Candelariales

Slo.: ? - Habitat: mountain pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, south aspect; sunny, relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 610 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of living branch of a standing alone Ostrya carpinifolia. Comment: This micro-beauty usually appears in discrete, suborbicular, flat cushions, which are quite small, less than 10 mm in diameter. But, it can be also abundant, in larger, irregular, widespread fragments, sometimes confluent and covering the whole small branches circumferentially. When looked through a hand lens it is an incredible natural filigree of golden lobes set in a delicate and stochastic ornament. The lobes are attached to the bark with scattered, white, simple rhizines. This is one of lichens, which can be easily recognized by habit only, without microscope and chemical tests. Eventually it can be confused with very small lobed Xanthoria species, where a test with K solves the dilemma. Candelaria concolor is K negative. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 242. (2) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 110. (3) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 275. (4) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 205.

Slo.: ? - Habitat: mountain pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, south aspect; sunny, relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 610 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of living branch of a standing alone Ostrya carpinifolia. Comment: This micro-beauty usually appears in discrete, suborbicular, flat cushions, which are quite small, less than 10 mm in diameter. But, it can be also abundant, in larger, irregular, widespread fragments, sometimes confluent and covering the whole small branches circumferentially. When looked through a hand lens it is an incredible natural filigree of golden lobes set in a delicate and stochastic ornament. The lobes are attached to the bark with scattered, white, simple rhizines. This is one of lichens, which can be easily recognized by habit only, without microscope and chemical tests. Eventually it can be confused with very small lobed Xanthoria species, where a test with K solves the dilemma. Candelaria concolor is K negative. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 242. (2) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 110. (3) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 275. (4) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 205.

Slo.: ? - Habitat: mountain pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, south aspect; sunny, relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 610 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of living branch of a standing alone Ostrya carpinifolia. Comment: This micro-beauty usually appears in discrete, suborbicular, flat cushions, which are quite small, less than 10 mm in diameter. But, it can be also abundant, in larger, irregular, widespread fragments, sometimes confluent and covering the whole small branches circumferentially. When looked through a hand lens it is an incredible natural filigree of golden lobes set in a delicate and stochastic ornament. The lobes are attached to the bark with scattered, white, simple rhizines. This is one of lichens, which can be easily recognized by habit only, without microscope and chemical tests. Eventually it can be confused with very small lobed Xanthoria species, where a test with K solves the dilemma. Candelaria concolor is K negative. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 242. (2) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 110. (3) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 275. (4) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 205.

Slo.: ? - Habitat: Isolated bushes and small trees on scree slopes, dry calcerous ground, full sun, SW exposed, fully exposed to rain, ~3.000 mm/year precipitation, air humidity medium, average temperature 8-10 C Substrata: bark of branches of Crataegus sp.

Slo.: ? - Habitat: Isolated bushes and small trees on scree slopes, dry calcerous ground, full sun, SW exposed, fully exposed to rain, ~3.000 mm/year precipitation, air humidity medium, average temperature 8-10 C Substrata: bark of branches of Crataegus sp.

Slo.: ? - Syn.: Caloplaca xanthostigma (Pers. ex Ach.) H. Olivier, Candelariella lutella (Vain.) Rsnen, Gyalolechia vitellina var. xanthostigma (Pers. ex Ach.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth, Lecanora xanthostigma (Pers. ex Ach.) Rhl. - Habitat: natural tree hedge between abandoned pastures; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: bark of smaller branches of almost stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. - Comment: Candelariella xanthostigma is a tiny, common lichen. Its apothecia measure less than 1 mm in diameter. So, it is easy to overlook it. To use a hand lens for observation is a must. The species can be recognized by its yellow or yellow-greenish thallus, which consists of tiny corticated granules and yellow apothecia (if present). It grows on broadleaf tree bark. However, there exist several similar minute, yellow species, hence a mistake in determination cannot be excluded. Observing asci, which are 12- to 32-spored in Candelariella xanthostigma would make the determination reliable. Several specimens were found on this tree, mostly on thinner branches. Most of them were sterile (yellow granules only). Ref.: (1) C.W. Smith, et al, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 278. (2) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 206. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 247. (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 113. (5) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259591560_A_conspectus_of_the_lichen_genus_Candelariella_in_southwest_Asia_with_emphasis_on_Iran_Nova_Hedwigia (accessed Feb. 13. 2018) (6) https://www.thm.de/lse/fachbereich/team/professoren/singlearticle/13-94-Kirschbaum/215-c.html (accessed Feb. 15. 2018) (7) http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/Candelariella/NIKB0666 (accessed Feb. 15. 2018)

Slo.: ? - Habitat: Isolated bushes and small trees on scree slopes, dry calcerous ground, full sun, SW exposed, fully exposed to rain, ~3.000 mm/year precipitation, air humidity medium, average temperature 8-10 C Substrata: bark of branches of Crataegus sp.

Slo.: ? - Habitat: Isolated bushes and small trees on scree slopes, dry calcerous ground, full sun, SW exposed, fully exposed to rain, ~3.000 mm/year precipitation, air humidity medium, average temperature 8-10 C Substrata: bark of branches of Crataegus sp.