Maine, and
eastern Canada (27). It can be especially damaging in plantations (48).
Red squirrels often cut cone-bearing branchlets, and birds such as the red
crossbill occasionally eat the seeds (12).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Flowering and Fruiting
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Tamarack is monoecious; male and female
flowers are small, solitary, and appear with the needles. Male flowers are
yellow, globose, and are borne mainly on 1- or 2-year-old branchlets.
Female flowers are reddish, subglobose, and are borne most commonly on 2-
to 4-year-old branchlets, but also on branchlets 5 to 10 or more years
old, or on 1-year-old twigs of young trees. Cones usually are produced on
young growth of vigorous trees. On open-grown trees, cones are borne on
all parts of the crown. Ripe cones are brown, oblong-ovoid, and 13 to 19
mm (0.50 to 0.75 in) long.
General dates for tamarack flowering in Ontario and the Lake States are
April to May (36), especially from late April to early May (1,12). In
interior Alaska tamarack generally flowers from mid- to late May (50).
General dates for cone ripening in Ontario and the Lake States are August
to September.
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Genetics
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Population Differences and Races
Tamarack shows much genetic variation. Growth responses to photoperiod
were found to differ between northern seed sources and a southern source
(45). Differences in germination patterns due to photoperiod and length of
cold stratification have been shown between seed from interior Alaska and
seed from southern sources (4).
Growth responses would seem to indicate that photoperiodic ecotypes
exist in tamarack (45). The species is considered to have a clinal pattern
of variation, however, and no races or ecotypes are presently recognized.
For example, tamarack's gene pool in Wisconsin is highly variable but
unsegmented, with a clinal pattern of variation evident among the State's
major geographic subdivisions (31).
Tamarack seed sources differed significantly in survival, height, and
d.b.h. 10 years after planting in north-central Wisconsin. The following
sources grew best on a high-yield site and are recommended for
north-central Wisconsin (32): Somerset County, ME; Eau Claire, La Crosse,
and Oneida Counties, WI; and Annapolis County, NS.
Tamarack in Alaska was once named as a separate species (Larix
alaskensis) and later reduced to a variety (L. laricina var.
alaskensis), but the Alaska variety is no longer accepted (46).
Hybrids
Little information is available on intraspecific hybridization in
tamarack, but careful selection and breeding may result in substantial
genetic improvement. Similarly, although tamarack has been little used in
interspecific hybridization, it has been crossed with two other species of
the Section Pauciseriales--Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) and
European larch (L. decidua). Progenies with hybrid vigor are often
produced, but seed yield is very low (13). The tamarack-Japanese larch
hybrid is especially promising because it combines rapid growth with
adaptability to shorter growing seasons (20). Although crosses between
tamarack and the remaining species of the Section-Dahurian larch (L.
gmelini) and Siberian larch (L. sibirica)- seem feasible (30),
apparently none has yet been produced.
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Growth and Yield
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Average height of mature trees is 15 to 23 m
(50 to 75 ft), but occasional individuals may grow 30 to 35 m (100 to 115
ft) tall. Mature trees are usually 36 to 51 cm (14 to 20 in) in d.b.h.,
but a few reach 91 to 102 cm (36 to 40 in). Trees 18 to 24 m (60 to 80 ft)
tall and 51 to 61 cm (20 to 24 in) in d.b.h. were once common in the Lake
States. In interior Alaska mature tamaracks often are only 3 m (10 ft)
tall and 8 cm (3 in) in d.b.h. (12); on good sites, however, they
sometimes reach heights of 24 to 27 m (80 to 90 ft) and diameters of 30 to
38 cm (12 to 15 in) (50). Maximum age is generally 150 to 180 years, but
trees 230 to 240 years old and one 335-year-old individual have been
found.
The growth rate of tamarack apparently depends on both the nutrient
status and moisture-aeration conditions of the site. In Minnesota,
tamarack site index is positively correlated to nutrient supply and foliar
nutrient concentrations (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) but
negatively correlated to amount of standing water (43). On water-covered
stagnant peatlands, the tree grows slowly and may be only 2 m (6 ft) tall
in 55 years. In northern Ontario it grows well on 91 cm. (36 in) or more
of peat if the zone of continuous saturation is at a depth of 46 cm (18
in) or more (12); drainage of tamarack-speckled alder swamps in the clay
belt would probably increase site index (at 100 years) by about 5 m (16
ft) (39).
With abundant light, tamarack is one of the fastest growing conifers on
uplands in the boreal (including Alaska) and northern forest regions; on
peatlands it outgrows any other native conifer (6,12,50). In Alberta,
good-site tamarack averages almost 0.5 m (1.5 ft) in annual height growth
for 20 to 30 years, but growth apparently drops sharply when the crowns
close, or after the age of 40 to 50 years.
Information on growth of natural tamarack stands is apparently available
only from northern Minnesota. Limited data indicate that annual growth of
poletimber stands (presumably on peatland sites) is from 1.9 to 2.5 m³/ha
(0.3 to 0.4 cord/acre). In 70- to 100-year-old stands, annual periodic
growth averaged 3.8 m³/ha (0.6 cord/acre) on well-stocked plots with
a basal area of 21 m²/ha (93 ft²/acre) and 1.9 m³/ha (0.3
cord/acre) on poorly stocked plots with 8 m²/ha (35 ft²/acre)
(12).
No yield tables are known for tamarack. Characteristics of a few 80- to
130-year-old stands on medium- to poor-peatland sites in northern
Minnesota generally ranged as follows: average height, 12.2 to 15.5 m (40
to 51 ft); average d.b.h., 13.0 to 14.7 cm (5.1 to 5.8 in); number of
trees, 1,370 to 1,740/ha (555 to 705/acre); and basal area, 19 to 23 m²/ha
(83 to 102 ft²/acre) (41).
No doubt because of its potential for rapid juvenile growth, tamarack
has been used in several planting tests on different sites in the Lake
States (25,32,33) and eastern Canada (15,28). Trees grew slowly on
peatland, but on other sites height averaged from 3.2 to 4.4 m (10.5 to
14.4 ft) in 8- to 10-year-old plantations where competing vegetation was
initially controlled. Survival was more variable, being very poor on
shallow soils over limestone.
Growth rate (particularly diameter) declines after 12 to 15 years if
tamarack is planted at close spacings such as 1.5 by 1.5 m (5 by 5 ft),
but it should be unimpeded for the first 25 years at wider spacings up to
2.4 by 2.4 m (8 by 8 ft). In a good plantation in eastern Ontario, height
at 25 years averaged 14.9 m (49 ft), d.b.h. 17.3 cm (6.8 in), and volume
202 m³/ha (32 cords/acre). Depending on site, final harvests of 189
to 252 m³/ha (30 to 40 cords/acre) are possible at 25 years in
well-managed tamarack plantations (27). Intensively cultured plantations
can produce two to three times more biomass than conventionally tended
stands (51).
In stands tamarack is characteristically a straight, slender tree with a
narrow, pyramidal crown that occupies one-third to one-half the bole
length. Trees whose tops have died back after heavy defoliation by the
larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) or after prolonged flooding
typically produce numerous adventitious shoots. Although these shoots no
doubt help tamarack survive defoliation or flooding, they also apparently
support high sawfly populations (12).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Reaction to Competition
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Tamarack is very intolerant of shade.
Although it can tolerate some shade during the first several years
(21,50), it must become dominant to survive, and when mixed with other
species, it must be in the overstory. On good swamp sites in Michigan, for
example, tamarack is a dominant tree in the overstory of some mixed
conifer stands, but it is practically never found in the understory (2).
The tree is a good self-pruner, and boles of 25- to 30-year-old trees may
be clear for one-half or two-thirds their length.
Tamarack is a pioneer tree, especially on open unburned bogs and burned
organic soil (11). It is generally the first forest tree to invade
filled-lake bogs. In the Lake States tamarack may first appear in the
sedge mat, sphagnum. moss, or not until the bog shrub stage; farther north
it is the pioneer tree in the bog shrub stage (12). Tamarack is fairly
well adapted to reproduce successfully on burns (35), so it is one of the
usual pioneers on most sites in the boreal forest immediately after fire.
The tree commonly forms stands on abandoned farmland in eastern Ontario
(27) and reproduces well on sites in Alaska that were cleared and then
abandoned (50).
Because tamarack is very intolerant, it does not become established in
its own shade. Consequently, the more tolerant black spruce eventually
succeeds tamarack on poor (bog) sites, whereas northern white-cedar,
balsam fir, and swamp hardwoods succeed tamarack on good (swamp) sites
(12). Recurring sawfly outbreaks throughout the range of tamarack have
probably speeded the usual succession to black spruce or other associates
(11).
Various tests on planting and natural reproduction indicate that
competing vegetation hinders tamarack establishment. A year's delay in
planting furrows on a wet lowland resulted in significantly lower
first-year survival, apparently because of the rapid resurgence of grass
and other herbaceous vegetation (24). On brushy peatland, 7-year survival
and height were both much lower where tamarack was planted on unsprayed
rather than on herbicide-sprayed areas (33). Six years after broadcast
burning and natural seeding on peatland, tamaracks overtopped by
surrounding vegetation were only about half as tall as those generally not
overtopped (21). Tamarack does not grow well where sugar maple (Acer
saccharum) reproduction is present; this seems at least partly due to
the maple's root exudate (44).
The intolerance of tamarack dictates the use of even-aged management,
with some adaptation of clearcutting or seed-tree cutting generally
considered the best silvicultural system, because tamarack seeds
apparently germinate better in the open and the seedlings require
practically full light to survive and grow well. Tamarack is also usually
windfirm enough for the seed-tree system to succeed. Satisfactory
reestablishment of tamarack, however, often requires some kind of site
preparation, such as slash disposal and herbicide spraying (22).
For successful tamarack plantations, the planting stock's roots and
shoots must be well balanced and dormant; probably the best stock is begun
in a greenhouse and transplanted for 1 year. Competition must also be
controlled, the first 2 years after planting being critical. Because
tamarack is very intolerant, the trees should be planted at wide spacings
such as 2.4 by 2.4 m (8 by 8 ft) (27).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Rooting Habit
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Tamarack typically has a shallow, spreading root
system. On favorable sites roots may spread over an area greater in radius
than the tree height but are only 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) deep. Trees on
sandy upland have a platelike rooting habit; few roots reach below a 30-cm
(12-in) depth and taproots are rare. On wet sites tamarack roots are
usually stringy with no branches on the terminal 15 cm (6 in). Peatland
tamaracks, in particular, have wide root systems and do not form taproots.
As the moss layer deepens, new roots develop on the stem above the
original root collar, and growth of old roots nearly ceases. On drier
sites roots of larger trees bend sharply from the trunks, forming knees
(12).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Seed Production and Dissemination
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Isolated trees on peatlands
and trees in upland plantations begin to bear viable seed at 12 to 15
years of age or even less. In eastern Ontario viable seed has been
collected from vigorous plantations as young as 4 years (27). Seed
production in large quantities generally begins at about 40 years, the
optimum age being about 75 years. Tamaracks on peatland in Saskatchewan
and Manitoba do not bear cones in quantity, however, until they are about
50 years old (12).
Vigorous, open-grown trees 50 to 150 years old produce the best cone
crops; a single tree may bear as many as 20,000 cones containing more than
300,000 full seeds in a good year. Seed production in stands is generally
confined to dominant and codominant trees. Open-grown mature stands 80
years old may produce 3,700,000 to 6,200,000 full seeds per hectare
(1,500,000 to 2,500,000/acre) in a good year, while closed stands the same
age may produce 1,200,000 to 3,000,000 seeds per hectare (500,000 to
1,200,000/acre).
Tamarack bears good seed crops at intervals of 3 to 6 years, with some
seed produced in intervening years. In Minnesota cones from mature trees
averaged 26 seeds, 67 percent of which were full; cones from young trees
averaged 39 seeds and 85 percent were full.
General dates for tamarack seed dispersal in Ontario, the Lake States,
and interior Alaska are September to spring (36,50). A 1-year study in
northeastern Minnesota revealed that 65 percent of the crop fell from
September 1 to September 20, 25 percent from September 20 to October 10,
and nearly all of the remaining 10 percent before October 31. Empty cones
remain on the trees from 2 to 5 years (12).
Tamarack seeds are 3 mm (0.12 in) long and have light chestnut-brown
wings 6 mm (0.25 in) long; cleaned seeds average about 550 000 to 710
000/kg (250,000 to 320,000/lb) (18,36). Although the seeds are small, few
fall at a distance greater than twice the tree height. However, tamarack
can reproduce well as far as 60 m (200 ft) from seed-bearing trees if
favorable seedbeds are present (22).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Seedling Development
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Up to half the tamarack seeds that fall
may be destroyed by rodents. As a result of this loss plus that by fungi
or bacteria, only 4 to 5 percent of the seed may germinate (12). In
nurseries, erratic and often poor germination has been a major difficulty
in producing tamarack stock (27); germination can even be poor in a
greenhouse (24). Recleaning the seed can substantially reduce the high
percentage of empty or improperly developed seed found in many seed lots
(18). Experience in Ontario shows that under optimum conditions, seed
collected from vigorous stands in a good seed year has 75 to 90 percent
germination (27).
Tamarack seed remains viable for 4 years or more when stored in sealed
containers at 2 to 5 percent moisture content and -8° to -6° C
(18° to 22° F). Internal dormancy apparently ranges from none to
mild. Under forest conditions any existing dormancy is broken while the
seed lies on the ground during the first winter; thus fall sowing is
generally recommended. However, spring-sown seed may germinate well
without any cold stratification (18,36).
Germination is epigeal, the cotyledons rising above the ground. It
normally begins from late May to mid-June and reaches a peak at surface
temperatures of 18° to 21° C (65° to 70° F). In
laboratory experiments germination has occurred at temperatures as low as
12° C (54° F) (4) and the rate may increase with temperature up
to about 24° C (75° F). Under deep shade germination occurred at
13° C (55° F). Alternating day and night temperatures of 30°
and 20° C (86° and 68° F), respectively, are recommended
for germination tests (36).
The best seedbed is warm, moist mineral or organic soil with no brush
but a light cover of grass or other herbaceous vegetation. Hummocks of
slow-growing sphagnum moss often make a good seedbed, but some sphagnum
mosses may offer too much competition. In Minnesota germination beneath
tamarack stands was best on fine-textured mosses (primarily Mnium,
Drepanocladus, and Helodium) (12). Findings from clearcut
peatlands in Minnesota show that slash-burned seedbeds favor tamarack
reproduction, whereas slash hinders it (22). On uplands, tamarack
apparently reproduces well on rock-raked areas after natural seeding.
For best growth tamarack seedlings need abundant light and a constant
but suitable water level. In Canadian studies, full light produced the
tallest seedlings and heaviest root weights (26). Under drought
conditions, leader length and stem diameter were significantly reduced by
soil moisture tensions of 15.2 bar (15 atm), but tensions of 1.0 and 6.1
bar (1 and 6 atm) had little effect (14). Seedlings under fully stocked
stands usually grow 2 to 3 cm (1 in) the first year and do not survive
beyond the sixth year. With little or no cover they may be as tall as 18
to 23 cm (7 to 9 in) the first year and 46 to 64 cm (18 to 25 in) the
third year. From then on, growth is generally even more rapid if light is
adequate and drainage is good (12).
Buds begin to swell 2 or 3 weeks before opening; in northeastern
Minnesota this occurs from early to late April. Needles begin to emerge
from about mid-April to mid-May in Minnesota, Michigan's Upper Peninsula,
and Saskatchewan. On the short shoots, needles elongate rapidly and the
annual stem increment- only about 1 mm (0.04 in)- is completed shortly
after budbreak. On the long shoots, basal needles reach full length by
mid- to late June in northern Wisconsin, whereas stem needles mature along
the stem as it grows; stem elongation is completed by the end of July (5).
Needles begin to turn yellow in early September in Michigan's Upper
Peninsula and reach maximum color in early October in Michigan and
northeastern Minnesota. Tamarack loses its needles in these same areas
from about mid-September to mid-October (1,12).
Height growth apparently does not begin until the first needles are
fully developed. In Michigan's Upper Peninsula height growth begins in
late May and continues until mid-August (12). Diameter growth begins from
early April to early June and ceases from late July to early August in
northeastern Minnesota (I).
Because they are small, tamarack seedlings are easily killed during the
first 6 or 8 weeks after germination. Early losses are primarily caused by
damping-off; in the second and third years drought, drowning, and
inadequate light sometimes cause appreciable loss. One-year-old seedlings
grown in full light can survive desiccation of the upper 2 to 3 cm (1 in)
of organic soils to as low as 45 to 65 percent by weight, whereas
forest-grown seedlings 1 to 3 years old are fairly intolerant of drought
(or flooding) (12).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Soils and Topography
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Tamarack can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions but grows most
commonly on wet to moist organic soils (Histosols) such as sphagnum peat
and woody peat. The latter is usually better decomposed, has more nitrogen
and mineral nutrients, and is less acid than sphagnum peat. Tamarack grows
fairly well on extremely dry soils where these are shallow over bedrock or
where the water table is low, but it can die from drought on such sites.
The tree is found on mineral soils, especially Inceptisols and Entisols,
that range from heavy clay to coarse sand; thus texture does not seem to
be limiting. Although tamarack can grow well on calcareous soils, it is
not abundant on the limestone areas of eastern Ontario (27) and is rare on
those of the Gaspé Peninsula and Anticosti Island in Canada.
Because it can withstand high soil moisture, high acidity, and low soil
temperature, tamarack is more abundant on peatlands than trees
characteristic of surrounding uplands. It grows best, however, on more
favorable sites such as moist but well-drained loamy soils along streams,
lakes, and swamps; seep areas; and mineral soils with a shallow surface
layer of organic matter (12). In Alaska tamarack grows well on upland
sites having wind-deposited loess soils (50).
Tamarack is a characteristic tree of peatlands, especially in the
southern limits of its range. It is found on the full range of peatlands
from rich swamp (forested rich fen) to raised bog but is most
characteristic of poor swamps where the soil water is weakly enriched with
mineral nutrients (17). Farther north tamarack is still common on
peatlands (38); in Alaska it occurs especially on bogs underlain by
permafrost (perennially frozen soils) (50).
Tamarack often grows on much drier sites in the northern part of its
range. Scattered individuals and sometimes stands are found on swamp
margins, on the banks of streams and lakes, and on low ridges and benches
and other upland sites. In the Hudson Bay lowlands, tamarack grows on both
extensive fens (11) and beach ridges (38). In British Columbia it is often
an upland tree, growing on the cool moist north slopes of mountains as
well as in valley swamps.
Tamarack grows on sites with about the same elevation throughout most of
its range. In eastern North America, however, the tree grows between sea
level and 1220 m (4,000 ft); in the Canadian Rockies and Alaska it grows
between about 180 and 520 m (600 and 1,700 ft) (12).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Special Uses
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The principal commercial use of tamarack in the United States is for
making pulp products, especially the transparent paper in window
envelopes. Because of its rot resistance, tamarack is also used for posts,
poles, mine timbers, and railroad ties. Other wood products include rough
lumber, fuelwood, boxes, crates, and pails (23). In interior Alaska young
tamarack stems are used for dogsled runners, boat ribs, and fishtraps (4);
in northern Alberta the branches are used to make duck and goose decoys
(50). Historically, knees from larger trees were used in wooden ship
construction and Indians used the fine roots to sew birch bark, the wood
for arrow shafts, and the bark for medicine (48).
Tamarack has certain wildlife values. Porcupines feed on the inner bark,
snowshoe hares browse on seedlings, and red squirrels eat the seeds. Birds
common in tamarack stands during the summer include the white-throated
sparrow, song sparrow, veery, common yellowthroat, and Nashville warbler
(7). The American osprey, a sensitive species, often nests in lowland
types such as tamarack; and the great gray owl, a rare winter visitor in
the northern Lake States, apparently nests there only in the tamarack
peatlands of northern Minnesota.
Tamarack is esthetically appealing, especially in early autumn when its
needles turn yellow. Although the tree has been infrequently planted for
ornamental purposes (30), it has significant potential-even in Alaska
(50)- because of its rapid growth and fall color. Tamarack is particularly
valuable in suburban areas but is not suitable as a shade tree on city
streets (18).
Tamarack has limited value as a watershed protector because it usually
grows on gently sloping terrain, and management of the type probably has
little or no effect on water yield or quality because harvesting is
generally on a small scale.
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Vegetative Reproduction
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Layering is apparently the dominant
reproductive mode for tamarack along the northern limit of trees in Canada
and Alaska (10,50), whereas farther south it is uncommon but may occur
when branches are covered by fast-growing sphagnum moss or drifting sand.
Roots are also known to produce shoots (12), and experience in Ontario
shows that tamarack can be easily propagated from softwood cuttings taken
in early July from young trees (probably less than 5 to 7 years old) (27).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Tamarack has one of the widest ranges of all North American conifers.
Its main range extends from Newfoundland and Labrador west along the
northern limit of trees, and across the Continental Divide in northern
Yukon Territory (52); then south in the Mackenzie River drainage to
northeastern British Columbia and central Alberta; and east to southern
Manitoba, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, extreme northeastern
Illinois, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, northern Pennsylvania, northern
New Jersey, northern Connecticut, and Maine. It also grows locally in the
mountains of northern West Virginia and adjacent western Maryland. A major
disjunct area of tamarack is found in interior Alaska, in the Yukon and
Kuskokwim River basins between the Brooks Range on the north and the
Alaska Range on the south; three minor areas are near the Alaska-Yukon
border.
- The native range of tamarack.
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
William F. Johnston
Tamarack (Larix laricina), also called eastern, American, or
Alaska larch, and hackmatack, is a small- to medium-sized deciduous
conifer extending from the Atlantic to central Alaska. One of the largest
tamaracks recorded is in Maine and measures about 94 cm (36.9 in) in
d.b.h. and 29 m (95 ft) in height. The heavy, durable wood is used
principally for pulpwood, but also for posts, poles, rough lumber, and
fuelwood. Wildlife use the tree for food and nesting; it is also
esthetically appealing and has significant potential as an ornamental.
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Physical Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Deciduous, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaves per fascicle > 10, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs with peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds yellow, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
- compilador
- Stephen C. Meyers
- compilador
- Aaron Liston
- compilador
- Steffi Ickert-Bond
- compilador
- Damon Little
Amerika qara şamı
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Vətəni Şimali Amerika dır. Tundra zonasında cənubda, Alyaska, Kanada və Pensilvaniya ştatlarında bitir. Şimalda çayların və göllərin sahillərində təmiz əkinlər əmələ gətirir və qara küknar, Kanada küknarı və kağız tozağacı ilə birlikdə qarışıq meşələrdə bitir. Hündürlüyü 25 m-ə qədər, çətiri ensiz-piramida formalı və ya konusvarı, budaqları aşağıya sallanmış, yarpağını tökən ağacdır. Gövdəsinin rəngi tünd qonurdan boz rəngə qədər dəyişir. Cavan zoğları qonur-narıncı, göyümtül çalarlıdır, çılpaq və ya seyrək tükcüklüdür. Uzunluğu 3 sm olan iynəyarpaqları yazda çox zəif, açıq yaşıl olur, sonradan tündləşir. İşıqsevən və yavaş böyüyən cinsdir. İynəyarpaqları aprelin ortalarında açılır, noyabrda tökülür. Toxumlarla çoxalır. Toxum qabıqalrı qalın, çılpaq, qövsvarı əyilmiş, bir az içəri burulmuşdur. Ucunda kənar qabıqları toxum qabıqlarının 1/2 hissəsini təşkil edir və qozaların bünövrələrində çıxır. Gözəl, az budaqlı çətirinə görə öz yaşıl görkəmini digərlərindən çox saxlayır. Qozaları xırda, çox dekorativdir, əvvəlcə bənövşəyi-qırmızı olur, yetişdikdə qırmızı-qonur rəng alır. Mədəni şəraitdə 1737-ci ildən becərilir. 23 yaşında hündürlüyü 18,6 m, gövdəsinin diametri 29-38 sm, illik boy artımı 12 sm olur. 7 yaşından çiçəkləyir. Qışadavamlılğı yüksəkdir. Emal edilmədən qış qələmləri kök atmır. Avropanın dəniz və kontinental iqlimində yaxşı bitir, Avropa qara şamına nisbətən iqlimə daha davamlı hesab edilir. Digər qara şamlara nisbətən yavaş böyüyür, vegetasiyası dugər növlərdən gec başlayır. Yaxşı drenajlı torpaqlara və açıq yerlərə üstünlük verir. Rütubətə davamlıdır. Tək və qrup əkinlərində, parklarda, bağlarda geniş istifadə edilir. Göllərin və bataqlıq sahələrin yaşıllaşdırılması üçün yararlıdır. Aşağıdakı formaları məlumdur: “Aurea”-formasının zoğlarında iynəyarpaqları qızılı-sarı, yayda açıq yaşıl rənglidir. Bu dekorativ forma 1866-cı ildə bağban Sensklaus tərəfindən alınmışdır. Abşeron da yeni salınan parklarda, bağlarda rast gəlinir və mədəni şəraitdə becərilir.
Məlumat mənbələri:
Деревья и кустарники СССР. т.3.1954; Флора Азербайджана. т.5. 1954; Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. III cild. 1970; Azərbaycanın “Qırmızı” və “Yaşıl Кitabları”na tövsiyə olunan bitki və bitki formasiyaları. 1996; Azərbaycan florasının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008.
İstinadlar
- “Azərbaycan dendraflorasi” I cild, Baki, “Elm”, 2011, 312 səh.
Mənbə
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Amerika qara şamı: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Vətəni Şimali Amerika dır. Tundra zonasında cənubda, Alyaska, Kanada və Pensilvaniya ştatlarında bitir. Şimalda çayların və göllərin sahillərində təmiz əkinlər əmələ gətirir və qara küknar, Kanada küknarı və kağız tozağacı ilə birlikdə qarışıq meşələrdə bitir. Hündürlüyü 25 m-ə qədər, çətiri ensiz-piramida formalı və ya konusvarı, budaqları aşağıya sallanmış, yarpağını tökən ağacdır. Gövdəsinin rəngi tünd qonurdan boz rəngə qədər dəyişir. Cavan zoğları qonur-narıncı, göyümtül çalarlıdır, çılpaq və ya seyrək tükcüklüdür. Uzunluğu 3 sm olan iynəyarpaqları yazda çox zəif, açıq yaşıl olur, sonradan tündləşir. İşıqsevən və yavaş böyüyən cinsdir. İynəyarpaqları aprelin ortalarında açılır, noyabrda tökülür. Toxumlarla çoxalır. Toxum qabıqalrı qalın, çılpaq, qövsvarı əyilmiş, bir az içəri burulmuşdur. Ucunda kənar qabıqları toxum qabıqlarının 1/2 hissəsini təşkil edir və qozaların bünövrələrində çıxır. Gözəl, az budaqlı çətirinə görə öz yaşıl görkəmini digərlərindən çox saxlayır. Qozaları xırda, çox dekorativdir, əvvəlcə bənövşəyi-qırmızı olur, yetişdikdə qırmızı-qonur rəng alır. Mədəni şəraitdə 1737-ci ildən becərilir. 23 yaşında hündürlüyü 18,6 m, gövdəsinin diametri 29-38 sm, illik boy artımı 12 sm olur. 7 yaşından çiçəkləyir. Qışadavamlılğı yüksəkdir. Emal edilmədən qış qələmləri kök atmır. Avropanın dəniz və kontinental iqlimində yaxşı bitir, Avropa qara şamına nisbətən iqlimə daha davamlı hesab edilir. Digər qara şamlara nisbətən yavaş böyüyür, vegetasiyası dugər növlərdən gec başlayır. Yaxşı drenajlı torpaqlara və açıq yerlərə üstünlük verir. Rütubətə davamlıdır. Tək və qrup əkinlərində, parklarda, bağlarda geniş istifadə edilir. Göllərin və bataqlıq sahələrin yaşıllaşdırılması üçün yararlıdır. Aşağıdakı formaları məlumdur: “Aurea”-formasının zoğlarında iynəyarpaqları qızılı-sarı, yayda açıq yaşıl rənglidir. Bu dekorativ forma 1866-cı ildə bağban Sensklaus tərəfindən alınmışdır. Abşeron da yeni salınan parklarda, bağlarda rast gəlinir və mədəni şəraitdə becərilir.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Larix laricina
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Larix laricina, amb el nom comú en anglès de tamarack,[2] hackmatack,[2] eastern larch,[2] black larch,[2] red larch,[2] o American larch, és una espècie de làrix nativa del Canadà i nord-est dels Estats Units. La paraula tamarack és dels idiomes algonquians i significa "fusta usada per sabates de neu".
Fa de 10 a 20 m d'alt. Són molt tolerants al fred.
Referències
Enllaços externs
![src=]()
A
Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Larix laricina ![src=]()
Podeu veure l'
entrada corresponent a aquest
tàxon,
clade o
naturalista dins el
projecte Wikispecies.
- Earl J.S. Rook, Boundary Waters Compendium, Flora, Fauna, Earth, and Sky, The Natural History of the Northwoods, Trees of the Northwoods, Larix laricina
-
William F. Johnston, United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service, St. Paul Field Office, Tamarack – Silvics of North America
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autors i editors de Wikipedia
Larix laricina: Brief Summary
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Larix laricina, amb el nom comú en anglès de tamarack, hackmatack, eastern larch, black larch, red larch, o American larch, és una espècie de làrix nativa del Canadà i nord-est dels Estats Units. La paraula tamarack és dels idiomes algonquians i significa "fusta usada per sabates de neu".
Fa de 10 a 20 m d'alt. Són molt tolerants al fred.
![src=]()
Fulles i pinyes
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autors i editors de Wikipedia
Ostamerikanische Lärche
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Ostamerikanische Lärche oder Amerikanische Lärche (Larix laricina), durch Eindeutschung des englischen Namens auch Tamarack-Lärche oder Tamarack genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Lärchen (Larix) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae).
Verbreitung
Sie kommt ursprünglich aus dem nördlichen Nordamerika, hauptsächlich Kanada, Yukon, Nordwest-Territorien, dem Osten Neufundlands, aber auch aus dem Nordosten der Vereinigten Staaten wie Minnesota und Pennsylvania. Eine isolierte Population gibt es auch in Alaska.
In Mitteleuropa wird sie ziemlich selten angepflanzt.
Beschreibung
Die Ostamerikanische Lärche wächst als sommergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen bis über 20 Meter und Stammdurchmesser (Brusthöhendurchmesser) von bis zu 60 Zentimeter erreicht. Ihre Baumkrone ist schlank kegelförmig; zur Spitze hin endet sie meist durch Teilung in mehrere Äste. Die Borke junger Bäume ist grau und glatt, später ist sie rötlich bis rötlich-braun und blättert fein ohne Risse ab. Die Rinde der Zweige ist orange-braun und glatt. Die an Kurztrieben stehenden, nadelförmigen Blätter sind sehr schmal (0,5 bis 0,8 mm), 0,3 bis 0,5 Millimeter dick und etwa 1 bis 2,5 Zentimeter lang.
Die Ostamerikanische Lärche ist einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Die Pollen weisen einen Durchmesser von 53 bis 65 µm auf. Die, an gebogenen, 2 bis 5 × 2 bis 2,5 mm großen Stielen stehenden, Zapfen sind stumpf zylindrisch und nur 1 bis 2 cm lang bei einem Durchmesser von 0,5 bis 1 cm. Sie besitzen 10 bis 30 Samenschuppen und nur wenige runde, an der Spitze gekrümmte Deckschuppen. Die Samen sind 2 bis 3 mm groß mit 4 bis 6 mm großen Flügeln.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[1]
Taxonomie
Die Ostamerikanische Lärche (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) hat folgende Synonyme: Pinus laricina Du Roi, Larix americana Michx.[2], Larix tenuifolia Salisb., Pinus larix var. americana Pall., Pinus intermedia Du Roi, Larix microcarpa (Lamb.) Mirb., Abies microcarpa (Lamb.) Lindl.[3]
Bilder
Ostamerikanische Lärche mit Zapfen
Quellen
-
Christopher J. Earle: Larix laricina. In: The Gymnosperm Database. 27. Mai 2011, abgerufen am 6. November 2011 (englisch).
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Tropicos. [1]
-
↑ Larix laricina im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 3. August 2016.
-
↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Larix. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 12. April 2019.
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Ostamerikanische Lärche: Brief Summary
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Ostamerikanische Lärche oder Amerikanische Lärche (Larix laricina), durch Eindeutschung des englischen Namens auch Tamarack-Lärche oder Tamarack genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Lärchen (Larix) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae).
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Larix laricina
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Larix laricina, commonly known as the tamarack,[3] hackmatack,[3] eastern larch,[3] black larch,[3] red larch,[3] or American larch,[3] is a species of larch native to Canada, from eastern Yukon and Inuvik, Northwest Territories east to Newfoundland, and also south into the upper northeastern United States from Minnesota to Cranesville Swamp, West Virginia; there is also an isolated population in central Alaska.[4] The word akemantak is an Algonquian name for the species and means "wood used for snowshoes".
Description
Larix laricina is a small to medium-size boreal coniferous and deciduous tree reaching 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 60 cm (24 in) diameter. Tamaracks and larches (Larix species) are deciduous conifers. The bark is tight and flaky, pink, but under flaking bark it can appear reddish. The leaves are needle-like, 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) short, light blue-green, turning bright yellow before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pale pinkish-brown shoots bare until the next spring. The needles are produced spirally on long shoots and in dense clusters on long woody spur shoots. The cones are the smallest of any larch, only 1–2.3 cm (3⁄8–7⁄8 in) long, with 12-25 seed scales; they are bright red, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4 to 6 months after pollination.[5]
Key characteristics:[6]
- The needles are normally borne on a short shoot in groups of 10–20 needles.
- The larch is deciduous and the needles turn yellow in autumn.
- The seed cones are small, less than 2 cm (3⁄4 in) long, with lustrous brown scales.
- Larch are commonly found in swamps, fens, bogs, and other low-land areas.
Distribution and ecology
Tamarack larch foliage and cones in August. The lighter brown cones are from the current season; the darker brown cones are mature cones from previous seasons.
Tamaracks are very cold tolerant, able to survive temperatures down to at least −65 °C (−85 °F), and commonly occurs at the Arctic tree line at the edge of the tundra. Trees in these severe climatic conditions are smaller than farther south, often only 5 m (15 ft) tall. They can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions but grow most commonly in swamps, bogs, or muskegs, in wet to moist organic soils such as sphagnum, peat, and woody peat. They are also found on mineral soils that range from heavy clay to coarse sand; thus texture does not seem to be limiting. Although tamarack can grow well on calcareous soils, it is not abundant on the limestone areas of eastern Ontario.
Tamarack sapling in a sphagnum bog
Tamarack is generally the first forest tree to grow on filled-lake bogs. In the lake states, tamarack may appear first in the sedge mat, sphagnum moss, or not until the bog shrub stage. Farther north, it is the pioneer tree in the bog shrub stage. Tamarack is fairly well adapted to reproduce successfully on burns, so it is one of the common pioneers on sites in the boreal forest immediately after a fire.[7]
The central Alaskan population, separated from the eastern Yukon populations by a gap of about 700 kilometres (430 mi), is treated as a distinct variety Larix laricina var. alaskensis by some botanists, though others argue that it is not sufficiently distinct to be distinguished.
Associated forest cover
Young tree with fall color
Tamarack forms extensive pure stands in the boreal region of Canada and in northern Minnesota. In the rest of its United States range and in the Maritime Provinces, tamarack is found locally in both pure and mixed stands. It is a major component in the Society of American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types Tamarack and black spruce–tamarack.
Black spruce (Picea mariana) is usually tamarack's main associate in mixed stands on all sites. The other most common associates include balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white spruce (Picea glauca), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the boreal region. In the better organic soil sites in the northern forest region, the most common associates are the northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis), balsam fir, black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and red maple (Acer rubrum). In Alaska, quaking aspen and tamarack are almost never found together. Additional common associates are American elm (Ulmus americana), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), Kenai birch (B. papyrifera var. kenaica), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis).
Tamarack stands cast light shade and so usually have a dense undergrowth of shrubs and herbs. Because the tree has an extensive range, a great variety of shrubs is associated with it. Dominant tall shrubs include dwarf and swamp birch (Betula glandulosa and Betula pumila), willows (Salix spp.), speckled alder (Alnus rugosa), and red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera). Low shrubs include bog Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), bog-rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla), leather leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), and small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos). Characteristically the herbaceous cover includes sedges (Carex spp.), cottongrass (Eriophorum spp.), three-leaved false Solomonseal (Maianthemum trifolium), marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris), marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris), and bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). Ground cover is usually composed of sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.) and other mosses.
Seed cones and pollen cones
Tamarack is monoecious. Male and female cones are small, either solitary or in groups of 2 or 3, and appear with the needles. Male cones are yellow and are borne mainly on 1- or 2-year-old branchlets. Female cones resemble tiny roses. They are reddish or maroon, have needles at their base which are shorter and bluer than the other needles on the tree. They are borne most commonly on 2 to 4-year-old branchlets, but may also appear on branchlets 5 or more years old. Cones usually are produced on young growth of vigorous trees. On open-grown trees, cones are borne on all parts of the crown. Mature seed cones are brown, oblong-ovoid, and 13 to 19 mm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) long.
Uses
The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and was used by the Algonquian people for making snowshoes and other products where toughness was required. The natural crooks located in the stumps and roots are also preferred for creating knees in wooden boats. Currently, the wood is used principally for pulpwood, but also for posts, poles, rough lumber, and fuelwood; it is not a major commercial timber species. Tamarack wood is also used as kickboards in horse stables.[8]Older Log homes built in the 19th century sometimes incorporated tamarack along with other species like red or white oak. The hewn logs have a coarse grainy surface texture.
It is also grown as an ornamental tree in gardens in cold regions. Several dwarf cultivars have been created that are available commercially.[9][10] Tamarack is commonly used for bonsai.[11]
Tamarack poles were used in corduroy roads because of their resistance to rot. Tamarack posts were used before 1917 in Alberta to mark the northeast corner of sections surveyed within townships. They were used by the surveyors because at that time the very rot-resistant wood was readily available in the bush and was light to carry. Their rot resistance was also why they were often used in early water distribution systems.
The aboriginal peoples of Canada's northwest regions used the inner bark as a poultice to treat cuts, infected wounds, frostbite, boils and hemorrhoids. The outer bark and roots are also said to have been used with another plant as a treatment for arthritis, cold and general aches and pains.[12]
Wildlife use the tree for food and nesting. Porcupines eat the inner bark, snowshoe hares feeds on tamarack seedlings, and red squirrels eat the seeds.[13] Birds that frequent tamaracks during the summer include the white-throated sparrow, song sparrow, veery, common yellowthroat, and Nashville warbler.[14]
Reaction to competition
Tamarack is very intolerant of shade. Although it can tolerate some shade during the first several years, it must become dominant to survive. When mixed with other species, it must be in the over story. The tree is a good self-pruner, and boles of 25- to 30-year-old trees may be clear for one-half or two-thirds their length.
Because tamarack is very shade-intolerant, it does not become established in its own shade. Consequently, the more tolerant black spruce eventually succeeds tamarack on poor bog sites, whereas northern white-cedar, balsam fir, and swamp hardwoods succeed tamarack on good swamp sites. Recurring sawfly outbreaks throughout the range of tamarack have probably sped the usual succession to black spruce or other associates.
Various tests on planting and natural reproduction indicate that competing vegetation hinders tamarack establishment.
The shade-intolerance of tamarack dictates the use of even-aged management. Some adaptation of clear cutting or seed-tree cutting is generally considered the best silvicultural system because tamarack seeds apparently germinate better in the open, and the seedlings require practically full light to survive and grow well. Tamarack is also usually wind-firm enough for the seed-tree system to succeed. Satisfactory reestablishment of tamarack, however, often requires some kind of site preparation, such as slash disposal and herbicide spraying.
Damaging agents
The tamarack has thin bark and is therefore highly susceptible to fire damage, except perhaps in older, upland stands. However, the habitat of tamarack, especially south of the boreal forest, is normally wet enough to protect the tree from fire. The tamarack is also susceptible to high winds. Strong winds can uproot large tamarack trees growing in swamps or other wet-land sites where rooting is shallow. It has also been discovered that abnormally high water levels often kill tamarack stands. Those that survive under such conditions usually grow very slowly. Other effects of high water include dieback and the development of adventitious roots and shoots. Wetland road crossings and beaver damming are the primary causes of flooding.
Many insect species are known to be destructive to tamaracks. The non-indigenous larch sawfly is the most destructive. Epidemics occur periodically across Canada and the northern United States and have caused tremendous losses of merchantable tamarack throughout most of the tree's range. Indications are that radial increment declines markedly after 4 to 6 years of outbreak. After 6 to 9 years of moderate to heavy defoliation, the trees die. In southeastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota, however, imported parasites of the sawfly have become established and should reduce the frequency and duration of future outbreaks. Another serious defoliator is the larch casebearer Coleophora laricella. The larch casebearer attacks tamarack of all ages, and several severe outbreaks have caused extensive mortality in some areas. Outbreak severity has lessened in recent years, however, probably due to imported parasites of the casebearer that have become widely established.
Only a few other insects and related organisms (such as mites) that feed on tamarack are known to sometimes cause serious injury. During an outbreak, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) can severely damage tamarack. The larch-bud moth (Zeiraphera improbana) has had occasional short epidemics, and the spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis) is occasionally found in large numbers on tamarack. The larch-shoot moth (Argyresthia laricella) is widely distributed, but serious injury is unusual. One of the most common bark beetles attacking tamarack is the eastern larch beetle (Dendroctonus simplex), but it feeds mainly on weakened, dying, or dead trees.
Tamarack is a host to many pathogens, but only one cause diseases serious enough to have an economic impact on its culture, the Lachnellula willkommii fungus. It is a relatively new pathogen in Canada, first recorded in 1980 and originating in Europe. The fungus cause large cankers to form and a disease known as larch canker which is particularly harmful to the tamarack larch, killing both young and mature trees.[15] Apart from this, the only common foliage diseases are rusts, such as the leaf rust in eastern and central North America. However, this rust, caused by the fungus Melampsora medusae, and other rusts do little damage to tamarack. The needle-cast fungus Hypodermella laricis has attacked tamarack in Ontario and has the potential for local damage.
Gallery
See also
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Larix laricina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42313A2971618. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42313A2971618.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ "Larix laricina". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ a b c d e f Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Larix laricina". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
-
^ "Larix laricina". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
-
^ Parker, William H. (1993). "Larix laricina". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ Barnes, Burton V.; Wagner Jr., Warren H. (September 15, 1981). Michigan Trees. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08018-2.
-
^ Hogan, C. Michael (November 24, 2008). "Black Spruce". GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
-
^ Uchytil, Ronald J. (1991). "Larix laricina". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
-
^ "Larix laricina". University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 2013-03-15. Retrieved 2012-11-15. Dwarf forms include: 'Blue Sparkler', with bluish foliage; 'Deborah Waxman', which reaches 4' in time; 'Lanark', which grows very low and wide; and 'Newport Beauty', a tiny form probably never exceeding 2' tall and wide.
-
^ "Larix Laricina: Cultivar List". Encyclopedia of Conifers. Royal Horticultural Society.
-
^ Joyce, David (2006). The Art of Natural Bonsai: Replicating Nature's Beauty. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4027-3524-0. As bonsai, they are my favorite genus because of their speed of growth, hardiness, ease of wiring and shaping, and, most of all, for their beautiful foliage color in spring and autumn.
-
^ Marles, Robin James (2009). Aboriginal Plant Use in Canada's Northwest Boreal Forest. Canadian Forest Service. ISBN 978-0-660-19869-9.
-
^ Johnston, William F. (1990). "Larix laricina". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 1. Retrieved 2015-12-04 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ Dawson, Deanna K. 1979. Bird communities associated with succession and management of lowland conifer forests. In Management of north central and northeastern forests for nongame birds: workshop proceedings, 1979. p. 120-131. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC-51. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN.
-
^ European larch canker Natural Resources Canada
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Larix laricina: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Larix laricina, commonly known as the tamarack, hackmatack, eastern larch, black larch, red larch, or American larch, is a species of larch native to Canada, from eastern Yukon and Inuvik, Northwest Territories east to Newfoundland, and also south into the upper northeastern United States from Minnesota to Cranesville Swamp, West Virginia; there is also an isolated population in central Alaska. The word akemantak is an Algonquian name for the species and means "wood used for snowshoes".
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Orienta lariko
(
Esperanto
)
fornecido por wikipedia EO
La orienta lariko (Larix laricina) estas specio de lariko indiĝena en Kanado, ekde orienta Jukonio kaj Inuviko (Nordokcidentaj Teritorioj) orienten ĝis Novlando, kaj ankaŭ suden en nordorienta Usono ekde Minesoto al Cranesville Swamp (Okcidenta Virginio), Marilando; ekzistas ankaŭ disa populacio en centra Alasko. La loka nomo tamarack [1] estas de algonkena origino kaj ĝi signifas "ligno uzebla por neĝŝuoj".
Priskribo
Ĝi estas malgranda ĝis mezgranda boreala konifero kaj decidua arbo atinganta alton de 10-20 metroj, kun trunkodiametro ĝis 60 centimetroj. Alidirite la orienta lariko do ne estas ĉiamverda. La arboŝelo estas firma kaj skvama, rozkolora, sed sub la elskvamiĝanta ŝelo ĝi povas prezentigi sin ruĝeta. La folioj estas pinglo-similaj, 2-3 cm longaj, hele bluverdaj, estiĝantaj hele flavaj antaŭ ol ili aŭtune defalas, lasante nude la palajn rozecajn-brunajn ŝosojn ĝis venontprintempe. La pingloj estas spirale aranĝataj sur longaj ŝosoj kaj densarete sur la branĉetoj. La strobiloj estas la plej malgrandaj el iu ajn larikospecio, nur 1-2,3 cm longaj, kun 12-25 semskvamoj; ili estas hele ruĝaj, fariĝante brunaj kaj malfermante ĉe la liberigo de la semoj kiam mature, 4 ĝis 6 monatojn post polenado.
Ŝlosiltrajtoj [2]:
- la pingloj normale estiĝas sur mallonga ŝoso en grupoj de 10-20 pingloj;
- la orienta lariko estas decidua kaj la pingloj fariĝas flavaj en aŭtuno;
- la semstrobiloj estas malgrandaj, malpli ol 2 cm longaj, kun brilsurfacaj brunaj skvamoj;
- la orienta lariko ofte troviĝas en marĉoj, torfejoj, kaj aliaj malaltaĵaj areoj.
Disvastiĝo kaj ekologio
![src=]()
Orientlarikaj folioj kaj strobiloj en aŭgusto. La pli hele ruĝecaj strobiloj estas de la nuna jaro; la pli malhelaj brunaj strobiloj datiĝas de la antaŭaj jaroj.
Tiu nearktisa specio estas tre malvarmtolerema, kapabla postvivi temperaturojn malsupre de almenaŭ −65 °C, kaj ofte ĝi vegetas ĉe la arkta arbarolimo ĉe la rando de la tundro. Arboj en tiuj severaj klimataj cirkonstancoj estas pli malgrandaj ol tiuj pli for sude, ofte nur 5 m altaj. La orienta lariko povas toleri larĝan gamon da grundokvalitoj sed vegetas plej ofte en marĉoj en humidaj organikaj grundoj kiel ekzemple sfagno-torfo kaj ligneca torfo. La arbospecio estas trovata sur mineralaj grundoj kiuj varias de peza argilo ĝis kruda sablo; tiel la teksturo ne ŝajnas esti limiganta faktoro. Kvankam la orienta lariko povas kreski bone sur kalkecaj grundoj, ĝi ne estas abunda sur la kalkŝtonareoj de orienta Ontario.
La orienta lariko estas ofte pioniro[3].
La orienta lariko estas ĝenerale la unua forstarbo se temas pri invadi plen-lagajn marĉojn. En la Lagŝtatoj, la orienta lariko unue povas aperi en la kareksotavolo, sfagnomusko, aŭ ne ĝis la marĉa arbedstadio. Pli for norde, ĝi estas la pionirarbo en la marĉa arbedstadio. La orienta lariko estas sufiĉe bone adaptata por reproduktigi sin sukcese sur brulitaj terenoj, tiel ke ĝi estas unu el la komunaj pioniroj sur ejoj en la tajgo tuj post fajro.
La centralaska populacio, apartigata de la orientjukoniaj populacioj per interspaco de proksimume 700 kilometroj, estas traktata kiel diferenca vario Larix laricina var. alaskensis fare de kelkaj botanikistoj, kvankam aliaj argumentas ke ne estas sufiĉe klare diferenca por tio.
Asociata arbarkovraĵo
![src=]()
Juna arbo kun aŭtunkoloroj.
La orienta lariko formas ampleksajn unuspeciajn arbareojn en la boreala regiono de Kanado kaj en norda Minesoto. En la resto de sia usona arealo en Maraj Provincoj, la orienta lariko troviĝas loke kaj en unuspeciaj kaj en mikaj arbareroj. Ĝi estas grava komponanto en la arbarkovraĵ-tipoj de la SAF (Societo de Amerikaj Forstistoj) "orienta lariko" kaj "nigra piceo-orienta lariko". La nigra piceo (Picea mariana) estas kutime la precipa kunulo de la orienta lariko en miksaj arbareroj en ĉiuj ejoj. La aliaj plej oftaj kunuloj inkludas la balzaman abion (Abies balsamea), la blankan piceon (Picea glauca), kaj la ŝajntremolan poplon (Populus tremuloides) en la boreala regiono.
En la pli bonaj organikaj grundoj en la norda arbarregiono, la plej oftaj kunuloj estas la okcidenta tujo (Thuja occidentalis), la balzama abio, la nigra frakseno (Fraxinus nigra), kaj la ruĝa acero (Acer rubrum). En Alasko, la ŝajntremola poplo kaj la orienta lariko preskaŭ neniam troviĝas kunaj. Pliaj komunaj kunuloj estas la amerika ulmo (Ulmus americana), la balzama poplo (Populus balsamifera), la Banks-pino (Pinus banksiana), la paperbetulo (Betula papyrifera), la Kenai-betulo (B. papyrifera var. kenaica), kaj la alegana betulo (B. alleghaniensis). La orientlarikaj arbareroj ne donas multe da ombro kaj tiel havas densan arbedan subarbaraĵon kaj herbojn. Ĉar la arbospecio havas vastan arealon, granda subarbaraĵa varieco estas asociata kun si. Dominanta arbedaro inkludas malaltajn betulojn (Betula glandulosa kaj Betula pumila), salikojn, Alnus rugosa, kaj Cornus stolonifera. Arbustoj ampleksas Ledum groenlandicum, Andromeda glaucophylla, Chamaedaphne calyculata, kaj Vaccinium oxycoccos. Karakterize la herba kovraĵo inkludas Carex spp., Eriophorum spp., Smilacina trifolia, Potentilla palustris, Caltha palustris, kaj Menyanthes trifoliata. La grundokovraĵo kutime konsistas el sfagnoj kaj muskoj.
Florado kaj fruktado
La orienta lariko estas monoika. Masklaj kaj femalaj infloreskoj estas etaj, aŭ izolaj aŭ du- aŭ triopaj, kaj aperas kun la pingloj. Masklaj floroj estas flavaj kaj precipe estiĝas sur unu- aŭ dujaraj branĉetoj. Femalaj floroj similas etegajn rozojn. Ili estas kolore ruĝecaj/brunpurpuraj, havas pinglojn je sia bazo kiuj estas pli mallongaj kaj pli bluaj ol la aliaj pingloj sur la arbo. Ili plej kutime estiĝas sur 2- al 4-jaraj branĉetoj, sed multaj ankaŭ aperas sur 5-jaraj aŭ pli maljunaj. La strobiloj estiĝas sur junaj ŝosoj de fortaj arboj. Sur duonarbaraj arboj, la strobiloj estiĝas sur ĉiuj partoj de la arbokronoj. Maturaj strobiloj estas brunaj, oblongaj-ovoidaj, kaj 13 al 19 mm longaj.
Uzado
La ligno estas rezista kaj daŭrebla, sed ankaŭ fleksa por maldikaj strioj, kaj estis uzata de la algonkena popolo por fari neĝŝuojn kaj aliajn produktojn kie rezistemo estis bezonata. La naturaj kurbiĝoj en la trunkoj aŭ la radikoj ankaŭ estas preferataj por la kreado de "genuo"-strukturoj en lignaj boatoj. Nuntempe, la ligno precipe estas uzata por fibroligno, sed ankaŭ por stangoj, palisoj, kruda konstruligno, kaj brulligno; ĝi havas malmulte da komerca signifo [4]. Ĝi ankaŭ estas kreskigata kiel ornama arbo en ĝardenoj en malvarmaj regionoj. Pluraj nanaj kulturvarioj estas kreintaj kiuj estas komerce disponeblaj [5][6]. La orienta lariko estas komune uzato por bonsajoj [7]. Orientlarikaj stangoj estis uzataj por rondlignaj vojoj kaŭze de ties putriĝrezistemo. Orientlarikaj arboj estis uzataj antaŭ 1917 en Alberto por marki mezurendajn sekciojn en urboj. Ili estis uzataj de la kontrolistoj ĉar ĉiam la tre putriĝrezistema ligno estis tuj disponebla en la sovaĝejo kaj estis facile portebla.
La indiĝenaj popoloj de la kanadaj nordokcidentaj regionoj estis uzantaj la internan arboŝelon kiel kataplasmon por kuraci tranĉvundojn, infektitajn vundojn, frostiĝojn, furunklojn kaj hemoroidojn. La ekstera ŝelo kaj la radikoj ankaŭ estus estintaj uzataj kun alia planto kiel kuracilon kontraŭ artrito, malvarmumo kaj ĝeneralaj doloro kaj sufero [8].
Reago al konkurado
La orienta lariko tute ne estas ombro-tolerema. Kvankam ĝi povas rezisti al iom da ombro dum la unuaj jaroj, ĝi bezonas estiĝi dominanta por postvivi. Kiam miksita kun aliaj specioj, ĝi devas troviĝi kanopea. La arbospecio estas bona mem-stucanto, kaj trunkoj de 25- al 30-jaraj arboj povas esti senbranĉaj je duono aŭ du trionoj de sia longo.
Ĉar la orienta lariko estas tre ombro-netolerema, ĝi ne reproduktigas sin en sia propra ombro. Konsekvence, la pli tolerema nigra piceo eventuale anstataŭas la orientan larikon en malriĉaj torfejoj, dum la okcidenta tujo, la balzama abio, kaj aptaj angiospermoj postsekvas la orientan larikon en bonaj marĉaj lokoj. Periodaj simfitaj plagoj tra la orientlarika arealo verŝajne rapidigas la kutiman sukcesion al nigra piceo aŭ aliaj specioj.
Diversaj provoj pri natura kaj arta reproduktado indikas ke la konkuranta vegetaĵaro malhelpas la orientlarikan establon.
La orientlarika ombro-netoleremo implicas la uzadon de samaĝo-mastrumado. Iuj formoj de senarbigo aŭ semarba hakado ĝenerale estas konsiderata kiel la plej bona silvikultura sistemo ĉar la orientlarikaj semoj ŝajne pli bone ĝermas en la malferma kampo, kaj la plantidoj praktike postulas la plenan lumon por postvivi kaj bone kreskadi. La orienta lariko estas ĝenerale sufiĉe vent-rezistema por permesi sukcesan semarban sistemon. Kontentiga orientlarika restarigo, tamen, ofte postulas iaspecan preparadon, kian grundovundadon aŭ herbicidoŝprucado.
Referencoj
-
↑ angle . Larix laricina. Gymnosperm Database. Alirita 2011-05-28.
-
↑ angle Barnes, Burton V.. (September 15, 1981) Michigan Trees. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08018-2.
-
↑ angle . Black Spruce. GlobalTwitcher.com (November 24, 2008). Alirita 2011-05-28.
-
↑ angle . Larix laricina. Fire Effects Information System. US Forest Service (1991).
-
↑ angle Larix laricina. University of Connecticut. “Dwarf forms include: 'Blue Sparkler', with bluish foliage; 'Deborah Waxman', which reaches 4' in time; 'Lanark', which grows very low and wide; and 'Newport Beauty', a tiny form probably never exceeding 2' tall and wide.”.
-
↑ angle Larix Laricina: Cultivar List. Encyclopedia of Conifers. Royal Horticultural Society.
-
↑ angle Joyce, David. (2006) The Art of Natural Bonsai: Replicating Nature's Beauty. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 9781402735240. “As bonsai, they are my favorite genus because of their speed of growth, hardiness, ease of wiring and shaping, and, most of all, for their beautiful foliage color in spring and autumn.”.
-
↑ angle Marles, Robin James. (2009) Aboriginal Plant Use in Canada's Northwest Boreal Forest. Canadian Forest Service. ISBN 9780660198699.
Vidu ankaŭ
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
Orienta lariko: Brief Summary
(
Esperanto
)
fornecido por wikipedia EO
La orienta lariko (Larix laricina) estas specio de lariko indiĝena en Kanado, ekde orienta Jukonio kaj Inuviko (Nordokcidentaj Teritorioj) orienten ĝis Novlando, kaj ankaŭ suden en nordorienta Usono ekde Minesoto al Cranesville Swamp (Okcidenta Virginio), Marilando; ekzistas ankaŭ disa populacio en centra Alasko. La loka nomo tamarack estas de algonkena origino kaj ĝi signifas "ligno uzebla por neĝŝuoj".
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
Larix laricina
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Larix laricina, el alerce tamarack,[2] alerce del Canadá,[3] lárice americano[3] o alerce oriental es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas, originario del norte de Estados Unidos y Canadá. Otros nombres con los que se conoce, en inglés, son American larch ("alerce americano"), black larch ("alerce negro"), red larch ("alerce rojo"), eastern tamarack ("tamarack oriental"), hackmatack y mélèze laricin.[4] El nombre de Tamarack proviene del lenguaje algonquina de los nativos americanos, quienes le dieron nombre a esta especie.
![src=]()
Ejemplar joven con escala de colores
Descripción
Se trata de un caducifolio, árbol conífero de pequeño a mediano tamaño, que llega a los 10 o 20 m de altura, con un tronco de hasta 60 cm de diámetro. La corteza es firme y escamosa, marrón, pero bajo la corteza de escamas se puede ver un color rojizo. Las hojas son como agujas, de 2-3 cm de largo, de color azul-verde, volviéndose de color amarillo brillante antes de que caigan en el otoño, dejando el color rosado pálido desnudo de los brotes de color marrón hasta la próxima primavera. Las agujas se fabrican en espiral sobre tallos largos que impulsan leñosos y densos racimos de brotes. Los conos son los más pequeños de cualquier alerce, sólo de entre 1 y.3 cm de largo, con 12 a 25 semillas en escalas, de color rojo brillante, volviéndose de color marrón durante la apertura para la liberación de semillas cuando maduran, 4-6 meses después de polinización.
![src=]()
El follaje de los alerces orientales de forma cónica.
Distribución y hábitat
Desde el este de Yukón y los Territorios del Noroeste al este, incluyendo la Isla de Terranova, y también hacia el sur en el noreste de Minnesota hasta los pantanos de Cranesville, en Virginia Occidental. Además existe una población aislada de alerces en el centro de Alaska.
Ecología
Es muy tolerante al frío, capaz de sobrevivir a temperaturas de invierno hasta por lo menos de -65° C, y suele reproducirse en el Ártico formando líneas de árboles en el borde de la tundra. Los árboles en estas condiciones climáticas severas son más pequeños que los de más al sur, a menudo con sólo 5 m de altura. Los alerces orientales se encuentra comúnmente en pantanos, aunque también de vez en cuando crece en suelos secos y arenosos. Aunque es extremadamente tolerantes a diferentes tipos de suelo, el alerce oriental es muy sensible a la sombra, por lo que a menudo es empujado a zonas más marginales por especies más vigorosas.
Una vez que se establecen los primeros ejemplares en una zona, y forman un entorno o comunidad, rápidamente se arman carrizales de alerces, dado que es una especie típicamente invasora temprana.[5]
La población de Alaska central, separada de la población oriental del Yukón por una brecha de unos 700 km, se trata como una variedad distinta la Larix laricina. Algunos botánicos la diferencian como variación alaskensis, aunque otros argumentan que no existen suficientemente diferencias entre sí como para poder ser distinguidas.
Usos
Su madera es resistente y duradera, pero también flexible en tiras delgadas, y fue utilizado por la gente algonquina para hacer raquetas de nieve y otros productos donde se requiere tenacidad. Los nudos naturales ubicados en los tocones y las raíces, son muy preferidos para la creación de bordes y esquineros en las embarcaciones de madera.
También se cultiva como árbol ornamental en los jardines en las regiones frías, y es un árbol favorito como bonsái. Los alerces orientales fueron utilizados hasta 1917 en Alberta para marcar la esquina noreste de las secciones o manzanas dentro de los municipios señalizados. Estos árboles eran utilizados por los inspectores, porque en ese momento, la madera muy resistente al deterioro, era fácilmente disponibles en el monte y era liviana para transportar.
De acuerdo a ‘El uso Aborigen de Plantas del bosque boreal del noroeste de Canadá’, la corteza interna del alerce oriental también ha sido utilizada como un emplasto para el tratamiento de cortes y heridas infectadas, forúnculos por problemas de congelamiento y hemorroides. La corteza exterior y las raíces también se dice que han sido utilizadas como plantapara el tratamiento de artritis, el frío y en general dolores y molestias.
El alerce oriental es el árbol emblemático de los Territorios del Noroeste de Canadá. Se menciona en el cuento de Ernest Hemingway 'El Batallador' del libro In Our Time. También es el nombre de un campo de tenis y de fútbol en White Mountains (New Hampshire) de Nuevo Hampshire a cargo de la familia del esquiador Bode Miller, y del Tamarack Resort y la zona de esquí del centro de Idaho.
Taxonomía
Larix laricina fue descrito por Philip Miller y publicado en Dendrologie 2(2): 263. 1873.[6]
- Etimología
Larix: nombre genérico que proviene del término latíno larix que significa "alerce, lárice".[7]
laricina: epíteto larix.
- Sinonimia
-
Abies microcarpa (Lamb.) Lindl.
-
Larix alaskensis W.Wight
-
Larix americana Michx.
-
Larix fraseri Curtis ex Gordon
-
Larix intermedia (Du Roi) Lodd. ex J.Forbes
-
Larix microcarpa (Lamb.) J.Forbes
-
Larix rubra Steud.
-
Larix tenuifolia Salisb.
-
Pinus intermedia Du Roi
-
Pinus laricina Du Roi
-
Pinus larix var. alba Castigl.
-
Pinus larix var. americana Pall.
-
Pinus larix var. nigra Castigl.
-
Pinus larix var. rubra Castigl.
-
Pinus microcarpa Lamb.[8]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Cody, W. J. 1996. Fl. Yukon Terr. i–xvii, 1–669. NRC Research Press, Ottawa.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1968. The Pteridophytoa, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. 1: 1–482. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Hultén, E. 1968. Fl. Alaska i–xxi, 1–1008. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
- Moss, E. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
- Porsild, A. E. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Voss, E. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Michigan Fl.. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
- Welsh, S. L. 1974. Anderson's Fl. Alaska Adj. Parts Canada i–xvi, 1–724. Brigham Young University Press, Provo.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Larix laricina: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Larix laricina, el alerce tamarack, alerce del Canadá, lárice americano o alerce oriental es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas, originario del norte de Estados Unidos y Canadá. Otros nombres con los que se conoce, en inglés, son American larch ("alerce americano"), black larch ("alerce negro"), red larch ("alerce rojo"), eastern tamarack ("tamarack oriental"), hackmatack y mélèze laricin. El nombre de Tamarack proviene del lenguaje algonquina de los nativos americanos, quienes le dieron nombre a esta especie.
![src=]()
Ejemplar joven con escala de colores
![src=]()
Bonsái de Larix laricina
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Ameerika lehis
(
Estônio
)
fornecido por wikipedia ET
![src=]()
Ameerika lehise puistu sügisvärvides
Ameerika lehis (Larix laricina) on heitlehine okaspuuliik männiliste sugukonnast lehise perekonnast.
Liik on levinud ida Yukonis, Kanada loodealadest kuni Newfoundlandini, aga ka lõunas USA kirdeosas Minnesotast Marylandini. Lisaks leidub Ameerika lehise isoleeritud populatsioone ka Kesk-Alaskal.
Kirjeldus
Ameerika lehis on väikese kuni keskmise suurusega boreaalne heitlehine okaspuu, mis kasvab 10–20 m kõrguseks, tüve diameeter on kuni 60 cm. Puu koor on õhuke, kuid tugev, värvuselt roosakas, mis võib allpool tunduda ka punakana. Lehtedeks on Ameerika lehisel okkad, mis on 2–3 cm pikkused ja on koondunud 10–20 kaupa puntidesse. Nende värvus on heledam rohekas-sinine, mis muutuvad sügisel erkkollaseks. Okkad kasvavad spiraalselt pikkade võrsetena. Ameerika lehis on ühesooline taimeliik. Käbid on lehiste puhul kõige väiksemad, kõigest 1–2 cm pikkused, koondunud 2–3 kaupa gruppidesse ja nad on erkpunased, mis vananedes muutuvad pruuniks. Isaskäbid kasvavad 1–2 aastastel okstel ning on kollakad. Seevastu emaskäbid on punakamad ning kasvavad 2–4 aastastel okstel, üksikud ka üle 5 aastastel okstel. Ameerika lehis kasvab tavaliselt soodes, madalsoodes, rabades ja tasastel aasadel.
Kasutus
Ameerika lehise puit on tugev ja vastupidav, aga samas hästi painduv. Seda kasutavad peamiselt kohalikud inimesed lumeräätsade ja teiste vastupidavust nõudvate esemete valmistamiseks. Globaalses mastaabis kasutatakse Ameerika lehise puitu peamiselt tselluloositööstuses, aga ka postide, mastide ehituses, töötlemata saematerjalina ja küttepuuna. Külmades piirkondades kasvatatakse Ameerika lehist ka dekoratiivpuuna. Looduses kasutatakse seda peamiselt söögiks ja pesade ehitamiseks. Okassealised toituvad sisemisest puukoorest, Ameerika jänes seemikutest ja punased oravad seemnetest.
Levila ja ökoloogia
Ameerika lehis kasvab kõige paremini niisketel happelistel muldadel ja päikesele avatud kasvukohtades. Ta talub vähest varju ning ei kasva täielikult varjulises kohas. Samuti ei talu ta linnade õhusaastet, eelistades puhast karget õhku.[1] Ameerika lehis kasvab väga karmides kliimaoludes, samas ei kannata ta väga niisket ja kuuma keskkonda. Ta võib kasvada väga külmas, taludes külma kuni −46 °C.[2] Mullaeelistuse osas kasvab Ameerika lehis nii mineraalirikastel orgaanilistel muldadel kui ka savistel jämedakoelistel liivapindadel. Vaid lubjakivisel pinnasel ei ole ta kohanenud kasvama. Ameerika lehis on varajane liik, olles seega üks esimesi puuliike, mis uuel soisel maastikul kasvama hakkab. Samuti on ta väga kiire kohanemis- ja paljunemisvõimega, olles ka üks esimesi puuliike, mis pärast metsapõlenguid uue kasvukoha hõivab.
Probleemid
Ameerika lehisel on väga õhuke koor ning seetõttu on ta ülivastuvõtlik haigustele, loodusmõjudele ja kahjuritele (näiteks kooreüraskid, lestad). Taime ohustavad nii putukate poolt näritud käigud, tugev tuul, üleujutused kui ka metsatulekahjud. Potentsiaalsed haigused võivad veel olla pudetõbi, roosteplekid okkal, seenhaigus ja koorevähk.[3] Samas on mitmeaastased puud juba kohanenumad ja pole seetõttu enam väliskeskkonnamõjudele nii vastuvõtlikud.
Viited
Allikad
- Missouri Botanical Garden (2015). Larix laricina.
- The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Thomas, P. & Stritch, L. (2013). Larix laricina.
Välislingid
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
Ameerika lehis: Brief Summary
(
Estônio
)
fornecido por wikipedia ET
![src=]()
Emaskäbid
![src=]()
Ameerika lehise puistu sügisvärvides
![src=]()
Ameerika lehis
bonsaina Ameerika lehis (Larix laricina) on heitlehine okaspuuliik männiliste sugukonnast lehise perekonnast.
Liik on levinud ida Yukonis, Kanada loodealadest kuni Newfoundlandini, aga ka lõunas USA kirdeosas Minnesotast Marylandini. Lisaks leidub Ameerika lehise isoleeritud populatsioone ka Kesk-Alaskal.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
Kanadanlehtikuusi
(
Finlandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FI
Kanadanlehtikuusi (Larix laricina) on pohjoisamerikkalainen lehtikuusilaji. Kanadassa sitä kutsutaan nimellä tamarack, joka on sen algonkinkielinen nimi. Puu on Kanadan Luoteisterritorioiden kansallispuu.
Ulkonäkö ja koko
Kanadanlehtikuusi on keskikokoinen puu, joka kasvaa 10–20 m korkeaksi. Runko voi olla halkaisijaltaan 60 cm. Lehdet ovat neulasmaiset, pehmeät 2–3 cm pitkät tupsut, jotka varisevat syksyllä. Kävyt ovat pienemmät kuin muilla lehtikuusilajeilla.
Levinneisyys
Kanadanlehtikuusta kasvaa ennen kaikkea Kanadan puolella Yukonin itäosassa, Inuvikissä ja Newfoundlandissa sekä Yhdysvaltojen koillisosassa Minnesotasta Länsi-Virginiaan. Lajilla on erillisesiintymä myös Alaskassa.[3]
Lähteet
-
↑ Farjon, A.: Larix laricina IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.11.2016. (englanniksi)
-
↑ ITIS
-
↑ SPECIES: Larix laricina US Forest service
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
Kanadanlehtikuusi: Brief Summary
(
Finlandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FI
Kanadanlehtikuusi (Larix laricina) on pohjoisamerikkalainen lehtikuusilaji. Kanadassa sitä kutsutaan nimellä tamarack, joka on sen algonkinkielinen nimi. Puu on Kanadan Luoteisterritorioiden kansallispuu.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
Mélèze laricin
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Larix laricina
Le mélèze laricin ou mélèze d'Amérique (Larix laricina) est un conifère du genre Larix de la famille des Pinaceae. C'est le plus dense des résineux d'Amérique du Nord[1].
Terminologie
- Au Québec, ce mélèze est parfois appelé épinette rouge dans le langage courant, bien que ce nom commun désigne aussi l'épinette rouge (Picea rubens)[2].
- Le terme tamarac (aussi orthographié tamarack), en usage au Canada, est considéré vieilli[2].
- En Acadie, le terme violon est utilisé[3].
Synonyme
Habitat
Arbre poussant le plus souvent dans des stations froides, mouillées et mal drainées comme les tourbières à sphaignes et le muskeg, mélangé à l'épinette noire et (ou) au thuya occidental.
Description
L'arbre est droit et élancé, pouvant mesurer jusqu'à 25 m et vivre 150 ans. L'écorce est de couleur rougeâtre et écailleuse. Il fournit des fleurs au printemps qui deviennent des cônes brun pâle formés de 20 écailles lisses. Ses aiguilles sont vertes et réunies par groupe de 15 à 60 aiguilles. Elles jaunissent et tombent à l'automne[3].
Utilisation du bois
Le bois du mélèze est utilisé comme bois d'œuvre, bois d'ingénérie et bois d'apparence : plancher, meuble ou panneau mural[1]. Comme il résiste à l'humidité et aux champignons, il peut servir à la construction de bateaux, comme poteau et comme traverse de chemin de fer.
Les Autochtones se servaient des racines pour coudre les écorces de bouleau de leurs canoës[3].
Défoliation
Le mélèze est un rare conifère à feuilles caduques. La chute des feuilles, entre le 15 octobre et le solstice d'hiver, permet à l'arbre d'être en repos végétatif.
Processus de défoliation
La défoliation s’effectue de la mi-octobre à la mi-novembre[4].
Références
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Mélèze laricin: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Larix laricina
Le mélèze laricin ou mélèze d'Amérique (Larix laricina) est un conifère du genre Larix de la famille des Pinaceae. C'est le plus dense des résineux d'Amérique du Nord.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Mýralerki
(
Islandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia IS
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
Mýralerki: Brief Summary
(
Islandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia IS
Mýralerki (Larix laricina) er lerkitegund með víða útbreiðslu í Norður-Ameríku, frá Alaska að Nýfundnalandi. Það þekur stóran hluta Kanada og nokkurt svæði í norðaustur-Bandaríkjunum. Það er fremur lítið tré með mjóa krónu sem vex hægt. Vex það ekki vel í mýrum þrátt fyrir nafnið.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
Amerikinis maumedis
(
Lituano
)
fornecido por wikipedia LT
Amerikinis maumedis (lot. Larix laricina) – spygliuotis medis, priklausantis pušinių (Pinaceae) augalų šeimai. Auga Šiaurės Amerikoje: nuo Aliaskos šiaurės vakaruose iki Niufaundlando rytuose ir Vakarų Virdžinijos pietuose. Didžioji arealo dalis yra vidurio ir rytų Kanadoje.
Tai nedidelis, iki 20 m aukščio užaugantis medis, kurio kamieno skersmuo siekia 60 cm. Laja siaura. Jaunų medžių žievė pilka, tiesi, vėliau įgauna rausvai rudą atspalvį, suskeldėja. Spygliai melsvai žali, 1-2 cm ilgio, rudenį ryškiai pagelsta ir nukrenta. Kankorėžiai 1-2 cm ilgio, 0,5-1 cm pločio, jauni – tamsiai raudoni ar violetiniai, subrendę – gelsvai rudi[1].
Mediena tvirta, naudojama statyboms, valčių gamybai. Medienoje gausu dervų, šakose – tanino.
Šaltiniai
Vikiteka
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
Amerikinis maumedis: Brief Summary
(
Lituano
)
fornecido por wikipedia LT
Amerikinis maumedis (lot. Larix laricina) – spygliuotis medis, priklausantis pušinių (Pinaceae) augalų šeimai. Auga Šiaurės Amerikoje: nuo Aliaskos šiaurės vakaruose iki Niufaundlando rytuose ir Vakarų Virdžinijos pietuose. Didžioji arealo dalis yra vidurio ir rytų Kanadoje.
Tai nedidelis, iki 20 m aukščio užaugantis medis, kurio kamieno skersmuo siekia 60 cm. Laja siaura. Jaunų medžių žievė pilka, tiesi, vėliau įgauna rausvai rudą atspalvį, suskeldėja. Spygliai melsvai žali, 1-2 cm ilgio, rudenį ryškiai pagelsta ir nukrenta. Kankorėžiai 1-2 cm ilgio, 0,5-1 cm pločio, jauni – tamsiai raudoni ar violetiniai, subrendę – gelsvai rudi.
Mediena tvirta, naudojama statyboms, valčių gamybai. Medienoje gausu dervų, šakose – tanino.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
Amerikalerk
(
Norueguês
)
fornecido por wikipedia NO
Amerikalerk, (Larix laricina) er et bartre i lerkeslekta av furufamilien (Pinaceae). Det er et ganske smalt og åpent bartre med små vridde grener.
Arten blir inntil 20 m høy. Barken er rosabrun og fint trevlet, unge skudd med brun eller oransje-brun bark. Knoppene har kvae. De mørkegrønne nålene er lengre ganske smale (0,8 mm), og har grått stomatabånd under. Utover kvisten blir de lange og fyldige bladstandene plutselig avlsøt av kortere, enkeltstående glisne blader. Hunnblomsteen små og røde , sitter under en kvast av unge nåler. Hannkongler mørkebrune, åpne og uregelmessige, inntil 2 cm store, med 15–20 skjell. Kongleskjellene rødbrune, purpurbrune eller gulbrune ettersom de modnes.
Utbredelsen er i Nord-Amerika fra Alaska til New England, via stort sett hele Canada. Det ble innført til Storbritannia i 1739, og er en sjelden gjest i parker og hager i fuktig klima i Vest-Europa.
Litteratur
Eksterne lenker
![src=]()
Amerikalerk i karakteristisk, gul høstdrakt
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
Amerikalerk: Brief Summary
(
Norueguês
)
fornecido por wikipedia NO
Amerikalerk, (Larix laricina) er et bartre i lerkeslekta av furufamilien (Pinaceae). Det er et ganske smalt og åpent bartre med små vridde grener.
Arten blir inntil 20 m høy. Barken er rosabrun og fint trevlet, unge skudd med brun eller oransje-brun bark. Knoppene har kvae. De mørkegrønne nålene er lengre ganske smale (0,8 mm), og har grått stomatabånd under. Utover kvisten blir de lange og fyldige bladstandene plutselig avlsøt av kortere, enkeltstående glisne blader. Hunnblomsteen små og røde , sitter under en kvast av unge nåler. Hannkongler mørkebrune, åpne og uregelmessige, inntil 2 cm store, med 15–20 skjell. Kongleskjellene rødbrune, purpurbrune eller gulbrune ettersom de modnes.
Utbredelsen er i Nord-Amerika fra Alaska til New England, via stort sett hele Canada. Det ble innført til Storbritannia i 1739, og er en sjelden gjest i parker og hager i fuktig klima i Vest-Europa.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
Modrzew amerykański
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Modrzew amerykański (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) – gatunek drzewa iglastego należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Występuje w Ameryce Północnej, na terenie Kanady i Stanów Zjednoczonych[2].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Stożkowy, wąski. Dorasta do 20 m wysokości[5]. Rośnie dość powoli. Korona wąska, gałęzie krótkie, nieco zadarte do góry.
- Pień
- Kora pomarańczoworóżowa, dzieląca się na niewielkie, okrągłe łuski.
- Liście
- Igły miękkie, niebieskozielone, o długości 2,5 cm, pod spodem naznaczone dwoma szarymi paskami[6].
- Kwiaty
- Męskie niewielkie, bardzo liczne, żółte, wyrastające w dolnej płaszczyźnie pędów. Żeńskie czerwone, sterczące. Roślina wiatropylna[6].
- Szyszki
- Niewielkie, do 2 cm długości. Owalne o bladobrązowym zabarwieniu.
Biologia i ekologia
Rośnie zarówno na suchych, górskich zboczach, jak i na terenach podmokłych. Żyje krótko. Potrafi kolonizować nieużytki na długo przed innymi gatunkami[6].
Zastosowanie
Drewno jest odporne na gnicie. Dawniej bywało używane przy konstrukcji łodzi. W dzisiejszych czasach do wyrobu słupów, palików. Taniny zawarte w korze, mają zastosowanie w przemyśle garbarskim[5].
Przypisy
-
↑ Christenhusz, M.J.M., J.L. Reveal, A. Farjon, M.F. Gardner, R.R. Mill, and M.W. Chase (2011). A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.
-
↑ a b Larix laricina (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2012-02-24].
-
↑ K. Koch: Dendrologie; Bäume, Sträucher und Halbsträucher, welche in Mittel- und Nord- Europa im Freien kultivirt werden. Cz. 2. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1873, s. 263. (niem.)
-
↑ Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (ang.). [dostęp 24 luty 2012].
-
↑ a b Larix laricina (ang.). [dostęp 2012-02-24].
-
↑ a b c Russel, Cutler, Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 133. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Modrzew amerykański: Brief Summary
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Modrzew amerykański (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) – gatunek drzewa iglastego należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Występuje w Ameryce Północnej, na terenie Kanady i Stanów Zjednoczonych.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Amerika melezi
(
Turco
)
fornecido por wikipedia TR
Amerika melezi (Larix laricina), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından yaprak döken doğal olarak Kuzey Amerika'da yayılış gösteren bir melez türü.
Morfolojik özellikleri
20 m boy, 60 cm kadar çap yapabilir. Tacı dar, dallar seyrektir. Genç ağaçlarda kabuk gri, düzgün, sonradan çatlaklı ve kırmızımsı kahverengi olur. Dallar yatay uzanmış veya hafif yükselmiştir. Sürgünler turuncu-kahverengi olup pürüzsüzdür. Koyu kırmızımsı tomurcuklar iğne yapraklar tarafından çevrelenmiş bir yapının hemen altında yer alır. Kısa sürgündeki yapraklar 1–2 cm x 0.5-0.8 uzunluğunda, 0.3-0.5 mm kalınlığında, alt yüzeyi yana yatmış, üstü yuvarlağımsıdır. Rengi soluk mavimsi-yeşil, reçine kanalları kenarda yer alır. Kozalaklar uzun sürgünler de bazen sapsız genellikle eğilebilen saplar üzerinde bulunur ve 2-5 × 2-2.5 mm kadardır. Sayısı 10-30 kadar olan kozalak pulunun kenarı tam, dip tarafı ince çizgili ve ipeksi tüylüdür. Brahtelerin ucu 1 mm uzunluğunda dikenlidir, olgunlaşmış kozalak pullarında gizlenmiştir. Kozalaklar önceleri parlak kırmızı menekşe, olgunlaşınca sarımsı kahverengiye döner. Tohumlar 2–3 mm, tohum saran kanatlar 4–6 mm'dir.
Ekolojik özellikleri
Nemli organik topraklar ile sfagnum veya ağaçlık turba gibi, özellikle besinli-yoksul, pH değeri 4.3-5.8 sahip yerlerde görülür. Yarı gölge ağacıdır.
Dağılımı
Anavatanı ABD ve Kanada'dır. Boreal ormanlarında 0–1200 m rakımlarda ıslak, sfagnum bataklıkları ve bataklıklarda, nemli yüksek arazideki mineral topraklarda bulunur.
Bitki sosyolojisi
Yüksek turbalıklarda ve besince yoksul yerlerde kara ladin (Picea mariana); besince zengin yerlerde yine kara ladin, balsam göknarı (Abies balsamea), batı mazısı (Thuja occidentalis) ve sert odunlu ağaçlarla birlikte görülür.
Fenoloji
Tomurcuklar nisan sonunda patlamaya başlar. Yapraklar Nisan ve Mayıs arasında, çiçekler geç Nisan ve erken Mayısta açarken; tohumlarda Eylül'de olgunlaşır, Ocak ayına kadar kozalak üzerinde kalır. Yapraklar Eylül-Ocak arasında tamamen dökülür.
Hastalık ve zararlılar
Melez testere sineği, çoğu ağacın ölümünü neden olan zararlı hayvanlardandır ve büyük alanlar üzerinde, ağaçların yaprakları dökmesiyle periyodik salgın hastalıklara davetiye çıkarır. Casebearer bazı alanlarda geniş ölümlere yol açar. Birkaç kabuk kanatlı böceği Amerika melezini istila eder ama nadiren ciddi zararlara sebep olur.
Üretimi
Tohumların çimlenmesi için nemli mineral veya organik toprak gerekir. Böylece yaşamını garanti altına almış olur. Açık bataklıklarda fideler çoğunlukla, sfagnum yosunlarında bulunur.
Odun yapısı ve kullanım alanı
Odunu sert ve dayanıklıdır bu yüzden demiryolu travesi yapımında kullanılır. Yavaş büyüyen ağaçlar olduğundan odunu yüksek miktarlarda reçine içerir. Onu çürümeye karşı dirençli yapar ama hamur odunu olarak değerini azaltır.
Bileşimi
Kabuklar ayakkabı derisinde kullanılan bir çeşit tanen içerir.
En büyük ve en yaşlı ağaç
Şu ana dek görülen en yüksek boylu ağacın yüksekliği 33 m, çapı 110 cm, tacı 14 m ölçülmüştür. Bilinin en yaşlı ağaç 371 yaşındadır.
Dış bağlantılar
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
Amerika melezi: Brief Summary
(
Turco
)
fornecido por wikipedia TR
Amerika melezi (Larix laricina), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından yaprak döken doğal olarak Kuzey Amerika'da yayılış gösteren bir melez türü.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
Модрина американська
(
Ucraniano
)
fornecido por wikipedia UK
Опис
Листопадне дерево до 25 м висотою з красивою вузькопірамідальною або конусоподібною кроною, утвореною змієподібно вигнутими, звисаючими вниз гілками. Забарвлення стовбура зустрічається від темно-бурого до сірого. Молоді пагони коричнево-оранжеві або охристі, з сизим нальотом. Хвоя навесні дуже ніжна, світло-зелена, пізніше темніша, до 3 см завдовжки. Вважається найсвітлолюбнішою і повільно зростаючою породою серед представників роду. Хвоя розпускається в середині квітня, опадає в листопаді. Розмножується насінням. Завдяки витонченій дрібногілястій кроні довше за інших зберігає свій зелений наряд. Шишки дрібні, дуже декоративні, фіолетово-червоні до дозрівання і червоно-бурі в зрілій фазі.
Поширення
У природі ареал виду охоплює всю територію Канади та північно-східні райони США. Виростає від тундр на півночі (витримує температуру до −65 °C) до широколистяних лісів і прерій на півдні.[1]
Добре росте в морському та континентальному кліматі Європи, вважається витривалішою до клімату ніж модрина європейська. Зростає повільніше інших модрин, вегетація настає пізніше від інших видів. Віддає перевагу добре дренованим ґрунтам і світлим місцям. Витримує надлишкове проточне зволоження. Рослина вкрай світлолюбна.
Модрини, як і сосни, потребують взаємозв'язку коренів з грибами — мікоризи. Найбільше підходять для утворення такої мікоризи деякі види маслюків, червоноголовців і білих грибів, тому полив молодий модрини водою після миття зібраних в лісі грибів стане дуже хорошою підмогою. Можна також прикопати в пристовбурних колах старі червиві гриби зі зрілими спорами.
Використання
![src=]()
Бонсай з модрини американської
Широко використовуються в озелененні. Добре виглядають в алейних і дрібногрупових посадках в скверах і парках, при створенні великих масивів, в чистих і змішаних групах. У змішаних групах з різних видів модрини колірна гамма хвої навесні і влітку включає всі відтінки зеленого кольору: від блідо-зеленого у модрини американської до сизого і сизо-зеленого у модрини японської та модрини європейської[2]. У декоративній культурі використовуються також для створення бонсай[3].
Північні аборигенні народи використовують кору у народній медицині для лікування порізів, обморожень, артритів.[4]
Примітки
-
↑ Hogan, C. Michael (November 24, 2008). Black Spruce. GlobalTwitcher.com. Архів оригіналу за 2011-10-05. Процитовано 2011-05-28.
-
↑ Uchytil, Ronald J. (1991). Larix laricina. Fire Effects Information System. US Forest Service.
-
↑ Joyce, David (2006). The Art of Natural Bonsai: Replicating Nature's Beauty. Sterling Publishing Company. с. 154. ISBN 9781402735240. «As bonsai, they are my favorite genus because of their speed of growth, hardiness, ease of wiring and shaping, and, most of all, for their beautiful foliage color in spring and autumn.»
-
↑ Marles, Robin James (2009). Aboriginal Plant Use in Canada's Northwest Boreal Forest. Canadian Forest Service. ISBN 9780660198699.
Посилання
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
Larix laricina
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Larix laricina là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Du Roi) K.Koch miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1873.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Larix laricina: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Larix laricina là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Du Roi) K.Koch miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1873.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Лиственница американская
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Лиственница американская
Международное научное название
Larix laricina (Du Roi) K.Koch
Синонимы Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 183412NCBI 3326EOL 1033608GRIN t:21499IPNI 30017098-2TPL kew-2493793 Ли́ственница америка́нская (лат. Lárix laricína) — вид хвойных деревьев из рода Лиственница (Larix) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).
В Европу завезена в 1737 году, в Россию, вероятно, в начале XIX века. В Западной Европе по характеру ветвления и длительности охвоения признаётся одной из лучших декоративных лиственниц, хотя культивируется редко[3].
Распространение и экология
В природе ареал вида охватывает всю территорию Канады и северо-восточные районы США[2].
Произрастает от тундр на севере до широколиственных лесов и прерий на юге.
На севере приурочена к хорошо дренированным участкам, берегам рек и озер, образует обширные чистые насаждения и смешанные с пихтой бальзамической (Abies balsamea), елью чёрной (Picea mariana), тсугой канадской (Tsuga canadensis), берёзой бумажной (Betula papyrifera), Populus trichocarpa и другими деревьями; южнее чаще растёт по прохладным болотистым низинам и сфагновым болотам, при этом главными спутниками её здесь являются также ель чёрная и пихта бальзамическая. В горах наиболее часто встречается по теневым склонам.
Растёт медленнее других лиственниц.
Ботаническое описание
![src=]()
Ботаническая иллюстрация из книги
«An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions», 1913
Дерево высотой 12—24 (до 30) м и диаметром ствола 30—60 см. Крона конусовидная, образована змеевидно-изогнутыми ветвями первого порядка и мелкими свисающими побегами. Кора молодых побегов оранжево-коричневая или буро-жёлтая, голая или редко опушённая, с сизоватым налётом; на старых стволах — серая до красновато-коричневой, тонкая, мелко-чешуйчатая,
Почки красноватые, открываются позднее, чем у других видов лиственницы. Хвоя длиной от 6 до 40, обычно 15—30 мм, шириной 0,5—0,6 мм.
Шишки продолговато-овальные, длиной 10—20 мм, до созревания фиолетово-красные, зрелые каштаново-коричневые, сухие, узко раскрытые; покрыты 13—38 семенными чешуями, расположенными в три — четыре ряда. Семенные чешуи голые, со слегка загнутым внутрь мелкозубчатым верхним краем; кроющие чешуи высовываются из-за семенных только у основания шишек. Семена длиной 3 мм, с светло-коричневым крылом длиной около 6 мм. В 1 кг около 200 тысяч семян.
Цветёт в средине мая одновременно с распусканием хвои. Плодоношение раз в два — четыре года.
Слева направо:
Весенний побег со старыми шишками и молодой хвоей.
Летний побег с зрелой хвоей, старой и молодой шишками.
Таксономия
Вид Лиственница американская входит в род Лиственница (Larix) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae) порядка Сосновые (Pinales)[2].
ещё 6 семейств ещё 11 видов порядок
Сосновые род
Лиственница отдел
Хвойные семейство
Сосновые вид
Лиственница американская ещё три вымерших порядка ещё 10 родов
Примечания
-
↑ По данным сайта ITIS (см. карточку растения).
-
↑ 1 2 3 4 По данным сайта GRIN (см. карточку растения).
-
↑ По данным книги «Деревья и кустарники СССР» (см. раздел Литература).
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
Лиственница американская: Brief Summary
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Ли́ственница америка́нская (лат. Lárix laricína) — вид хвойных деревьев из рода Лиственница (Larix) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).
В Европу завезена в 1737 году, в Россию, вероятно, в начале XIX века. В Западной Европе по характеру ветвления и длительности охвоения признаётся одной из лучших декоративных лиственниц, хотя культивируется редко.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
.jpg)
_-_foliage_%26_cones.jpg)
_in_Sand_Lake,_New_York.jpg)
_in_Sand_Lake,_New_York.jpg)
_-_foliage_%26_cones.jpg)
