Pucciniomycetes

Habitat: tall alpine herb fields, among bushes, near Fagus sylvatica wood-side in an Alpine valley, southeast oriented, partly sunny, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.280 m (4.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: leaves of Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. ranunculifolium. - Comment: Determination not 100% certain. Could also be one of the members of Puccinia recondita aggregat. Puccinia lycoctoni can be found exclusively on Aconitum leaves and has no changing host. Many thanks for determination and shearing knowledge to Andreas Gminder, Irene Andersson and Gerhard Koller from MushroomObserver.org.

Habitat: tall alpine herb fields, among bushes, near Fagus sylvatica wood-side in an Alpine valley, southeast oriented, partly sunny, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.280 m (4.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: leaves of Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. ranunculifolium. - Comment: Determination not 100% certain. Could also be one of the members of Puccinia recondita aggregat. Puccinia lycoctoni can be found exclusively on Aconitum leaves and has no changing host. Many thanks for determination and shearing knowledge to Andreas Gminder, Irene Andersson and Gerhard Koller from MushroomObserver.org.

Habitat: tall alpine herb fields, among bushes, near Fagus sylvatica wood-side in an Alpine valley, southeast oriented, partly sunny, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.280 m (4.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: leaves of Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. ranunculifolium. - Comment: Determination not 100% certain. Could also be one of the members of Puccinia recondita aggregat. Puccinia lycoctoni can be found exclusively on Aconitum leaves and has no changing host. Many thanks for determination and shearing knowledge to Andreas Gminder, Irene Andersson and Gerhard Koller from MushroomObserver.org.

Habitat: tall alpine herb fields, among bushes, near Fagus sylvatica wood-side in an Alpine valley, southeast oriented, partly sunny, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.280 m (4.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: leaves of Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. ranunculifolium. - Comment: Determination not 100% certain. Could also be one of the members of Puccinia recondita aggregat. Puccinia lycoctoni can be found exclusively on Aconitum leaves and has no changing host. Many thanks for determination and shearing knowledge to Andreas Gminder, Irene Andersson and Gerhard Koller from MushroomObserver.org.

Habitat: tall alpine herb fields, near Fagus sylvatica wood-side in an Alpine valley, east oriented, partly sunny, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.170 m (3.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: leaves of Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. ranunculifolium. - Comment: Determination not 100% certain. Could also be one of the members of Puccinia recondita aggregat. Puccinia lycoctoni can be found exclusively on Aconitum leaves and has no changing host. Many thanks for determination and shearing knowledge to Andreas Gminder, Irene Andersson and Gerhard Koller from MushroomObserver.org.

Habitat: tall alpine herb fields, near Fagus sylvatica wood-side in an Alpine valley, east oriented, partly sunny, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.170 m (3.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: leaves of Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. ranunculifolium. - Comment: Determination not 100% certain. Could also be one of the members of Puccinia recondita aggregat. Puccinia lycoctoni can be found exclusively on Aconitum leaves and has no changing host. Many thanks for determination and shearing knowledge to Andreas Gminder, Irene Andersson and Gerhard Koller from MushroomObserver.org.

Habitat: tall alpine herb fields, near Fagus sylvatica wood-side in an Alpine valley, east oriented, partly sunny, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.170 m (3.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: leaves of Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. ranunculifolium. - Comment: Determination not 100% certain. Could also be one of the members of Puccinia recondita aggregat. Puccinia lycoctoni can be found exclusively on Aconitum leaves and has no changing host. Many thanks for determination and shearing knowledge to Andreas Gminder, Irene Andersson and Gerhard Koller from MushroomObserver.org.

Habitat: tall alpine herb fields, near Fagus sylvatica wood-side in an Alpine valley, east oriented, partly sunny, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.170 m (3.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: leaves of Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. ranunculifolium. - Comment: Determination not 100% certain. Could also be one of the members of Puccinia recondita aggregat. Puccinia lycoctoni can be found exclusively on Aconitum leaves and has no changing host. Many thanks for determination and shearing knowledge to Andreas Gminder, Irene Andersson and Gerhard Koller from MushroomObserver.org.

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Syn.: Uromyces pisi, Puccinia pisi - Slo.: grahova rja - Habitat: Relatively dry sandy grassland, grazed by sheep, shallow soil, almost flat terrain, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 540 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Euphorbia cyparissias plant. - Comments: This rust fungus modifies its host plant Euphorbia cyparissias. Infected plants usually don't produce fertile flowers and are much more slender and taller than normal. But they form a kind of pseudo-flowers, a rosette of leaves at the top of stalks, resembling true flowers. Fungus produces nectar similar to nectar of healthy plants. It attracts ants and other insects, both on healthy and infected plants. For over 100 years this host-pathogen pair has been subject to much speculation concerning the function of nectar-producing spermatia. Today, it is generally assumed that they are produced to attract insects for fungal fertilization (more in Ref.: 4.). - Urediniospores produced by orange vegetation producing pustules uredia. - Urediniospores finely warty, dimensions: 24.0 (SD = 1.2) x 21.5 (SD = 0.7) micr., Q = 1.12 (SD = 0.07), n = 25. - Ref.: (1) http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/diseases/Fabacee/Fabacee_Uromyces_pisi/ (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636829 (3) http://www.uni-graz.at/walter.obermayer/plants-of-styria/images/euphorbia-cyparissias.html (4) http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/1/48#F1 (5) http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:23187/eth-23187-01.pdf

Syn.: Uromyces pisi, Puccinia pisi - Slo.: grahova rja - Habitat: Relatively dry sandy grassland, grazed by sheep, shallow soil, almost flat terrain, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 540 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Euphorbia cyparissias plant. - Comments: This rust fungus modifies its host plant Euphorbia cyparissias. Infected plants usually don't produce fertile flowers and are much more slender and taller than normal. But they form a kind of pseudo-flowers, a rosette of leaves at the top of stalks, resembling true flowers. Fungus produces nectar similar to nectar of healthy plants. It attracts ants and other insects, both on healthy and infected plants. For over 100 years this host-pathogen pair has been subject to much speculation concerning the function of nectar-producing spermatia. Today, it is generally assumed that they are produced to attract insects for fungal fertilization (more in Ref.: 4.). - Urediniospores produced by orange vegetation producing pustules uredia. - Urediniospores finely warty, dimensions: 24.0 (SD = 1.2) x 21.5 (SD = 0.7) micr., Q = 1.12 (SD = 0.07), n = 25. - Ref.: (1) http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/diseases/Fabacee/Fabacee_Uromyces_pisi/ (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636829 (3) http://www.uni-graz.at/walter.obermayer/plants-of-styria/images/euphorbia-cyparissias.html (4) http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/1/48#F1 (5) http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:23187/eth-23187-01.pdf

Syn.: Uromyces pisi, Puccinia pisi - Slo.: grahova rja - Habitat: Relatively dry sandy grassland, grazed by sheep, shallow soil, almost flat terrain, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 540 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Euphorbia cyparissias plant. - Comments: This rust fungus modifies its host plant Euphorbia cyparissias. Infected plants usually don't produce fertile flowers and are much more slender and taller than normal. But they form a kind of pseudo-flowers, a rosette of leaves at the top of stalks, resembling true flowers. Fungus produces nectar similar to nectar of healthy plants. It attracts ants and other insects, both on healthy and infected plants. For over 100 years this host-pathogen pair has been subject to much speculation concerning the function of nectar-producing spermatia. Today, it is generally assumed that they are produced to attract insects for fungal fertilization (more in Ref.: 4.). - Vegetation producing pustules called uredia. - Urediniospores finely warty, dimensions: 24.0 (SD = 1.2) x 21.5 (SD = 0.7) micr., Q = 1.12 (SD = 0.07), n = 25. - Ref.: (1) http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/diseases/Fabacee/Fabacee_Uromyces_pisi/. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636829. (3) http://www.uni-graz.at/walter.obermayer/plants-of-styria/images/euphorbia-cyparissias.html. (4) http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/1/48#F1 (5) http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:23187/eth-23187-01.pdf

Syn.: Uromyces pisi, Puccinia pisi - Slo.: grahova rja - Habitat: Relatively dry sandy grassland, grazed by sheep, shallow soil, almost flat terrain, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 540 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Euphorbia cyparissias plant. - Comments: This rust fungus modifies its host plant Euphorbia cyparissias. Infected plants usually don't produce fertile flowers and are much more slender and taller than normal. But they form a kind of pseudo-flowers, a rosette of leaves at the top of stalks, resembling true flowers. Fungus produces nectar similar to nectar of healthy plants. It attracts ants and other insects, both on healthy and infected plants. For over 100 years this host-pathogen pair has been subject to much speculation concerning the function of nectar-producing spermatia. Today, it is generally assumed that they are produced to attract insects for fungal fertilization (more in Ref.: 4.). - Vegetation producing pustules called uredia. - Urediniospores finely warty, dimensions: 24.0 (SD = 1.2) x 21.5 (SD = 0.7) micr., Q = 1.12 (SD = 0.07), n = 25. - Ref.: (1) http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/diseases/Fabacee/Fabacee_Uromyces_pisi/. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636829. (3) http://www.uni-graz.at/walter.obermayer/plants-of-styria/images/euphorbia-cyparissias.html. (4) http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/1/48#F1 (5) http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:23187/eth-23187-01.pdf

Syn.: Uromyces pisi, Puccinia pisi - Slo.: grahova rja - Habitat: Relatively dry sandy grassland, grazed by sheep, shallow soil, almost flat terrain, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 540 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Euphorbia cyparissias plant. - Comments: This rust fungus modifies its host plant Euphorbia cyparissias. Infected plants usually don't produce fertile flowers and are much more slender and taller than normal. But they form a kind of pseudo-flowers, a rosette of leaves at the top of stalks, resembling true flowers. Fungus produces nectar similar to nectar of healthy plants. It attracts ants and other insects, both on healthy and infected plants. For over 100 years this host-pathogen pair has been subject to much speculation concerning the function of nectar-producing spermatia. Today, it is generally assumed that they are produced to attract insects for fungal fertilization (more in Ref.: 4.). - Normal and infected plants intermixed in large groups. - Urediniospores finely warty, dimensions: 24.0 (SD = 1.2) x 21.5 (SD = 0.7) micr., Q = 1.12 (SD = 0.07), n = 25. - Ref.: (1) http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/diseases/Fabacee/Fabacee_Uromyces_pisi/. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636829. (3) http://www.uni-graz.at/walter.obermayer/plants-of-styria/images/euphorbia-cyparissias.html. (4) http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/1/48#F1 (5) http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:23187/eth-23187-01.pdf

Syn.: Uromyces pisi, Puccinia pisi - Slo.: grahova rja - Habitat: Relatively dry sandy grassland, grazed by sheep, shallow soil, almost flat terrain, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 540 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Euphorbia cyparissias plant. - Comments: This rust fungus modifies its host plant Euphorbia cyparissias. Infected plants usually don't produce fertile flowers and are much more slender and taller than normal. But they form a kind of pseudo-flowers, a rosette of leaves at the top of stalks, resembling true flowers. Fungus produces nectar similar to nectar of healthy plants. It attracts ants and other insects, both on healthy and infected plants. For over 100 years this host-pathogen pair has been subject to much speculation concerning the function of nectar-producing spermatia. Today, it is generally assumed that they are produced to attract insects for fungal fertilization (more in Ref.: 4.). - Normal and infected plants intermixed in large groups. - Urediniospores finely warty, dimensions: 24.0 (SD = 1.2) x 21.5 (SD = 0.7) micr., Q = 1.12 (SD = 0.07), n = 25. - Ref.: (1) http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/diseases/Fabacee/Fabacee_Uromyces_pisi/. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636829. (3) http://www.uni-graz.at/walter.obermayer/plants-of-styria/images/euphorbia-cyparissias.html. (4) http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/1/48#F1 (5) http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:23187/eth-23187-01.pdf

Syn.: Uromyces pisi, Puccinia pisi - Slo.: grahova rja - Habitat: Relatively dry sandy grassland, grazed by sheep, shallow soil, almost flat terrain, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 540 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Euphorbia cyparissias plant. - Comments: This rust fungus modifies its host plant Euphorbia cyparissias. Infected plants usually don't produce fertile flowers and are much more slender and taller than normal. But they form a kind of pseudo-flowers, a rosette of leaves at the top of stalks, resembling true flowers. Fungus produces nectar similar to nectar of healthy plants. It attracts ants and other insects, both on healthy and infected plants. For over 100 years this host-pathogen pair has been subject to much speculation concerning the function of nectar-producing spermatia. Today, it is generally assumed that they are produced to attract insects for fungal fertilization (more in Ref.: 4.). - Habitat of infected Euphorbia cyparissias. - Urediniospores finely warty, dimensions: 24.0 (SD = 1.2) x 21.5 (SD = 0.7) micr., Q = 1.12 (SD = 0.07), n = 25. - Ref.: (1) http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/diseases/Fabacee/Fabacee_Uromyces_pisi/. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636829. (3) http://www.uni-graz.at/walter.obermayer/plants-of-styria/images/euphorbia-cyparissias.html. (4) http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/1/48#F1 (5) http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:23187/eth-23187-01.pdf