Comments
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
In general appearance Pinus engelmannii much resembles P . palustris with its short-persistent, long leaves (but in this species drooping) and in its tendency to form a grass stage. It has a deep taproot as do P . palustris and P . ponderosa .
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Trees to 35m; trunk to 0.6m diam., straight; crown irregularly rounded, rather thin. Bark dark brown, at maturity deeply furrowed, ridges becoming yellowish, of narrow, elongate, scaly plates. Branches straight to ascending; twigs stout (1--2cm thick), pale gray-brown, aging darker brown, rough. Buds ovoid-conic, to 2cm, resinous; scale margins pale fringed. Leaves 3(--5) per fascicle, spreading-ascending, often drooping, forming a brush at twig tips, persisting 2 years, (20--)25--45cm ´ 2mm, dull green, all surfaces with fine stomatal lines, margins coarsely serrulate, apex conic-subulate; sheath 3--4cm, base persistent. Pollen cones cylindric, ca. 25mm, yellow to yellow-brown. Seed cones maturing in 2 years and shedding seeds soon thereafter, not persistent, terminal, sometimes curved, often asymmetric, lance-ovoid before opening, ovoid when open, 11--14cm, light dull brown, nearly sessile or short-stalked; apophyses rhombic, somewhat to quite elongate, strongly raised toward outer cone base, sometimes curved, strongly cross-keeled, narrowed to thick, curved, broadly triangular-based umbo, this often producing outcurved claw. Seeds obovoid; body ca. 8--9mm, dark brown; wing to 20mm. 2 n =24.
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
High and dry mountain ranges, valleys, and plateaus; 1500--2500m; Ariz., N.Mex.; Mexico.
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Pinus macrophylla Engelmann in Wislizenus 1848, not Lindley 1839; P. apacheca Lemmon; P. latifolia Sargent
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Apache pine
Arizona longleaf pine
pino real
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverApache pine provides cover for wildlife [
32].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
monoecious,
treeApache pine is a native, monoecious tree. Mature individuals are 50 to
82 feet (15-25 m) tall and have trunk diameters from 14 to 32 inches
(35-80 cm) [
13,
25,
30,
45]. The bark on mature trees is about 1.5 inches
(3.8 cm) thick [
25]. The crown is open and round with few large
branches [
33,
45]. Evergreen needles are in bundles of three or
occasionally four or five and are 8 to 15 inches (20-38 cm) long
[
25,
32,
42,
45]. Cones are 4 to 7 inches (10-18 cm) long and are borne in
pairs or groups of four [
25,
42,
45]. Seeds are just over 0.25 inch (0.6
cm) long with large wings up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) long [
25,
61].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Apache pine has a very limited distribution in the United States. It
occurs in the Chiricahua, Huachuca, Dragoon, and Santa Rita mountains of
Arizona and in one area of extreme southwestern New Mexico [13,18,34,
42,61]. The main part of its range is in Mexico. Apache pine occurs
commonly in the Sierra Madre Occidental, extending southward from the
United States border to Zacatecas [
14,
28,
44,
45].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire interval,
fire regime,
forest,
mean fire intervalMature Apache pine endure most fires and become dominant when fire
susceptible species are eliminated [
7,
37].
Apache pine grows in oak-pine woodlands; these are probably
fire-tolerant, fire-maintained communities, although the fire regime is
not well understood for these associations [
54]. Apache pine occurs in
the Madrean oak-pine forest and adjacent conifer gallery forest in
Rhyolite Canyon in the Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona.
Historically, surface fires occurred episodically every 1 to 38 years
[
55]. Based on the fire-scars of Apache pine, the mean fire interval
from 1655 to 1924 was 12.5 years in the lower canyon area [
54]. Fire
intervals increased with livestock grazing and the subsequent reduction
in surface fuels [
55].
Fire is characteristic of interior ponderosa pine forests. Fires from
these communities may extend downward into mixed pine or oak-pine
forests in which Apache pine occurs. In the Rincon Mountains close to
the northern latitudinal limits of Apache pine, the estimated mean fire
intervals from 1757 to 1983 for Arizona pine communities ranged from 1
to 13 years [
3].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire suppression,
fuel,
litterIncreased grazing coupled with fire suppression has resulted in crowded,
stunted Apache pine with high amounts of litter and dead fuel in the
oak-pine communities [
36]. This increases the fire hazard in these
communities.
Fire is the primary control for southwestern dwarf mistletoe infection.
Prescribed understory burning has been used in interior ponderosa pine
forests to control this pathogen [
26]. Since Apache pine and interior
ponderosa pine respond similarly to southwestern dwarf mistletoe
infection [
27], fire may be useful for controlling mistletoe in Apache pine.
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Apache pine grows in climates that range from semiarid with bimodal
precipitation to temperate-subhumid with most precipitation falling in
summer [
5,
60].
Apache pine grows on dry to moderately moist canyon slopes, ridges,
mesas, lower slopes, valleys, and streamside terraces [6,15,39,43,
45,54]. Apache pine ranges from 5,000 to 9,100 feet (1,524-2,750 m) in
elevation [
5,
16,
18,
37,
43,
45,
60].
Apache pine occurs on soils of varying depths and textures. Soils can
be 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) deep with textures ranging from sandy to
clayey sand with gravel [
5,
25,
60]. Parent material can be igneous,
rhyolite, basalt, or schist [
7,
60].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
240 Arizona cypress
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the terms:
forest,
woodlandK019 Arizona pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire intensity,
treeFire effects on Apache pine are probably influenced most by tree size
and fire intensity. Apache pine seedlings and saplings are probably
killed by fire. With thicker bark and deeper roots, mature trees are
fire resistant [
7]. Once shed, the small seeds with large wings are
probably killed by fire unless they are covered with an insulating layer
of soil.
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
seedApache pine is of limited use to wildlife [
18]. Birds, rodents, and
other animals consume its seeds [
25,
32,
59]. The intensity of seed
predation was not described in the literature. However, Apache pine has
synchronous cone crops at irregular intervals [
52]; such masting may
have evolved in response to heavy seed predation.
Mexican spotted owls are yearlong residents of the Madrean oak-pine
forests to which Apache pine belongs [
23].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
codominant,
forest,
habitat type,
natural,
series,
woodlandApache pine primarily occurs in Madrean pine-oak and oak-pine forests
and woodlands. Codominant and subdominant species that occur with
Apache pine in these communities are Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla
var. chihuahuana), Mexican pinyon (P. cembroides), and alligator
juniper (Juniperus deppeana); the understories are predominantly oak
(Quercus spp.) [
1,
7,
11,
21,
22,
35]. The communities may extend upward
into the mixed pine forests [
9].
Apache pine forms open stands and is widely scattered in mixed pine
forests with Arizona pine, Chihuahua pine, and southwestern white pine
(P. strobiformis) [
2,
15,
29].
Apache pine is the principal species in the Apache pine series
[
1,
6,
20,
39,
40].
Scattered Apache pine occur in riparian habitats. Along streamsides,
Apache pine is a minor species in some stands of Chihuahua pine/pinyon
ricegrass (Piptochaetium fimbriatum) habitat types and is codominant in
Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica) types [
15,
39,
41,
48]. It is a
minor species in the Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii) series and
community types [
39,
56].
Apache pine is listed as a dominant or indicator species in the
following publications:
(1) Classification of the forest vegetation on the National Forests of
Arizona and New Mexico [
1]
(2) Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona
south of the Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico [
6]
(3) A digitized computer-compatible classification for natural and
potential vegetation in the Southwest with particular reference to
Arizona [
11]
(4) A series vegetation classification for Region 3 [
39]
(5) A forest habitat type classification of southern Arizona and its
relationship to forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico [
40].
Species associated with Apache pine but not previously mentioned in
Occurrence and Distribution include Arizona madrone (Arbutus arizonica),
Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa), western white honeysuckle (Lonicera
albiflora), and slimflower scurfpea (Psoralea tenuiflora) [
16,
48].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeApache pine was evaluated for suitability as a timber tree at the Wind
River Arboretum in Wyoming. Most transplanted trees died; three trees
survived for 55 years. At that time, they had poor vigor, needle
disease, snow and ice damage, and no reproduction [
51].
Apache pine was included in a breeding program that studied pollen
production at the Eddy Arboretum in California. Apache pine produced
pollen from April through June over a 6-year period [
17].
Equations to estimate understory production have been developed for the
oak-pine forests in which Apache pine occurs [
22].
In the oak-pine forests where Apache pine is an overstory tree, the
removal of large nest trees for fuelwood can reduce habitat suitability
for the Mexican spotted owl [
23].
Apache pine is susceptible to southwestern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium
vaginatum ssp. cryptopodum). Control methods are discussed in the
literature [
27].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
AZ NM MEXICO
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
seedNeedles remain on Apache pine for 2 years. Seed production requires 2
years [
25]. Pollination occurs mainly during May [
30,
50]. Cones mature
from November to December of the second year [
30,
45]. Seeds disperse
from November to February [
30,
50].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedThe response of Apache pine to fire was not described in the literature.
Since regeneration of Apache pine is exclusively through seed, rates of
regeneration are probably dependent on survival of mature trees within
the burn and the proximity of seed trees. Seeds will germinate in
mineral soil exposed by fire as long as adequate moisture is present.
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
crown residual colonizer,
root crown,
secondary colonizerTree without adventitious-bud root crown
Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
seedApache pine reproduces by seed; no information on vegetative
reproduction was found in the literature. Apache pine populations in
Chihuahua, Mexico, produce synchronous seed crops at irregular intervals
[
52]. Apache pine begins to bear cones when 28 to 30 years old [
30].
Although the intervals between large seed crops are 2 to 4 years, some
seeds are produced every year in parts of its range [
25,
30]. Cones
mature in 2 years [
25]. The seeds weigh only 0.002 ounces (0.05 g) and
are wind dispersed [
25,
57]. Animals consume some seed [
25], but it was
not found in the literature whether animals contribute to effective
dispersal and establishment of Apache pine.
Information about cone and seed collection and seed germination
conditions are discussed in the literature [
30]. Optimal germination
occurs on broken and washed mineral soil [
25].
Apache pine seedlings tolerate significantly (P less than 0.05) lower light than
found in random microsites [
4]. Seedlings and saplings have long
needles, about 6 inches in length (15 cm) [
33], which may increase net
photosynthesis under low light conditions.
Apache pine seedlings produce a relatively deep taproot and little
top-growth during their first few years [
46]. Near the lower
elevational limit of this species, Apache pine seedlings occur in
relatively moist microsites. Just below the lowest elevational limit,
Apache pine seedlings die from water stress [
4]. Juveniles and saplings
that have trunk diameters less than 2 inches (5 cm) at the base and are
less than 3.2 feet (1 m) tall have less effective root systems for
withstanding drought than mature trees [
5,
62].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
7 Lower Basin and Range
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
climaxApache pine is shade tolerant during establishment [
4,
25]. It becomes
shade intolerant after about 6 years [
25].
The successional status of Apache pine depends on location and
associated species. It may be seral to or climax with any of the
conifer species in mixed pine forests [
15]. Apache pine is a climax
species in the Madrean pine-oak woodlands and forests [
6].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pinus latifolia Sarg.
Pinus apacheca Lemm. [
13,
14,
18,
30,
38]
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of Apache pine is Pinus
engelmannii Carr. It is a member of the pine family (Pinaceae)
[
14,
30,
61,
62]. In addition to the typical variety, there is one
recognized variety in Mexico, P. e. var. blancoi Mart. [
7,
45,
62].
Where their ranges overlap, interspecific hybrids occur between Apache
pine, interior ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. scopulorum), and Arizona
pine (P. p. var. arizonica) [
12,
43,
44,
49].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Apache pine was planted with 37 other pine species in trials on sandhill
sites in northwestern Florida. It did not survive [
10].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fuelThe limited distribution of Apache pine restricts its commercial
importance [
13,
18,
33]. The wood of Apache pine is hard and heavy
[
25,
61]. It is sometimes harvested with associated pines for lumber and
construction timbers. Apache pine is used locally for fuel [
45].
- citação bibliográfica
- Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Physical Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves > 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 3, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
- compilador
- Stephen C. Meyers
- compilador
- Aaron Liston
- compilador
- Steffi Ickert-Bond
- compilador
- Damon Little
Pinus engelmannii
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Pinus engelmannii (lat. Pinus engelmannii) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Mənbə
İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Pinus engelmannii (lat. Pinus engelmannii) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
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- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Pinus engelmannii
(
Catalão; Valenciano
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fornecido por wikipedia CA
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Pinus engelmannii és una espècie de pi procedent de Mèxic.
Descripció
És una espècie arbòria de fins a 35 m d'alçada i 10 dm de DAP ; copa arrodonida, arbres joves amb branques ascendents i copa oberta en forma cònica. Branques llargues gruixudes, les superiors ascendents, les inferiors descendents i sigmoides, amb freqüència molt penjades en arbres vells; últimes branquillons gruixudes de 2 a 3 cm de diàmetre molt rugoses. Escorça dels arbres madurs de color cafè vermellós a fosc, rugosa, escamosa, dividida en plaques llargues i estretes; en els arbres joves l'escorça és grisa, rugosa, escamosa i solcada però no dividida en plaques. Fusta suau, de color groc pàl·lid de molt bona qualitat.
fulles en fascicles de 3 a 5, amb freqüència predominant un i altre nombre, agrupades en els extrems de les branquillons, de 20 a 43 cm × 1,4-2 mm i al voltant d'1 mm de gruix, de color verd pàl·lid o verd groguenc, aspres, rígides i erectes o curveado- penjolls, amb marges serrats, estomes de 11 a 18 fileres a la cara dorsal, de 5 a 9 fileres en cara ventral, canals resinífers de 4 a 13 generalment 5 a 8; parets exteriors d'endoderm lleugerament engrossides, fas fibrovasculars 2, molt propers però clarament diferenciats. Beines escamoses, de color cafè castany, en madurar tornant-se cafè fosc o gairebé negres, de vegades enganxoses de 2 a 3 cm de llarg, fins a 4 cm quan immadures, persistents. Conillos llargament ovoides, de color porpra, en grups de 2 a 5 sobre peduncles ferms, escates gruixudes i amb una diminuta espina erecta.
Cons asimètrics, ovoides a amplament ovoides de 10 a 16 cm × 6 a 12 cm, lleugerament curveados, cafè groguencs, durs, pesats en grups de 2 a 5 sobre peduncles forts de 5 a 10 mm × fins a 2 cm, que s'amaguen sota les escates basals i que romanen enganxats a la branca quan el con cau; els cons maduren durant la tardor i romanen tancats per algun temps; ja oberts romanen enganxats a les branquillons menys d'un any.
Escates dures, fortes, arrodonides o agudes en l'àpex, amb apòfisi engruixada piramidal, usualment molt protuberant i reflecteix, transversalment aquillada; umbo dorsal gris, prominent, amb espina aguda, recta o curveada, persistent o decídua. Llavors de color cafè fosc. De 5 a 8 mm de llarg, amb ala articulada, lanceolada, de 2 a 4 cm de llarg i de 7 a 9 mm d'ample.
Requeriments ambientals
Altitud d'1.250 a 2.500 persones prefereix 1.500 msnm. Sòl, probablement Leptosoles; característiques físiques, profunditat: des de sòls prims fins profunds; textura: areno argilosa, migajón llimosa, argilosa; Pedregositat: pedregosos; Estructura: drenatge: ben drenats; amb humitat aparent; característiques químiques: pH: moderadament àcids, 5 al 6,8; altres: sol trobar-se en terrenys pobres, pedregosos i amb aflorament rocós continu; temperatura 11 a 18 °C; la precipitació mitjana varia de 500 a 1.400 mm, prefereix 600 a 900 mm; el clima dominant és temperat subhúmedo amb pluges a l'estiu, adaptant-se també al temperat sec (1, 8). És resistent a les gelades, en el seu hàbitat tots els anys es presenten nevades i 2 a 3 dies de l'any estan ennuvolats.
Usos
A partir d'aquesta espècie es pot obtenir fusta per a mobles i construcció, motllures, pisos (parquete), pal d'escombra i triplay (1), polpa per a paper, fusta serrada, pals i per l'ebenisteria.
Distribució
P. engelmannii és natiu de Mèxic (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas), i el sud dels Estats Units (Arizona, Nou Mèxic).[1]
- Associació vegetal
- Bosc de Quercus i bosc de coníferes.
- Coordenades geogràfiques: de 21°50’ a 31°15’ latitud nord, i 103° 45’ a 110° 35’ Longitud oest.
Taxonomia
Pinus engelmannii va ser descrita per Élie-Abel Carrière i publicada en Revue Horticole 3: 227. 1854.[2]
- Etimologia
Pinus: nom genèric donat del llatí al pi.[3]
engelmannii: Epítet atorgat en honor del botànic alemany George Engelmann.
- Sinonímia
-
Pinus apacheca Lemmon
-
Pinus engelmannii var. blancoi (Martínez) Martínez
-
Pinus latifolia Sarg.
-
Pinus macrophylla Engelm.
-
Pinus macrophylla var. blancoi Martínez
-
Pinus mayriana Sudw.
-
Pinus mayriana var. apacheca (Lemmon) Lemmon
- Pinus ponderosa var. macrophylla Shaw
-
Pinus ponderosa var. mayriana Sarg.[4][5]
Referències
Bibliografia
- Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico d'espècies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Farjon, A. K. & B. T. Styles. 1997. Pinus (Pinaceae). Fl. Neotrop. 75: 1–291.
- Farjon, A. K., J. A. Pérez de la Rosa & B. T. Styles. 1997. Field Guide Pines Mexico Central America 1–147. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
- Perry, J. P. 1991. Pines Mex. Centr. Amer. 1–231. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
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Pinus engelmannii és una espècie de pi procedent de Mèxic.
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Pinus engelmannii
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Alemão
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Pinus engelmannii, auch Engelmanns Kiefer[1], im Englischen und Spanischen meist als Apachen-Kiefer[2] bekannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae).
Beschreibung
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Vegetative Merkmale
Pinus engelmannii ist ein immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 20 bis 30 Metern und Stammdurchmesser von 35 bis 80 Zentimetern erreicht. Die Rinde ist dunkelbraun und rissig. Die Baumkrone ist locker beastet.
Die dunkelgrünen Nadeln stehen in Dreier-, manchmal auch in Zweier- oder Fünferbündeln. Die Nadeln sind 20 bis 40 Zentimeter lang; damit gehört Pinus engelmannii zu den Kiefern-Arten mit den längsten Nadeln.
Generative Merkmale
Die Zapfen sind bei einer Länge von 8 bis 16 Zentimetern eiförmig und an ihrer Basis oft asymmetrisch. Die Deckschuppen sind eng anliegend. Unreife Zapfen sind grün bis purpurbraun, ausgereifte Zapfen sind braun.
Verbreitung und Namensgebung
Pinus engelmannii kommt nur im nördlichen Mexiko im Gebirgszug der Sierra Madre Occidental und angrenzend im südlichsten Teil der US-Bundesstaaten New Mexico sowie Arizona vor. Die im Englischen als auch im Spanischen übliche Bezeichnung als Apache pine bzw. pino apache bezieht sich auf das Vorkommen der Art in den einstigen Stammesgebieten der indigenen Apachen, während der wissenschaftliche Name an den bahnbrechenden deutschamerikanischen Arzt und Botaniker Georg Engelmann erinnert, der die Art 1848 entdeckte. Engelmann nannte die Art zunächst Pinus macrophylla, aber dieser Name war bereits für eine andere Kiefer verwendet worden, so dass sie umbenannt werden musste; dies tat der französische Botaniker Élie-Abel Carrière, der Engelmann somit ehrte.
Systematik
Die Erstveröffentlichung dieser Art erfolgte 1848 unter dem Namen Pinus macrophylla durch George Engelmann in Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus: Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico: connected with Col. Doniphan's Expedition in 1846 and 1847, Seite 103. Dieser Name ist ungültig, da John Lindley bereits 1839 Pinus macrophylla (ein Synonym von Pinus devoniana Lindl.) gültig veröffentlicht hatte. Deshalb erfolgte 1854 für diese Art eine neue Erstbeschreibung als Pinus engelmannii Carrière durch Élie-Abel Carrière in Revue Horticole (Paris), Band 3, Seite 227.[3] Das Artepitheton engelmannii ehrt den US-amerikanischen Botaniker deutscher Abstammung George Engelmann. Weitere Synonyme für Pinus engelmannii Carrière sind: Pinus apacheca Lemmon, Pinus latifolia Sarg., Pinus mayriana Sudw., Pinus mayriana var. apacheca (Lemmon) Lemmon, Pinus macrophylla var. blancoi Martínez, Pinus ponderosa var. macrophylla (Engelm.) Shaw, Pinus ponderosa var. mayriana (Sudw.) Sarg., Pinus engelmannii var. blancoi (Martínez) Martínez.[3]
Quellen
Literatur
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Sorting Pinus Names bei MMPND.
-
↑ Wilhelm Klaus: Zum Naturstandort der nordamerikanischen Weihrauchkiefern (Pinus taeda L.)-Vergleichsstudie für die fossilen Hausruck-Kiefern., In: Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereines, Band 124, I, Linz 1979, S. 178, zobodat.at [PDF]
-
↑ a b Pinus engelmannii bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 19. April 2019.
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
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Alemão
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fornecido por wikipedia DE
Pinus engelmannii, auch Engelmanns Kiefer, im Englischen und Spanischen meist als Apachen-Kiefer bekannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae).
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Апачи пожум
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Cômi
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Апачи пужым
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Udmurt
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Pinus engelmannii
(
Inglês
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fornecido por wikipedia EN
Pinus engelmannii, commonly known as the Apache pine, is a tree of Northern Mexico, in the Sierra Madre Occidental with its range extending a short distance into the United States in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. This pine is a medium-sized species with a height of 20–30 metres (66–98 feet) and a trunk diameter of 35–80 centimetres (14–31 inches).
The branches are sparse and very stout, giving the tree a distinct appearance. The needles, among the longest of any pine, are in bundles of three (occasionally five), 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long, stout, and spreading to slightly drooping. The cones are 8–16 cm (3+1⁄4–6+1⁄4 in) long, green or purple when growing, maturing glossy brown, moderately oblique with stoutly spined scales on the outer side (facing away from the branch). The Apache pine sometimes shows a grass stage like the related Michoacan pine (P. devoniana) and also longleaf pine (P. palustris).
The English name refers to the species' occurrence in the lands of the Apache Native Americans, while the scientific name commemorates the pioneering American botanist George Engelmann who discovered the species in 1848. Engelmann first named the species Pinus macrophylla, but this name had already been used for another pine, so it had to be renamed; this was done by the French botanist Carrière, who chose to honour Engelmann.
Apache pine was sometimes treated as a variety of ponderosa pine in the past (as P. ponderosa var. mayriana), but it is now universally regarded as a distinct species.
References
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Pinus engelmannii, commonly known as the Apache pine, is a tree of Northern Mexico, in the Sierra Madre Occidental with its range extending a short distance into the United States in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. This pine is a medium-sized species with a height of 20–30 metres (66–98 feet) and a trunk diameter of 35–80 centimetres (14–31 inches).
The branches are sparse and very stout, giving the tree a distinct appearance. The needles, among the longest of any pine, are in bundles of three (occasionally five), 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long, stout, and spreading to slightly drooping. The cones are 8–16 cm (3+1⁄4–6+1⁄4 in) long, green or purple when growing, maturing glossy brown, moderately oblique with stoutly spined scales on the outer side (facing away from the branch). The Apache pine sometimes shows a grass stage like the related Michoacan pine (P. devoniana) and also longleaf pine (P. palustris).
The English name refers to the species' occurrence in the lands of the Apache Native Americans, while the scientific name commemorates the pioneering American botanist George Engelmann who discovered the species in 1848. Engelmann first named the species Pinus macrophylla, but this name had already been used for another pine, so it had to be renamed; this was done by the French botanist Carrière, who chose to honour Engelmann.
Apache pine was sometimes treated as a variety of ponderosa pine in the past (as P. ponderosa var. mayriana), but it is now universally regarded as a distinct species.
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Pinus engelmannii
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Espanhol; Castelhano
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Pinus engelmannii es una especie de pino nativo de México.
Descripción
Es una especie arbórea de hasta 35 m de altura y 10 dm de DAP; copa redondeada, árboles jóvenes con ramas ascendentes y copa abierta en forma cónica. Ramas largas gruesas, las superiores ascendentes, las inferiores descendentes y sigmoideas, con frecuencia muy colgadas en árboles viejos; últimas ramillas gruesas de 2 a 3 cm de diámetro muy rugosas. Corteza de los árboles maduros de color café rojizo a oscuro, rugosa, escamosa, dividida en placas largas y angostas; en los árboles jóvenes la corteza es gris, rugosa, escamosa y surcada pero no dividida en placas. Madera suave, de color amarillo pálido de muy buena calidad.
Hojas en fascículos de 3 a 5, con frecuencia predominando uno y otro número, agrupadas en los extremos de las ramillas, de 20 a 43 cm × 1,4 a 2 mm y alrededor de 1 mm de grosor, de color verde pálido o verde amarillento, ásperas, rígidas y erectas o curveado- colgantes, con márgenes aserrados, estomas de 11 a 18 hileras en la cara dorsal, de 5 a 9 hileras en cara ventral, canales resiníferos de 4 a 13 generalmente 5 a 8; paredes exteriores de endodermo ligeramente engrosadas, haces fibrovasculares dos, muy próximos pero claramente diferenciados. Vainas escamosas, de color café castaño, al madurar volviéndose café oscuro o casi negras, a veces pegajosas de 2 a 3 cm de largo, hasta 4 cm cuando inmaduras, persistentes. Conillos largamente ovoides, de color púrpura, en grupos de 2 a 5 sobre pedúnculos firmes, escamas gruesas y con una diminuta espina erecta.
Conos asimétricos, ovoides a anchamente ovoides de 10 a 16 cm × 6 a 12 cm, ligeramente curveados, café amarillentos, duros, pesados en grupos de 2 a 5 sobre pedúnculos fuertes de 5 a 10 mm × hasta 2 cm, que se ocultan bajo las escamas basales y que permanecen pegados a la rama cuando el cono cae; los conos maduran durante el otoño y permanecen cerrados por algún tiempo; ya abiertos permanecen pegados a las ramillas menos de un año.
Escamas duras, fuertes, redondeadas o agudas en el ápice, con apófisis abultada piramidal, usualmente muy protuberante y refleja, transversalmente aquillada; umbo dorsal gris, prominente, con espina aguda, recta o curveada, persistente o decidua. Semillas de color café oscuro. De 5 a 8 mm de largo, con ala articulada, lanceolada, de 2 a 4 cm de largo y de 7 a 9 mm de ancho.
Requerimientos ambientales
Altitud de 1.250 a 2.500; prefiere 1.500 msnm. Suelo, probablemente Leptosoles; características físicas, profundidad: desde suelos delgados hasta profundos; textura: areno arcillosa, migajón limosa, arcillosa; Pedregosidad: pedregosos; Estructura: drenaje: bien drenados; con humedad aparente; características químicas: pH: moderadamente ácidos, 5 a 6,8; otras: suele encontrarse en terrenos pobres, pedregosos y con afloramiento rocoso continuo; temperatura 11 a 18 °C; la precipitación media varia de 500 a 1.400 mm, prefiere 600 a 900 mm; el clima dominante es templado subhúmedo con lluvias en verano, adaptándose también al templado seco (1, 8). Es resistente a las heladas, en su hábitat todos los años se presentan nevadas y 2 a 3 días del año están nublados.
Usos
A partir de esta especie se puede obtener madera para muebles y construcción, molduras, pisos (parquete), palo de escoba y triplay (1), pulpa para papel, madera aserrada, postes y para la ebanistería.
Distribución
P. engelmannii es nativo de México (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas), y el sur de Estados Unidos (Arizona, Nuevo México).[1]
- Asociación vegetal
- Bosque de Quercus y bosque de coníferas.
- Coordenadas geográficas: de 21°50’ a 31°15’ latitud norte, y 103° 45’ a 110° 35’ Longitud oeste.
Taxonomía
Pinus engelmannii fue descrita por Élie-Abel Carrière y publicado en Revue Horticole 3: 227. 1854.[2]
- Etimología
Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[3]
engelmannii: epíteto otorgadoen honor del botánico alemán George Engelmann.
- Sinonimia
-
Pinus apacheca Lemmon
-
Pinus engelmannii var. blancoi (Martínez) Martínez
-
Pinus latifolia Sarg.
-
Pinus macrophylla Engelm.
-
Pinus macrophylla var. blancoi Martínez
-
Pinus mayriana Sudw.
-
Pinus mayriana var. apacheca (Lemmon) Lemmon
- Pinus ponderosa var. macrophylla Shaw
-
Pinus ponderosa var. mayriana Sarg.[4][5]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Farjon, A. K. & B. T. Styles. 1997. Pinus (Pinaceae). Fl. Neotrop. 75: 1–291.
- Farjon, A. K., J. A. Pérez de la Rosa & B. T. Styles. 1997. Field Guide Pines Mexico Central America 1–147. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
- Perry, J. P. 1991. Pines Mex. Centr. Amer. 1–231. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Pinus engelmannii es una especie de pino nativo de México.
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Pinus engelmannii
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Pinus engelmannii est une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinaceae.
Liste des variétés
Selon Tropicos (18 décembre 2018)[1] :
- variété Pinus engelmannii var. blancoi (Martinez) Martinez, 1948
- variété Pinus engelmannii var. engelmanii
Notes et références
Références taxinomiques
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
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Francês
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fornecido por wikipedia FR
Pinus engelmannii est une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinaceae.
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Pinus engelmannii
(
Islandês
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fornecido por wikipedia IS
Pinus engelmannii er furutegund sem vex í norður Mexíkó, í Sierra Madre Occidental þer sem útbreiðslan nær stutt ínnfyrir landamæri Bandaríkjanna í suðvestur New Mexico og suðaustur Arizona. Þetta er meðalstórt tré, um 20 til 30m hátt með stofnþvermál að 35 - 80 sm.
Greinarnar er gildar og gisnar. Barrnálarnar, sem eru með þeim lengstu á nokkurri furu, eru 3 (stöku sinnum 5), 20 til 40 sm langar, gildar, gleiðar og lítið eitt hangandi. Könglarnir eru 8 til 16 sm langir, grænir til purpuralitir á meðan þeir eru að vaxa, nokkuð skástæðir með kröftugum göddum á köngulhreistrinu á úthliðinni (snýr frá grein). Hún er stundum með "grasstig" svipað P. devoniana og P. palustris (svonefnt grasstig er einfaldnlega lýsing á útliti smáplantna þar sem fjöldi langra barrnála hlífir vaxtarsprotum við villieldum).
Fræðiheitið er til heiðurs þýsk-bandaríska grasafræðingnum George Engelmann sem uppgötvaði tegundina 1848. Engelmann nefndi tegundina fyrst Pinus macrophylla, en það nafn var þegar komið á aðra furutegund, svo að hún þurfti annað nafn; það var gefið af franska grasafræðingnum Carrière, sem kaus að heiðra Engelmann.
Hún hefur stundum verið talin afbrigði af gulfuru (sem P. ponderosa var. mayriana), en er nú almennt viðurkennd sem sjálfstæð tegund.
Tilvísanir
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
Islandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia IS
Pinus engelmannii er furutegund sem vex í norður Mexíkó, í Sierra Madre Occidental þer sem útbreiðslan nær stutt ínnfyrir landamæri Bandaríkjanna í suðvestur New Mexico og suðaustur Arizona. Þetta er meðalstórt tré, um 20 til 30m hátt með stofnþvermál að 35 - 80 sm.
Greinarnar er gildar og gisnar. Barrnálarnar, sem eru með þeim lengstu á nokkurri furu, eru 3 (stöku sinnum 5), 20 til 40 sm langar, gildar, gleiðar og lítið eitt hangandi. Könglarnir eru 8 til 16 sm langir, grænir til purpuralitir á meðan þeir eru að vaxa, nokkuð skástæðir með kröftugum göddum á köngulhreistrinu á úthliðinni (snýr frá grein). Hún er stundum með "grasstig" svipað P. devoniana og P. palustris (svonefnt grasstig er einfaldnlega lýsing á útliti smáplantna þar sem fjöldi langra barrnála hlífir vaxtarsprotum við villieldum).
Fræðiheitið er til heiðurs þýsk-bandaríska grasafræðingnum George Engelmann sem uppgötvaði tegundina 1848. Engelmann nefndi tegundina fyrst Pinus macrophylla, en það nafn var þegar komið á aðra furutegund, svo að hún þurfti annað nafn; það var gefið af franska grasafræðingnum Carrière, sem kaus að heiðra Engelmann.
Hún hefur stundum verið talin afbrigði af gulfuru (sem P. ponderosa var. mayriana), en er nú almennt viðurkennd sem sjálfstæð tegund.
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Pinus engelmannii
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Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Pinus engelmannii Carrière – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w północnym Meksyku (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas) i USA (południowo-wschodnia Arizona, południowo-zachodni Nowy Meksyk)[2].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
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Korona drzewa nieregularnie zaokrąglona.
- Pień
- Prosty, osiąga do 35 m wysokości i 60 cm średnicy.
- Liście
- Igły zebrane po 3, czasem do 5, na krótkopędach.
- Szyszki
- Szyszki męskie o średnicy 25 mm, cylindryczne, żółte do żółto-brązowych. Szyszki żeńskie prawie siedzące lub na krótkich szypułkach. Często asymetryczne, zakrzywione. Po otwarciu jajowate, o długości 11–14 cm, jasnobrązowe. Nasiona owalne, ciemnobrązowe, o średnicy 8–9 mm, opatrzone 20 mm skrzydełkiem.
- Gatunki podobne
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P. engelmannii przypomina P . palustris m.in. wyglądem igieł, głębokim systemem korzeniowym oraz tendencją do tworzenia formy trawiastej[3].
Biologia i ekologia
Siewki mają tendencję do przybierania formy trawiastej, w której rozwija się silny system korzeniowy i dorosła postać igieł, ale pędy nie przyrastają na długość[2]. Igły pozostają na drzewie przez 2 lata. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat i uwalniają nasiona wkrótce potem[3].
Liczba chromosomów: 2n=24.
Występuje na wysokich i suchych stanowiskach górskich, w dolinach i na płaskowyżach, na wysokościach 1500–2500 m n.p.m. Dosyć dobrze przystosowana do niezbyt intensywnych pożarów lasu, występujących nie częściej niż co 5 lat[2].
Pinus engelmannii jest głównym gospodarzem roślin pasożytniczych: Arceuthobium globosum subsp. globosum, A. rubrum, A. vaginatum subsp. vaginatum, A. vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum i A. verticilliflorum[4].
Systematyka i nazewnictwo
Synonimy: Pinus latifolia Sargent (Peattie), P. macrophylla Engelm. non Lindl., P. apacheca Lemmon, P. ponderosa var. macrophylla (Engelm.) Shaw, P. mayriana Sudworth, P. ponderosa var. mayriana (Sudworth) Sargent, P. macrophylla var. blancoi Martínez, P. engelmannii var. blancoi (Martínez) Martínez.
Nazwa naukowa gatunku upamiętnia amerykańskiego botanika Georga Engelmanna, który odkrył go w 1848 r. Engelmann nadał mu pierwotnie nazwę Pinus macrophylla, jednak nazwa ta została już wykorzystana dla innej sosny. W 1854 r. francuski botanik Carrière nadał gatunkowi obecną nazwę Pinus engelmannii, oddając w ten sposób honor odkrywcy.
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[5]:
Zagrożenia
Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN umieściła ten gatunek w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych, ale przyznała mu kategorię zagrożenia LC (least concern), uznając go za gatunek najmniejszej troski, o niskim ryzyku wymarcia[6]. Po ponownej ocenie w 2011 r. klasyfikację tę utrzymano i opublikowano w roku 2013[7]. Gatunek jest w wielu miejscach w Meksyku pospolity, a liczebność populacji stabilna.
Przypisy
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Pinus engelmannii Carrière – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w północnym Meksyku (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas) i USA (południowo-wschodnia Arizona, południowo-zachodni Nowy Meksyk).
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Pinus engelmannii
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
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Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
Pinus engelmannii é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição na América Central, Caraíbas, México, sul do Arizona e Novo México.
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Pinus engelmannii
(
Ucraniano
)
fornecido por wikipedia UK
Поширення, екологія
Країни поширення: Мексика (Чіуауа, Коауїла, Нуево-Леон, Сіналоа, Сонора, Сакатекас); США (Аризона, Нью-Мексико). Живе на помірно сухих, літом теплих відкритих гірських схилах або плато на висотах між (1200 -) 1,500-2,700 (-3000) м над рівнем моря, найбільш рясно між 2000-2500 метрів на бідних кам'янистих (вулканічних) ґрунтах, а також на алювіальних пісках/ гравіях або супісках. Клімат помірний, річна кількість опадів від 400-700 мм, збільшується на південь. Над 2000 м мороз і сніг є нормою в зимовий період.
Опис
Дерева до 35 м; до 0,6 м діаметром, прямі, крона нерівно округла. Кора темно-коричнева, в зрілості глибоко борозенчаста. Гілки блідо-сіро-коричневі, у старості темно-коричневі, грубі. Голки зібрані по 3 (-5) в пучку, зберігається 2 роки, розміром (20 -) 25-45 см х 2 мм, тьмяно-зелені. Пилкові шишки циліндричні, довжиною близько 25 мм, від жовтого до жовто-коричневого кольору. Насіннєві шишки іноді зігнуті, часто асиметричні, списо-яйцеподібні до відкриття, яйцевидні, коли відкриті, 11 - 14 см довжиною, світло-темно-коричневі. Насіння оберненояйцевиде; тіло бл. 8-9 мм, темно-коричневе; крила до 20 мм. 2n = 24.
Використання
У більшості свого діапазону зростання росте разом з іншими сосни і використовується разом з ними як деревина.
Загрози та охорона
У деяких районах спостерігалося виснаження великих дерев. Вид присутній в кількох охоронних територіях.
Посилання
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Pinus engelmannii
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Pinus engelmannii là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Carrière miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1854.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
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- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Pinus engelmannii: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Pinus engelmannii là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Carrière miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1854.
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên