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Stropharia caerulea Kreisel, syn.: Stropharia cyanea (Bolt. Secr.)Blue Roundhead, DE: Grnblaue Truschling, Blauen TruschlingSlo.: modrikasta strninicaDat.: Dec. 07. 2014Lat.: 46.36046 Long.: 13.70276Code: Bot_853/2014_DSC5171Habitat: on northeast side of a cottage, 2.5 m away of the woodshed, ruderal calcareous ground with organic debris mainly wood chips, shallow skeletal soil sparsely covered by vegetation, Utrica dioica dominant, flat terrain, mostly in shade, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil with a lot of organic debris.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, next to Trenta 2b cottage, 'Na melu' place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: Growing in a group of three fruit bodies, pilei very slimy, diameter 4 - 6 cm, the largest 1.5 cm thick; stipe dry, 3.5 - 5 cm tall, diameter 1.4 - 1.7 cm; trama of marble blue-white color; mycelium abundant, beige, root-like apparently interwoven with roots of a large Utrica dioica; SP abundant brown, oac638.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7,5 [8,3 ; 8,6] 9,5 x 4,5 [4,9 ; 5,1] 5,5 microns; Q = 1,5 [1,7] 1,9; N = 36; C = 95%; Me = 8,5 x 5 microns; Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) J. reitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.4. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 352.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 110. (3) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 248. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 4., Ulmer (2001), p 409. (5) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 275.
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Galerina marginata (Batsch) Khner, syn.: Galerina autumnalis (Peck) A.H. Sm. & Singer, Galerina unicolor (Vahl) Singer, Pholiota marginata (Batsch) Qul.Funeral Bell, DE: Gift-Hubling, Nadelholz-HublingSlo.: obrobljena kumicaDat.: Nov. 9. 2016Lat.:46.36118 Long.: 13.70112Code: Bot_1028/2016_DSC6439Habitat: pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; full sun, dry and relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 625 m (2.050 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: moss overgrown stump of a cut down Picea abies in its late phase of disintegration.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa; Na Melu place, near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This mushroom usually appears in older literature as Galerina autumnalis. But extensive DNA study (Gulden and collaborators, 2001) has synonymized that species - along with Galerina oregonensis, Galerina unicolor, and Galerina venenata - with the older, European species first described in the 18th century, Galerina marginata. The mushroom is deadly poisonous (look at English common name). Growing in a loose group of about 15 pilei; pilei diameter 1.4 - 4.0 cm (measured as it is, not expanded), surface lubricous-waxy; stipe 4.0 - 6.2 cm long, diameter 2.8 - 7.8 mm, hollow, fibrous; taste not tested, smell indistinctive, on soil? SP abundant, rusty-brown, oac713.Spores minutely verrucose. Dimensions: 7.6 [8.5 ; 8.9] 9.8 x 5 [5.5 ; 5.7] 6.2 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.5 ; 1.6] 1.7; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 8.7 x 5.6 microns; Qe = 1.5. Basidia 4-sterigmate and also 2-sterigmate. Cystidia lageniform, with a long neck and a rounded or subclavate apex; smooth; thin-walled; dimensions: 38.4 [44.5 ; 48.1] 54.1 x 8.5 [10.1 ; 11] 12.5 microns; Q = 3.4 [4.2 ; 4.7] 5.5; N = 19; C = 95%; Me = 46.3 x 10.5 microns; Qe = 4.4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (cystidia, trama), fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5, Ulmer (2010), p 323. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/galerina_marginata.html (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 360. (5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 248. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 262.
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Galerina graminea, (Velen.) Khner; syn.: Agaricus laevis Pers., Galera graminea Velen., Galerina laevis Singer., Galera laevis (Singer) Malenon & BertaultFamily: Hymenogastraceae VittadEN: Turf Bell, DE: Rasen-Hubling, Zarter Grashubling, Gelblicher RasenhublingSlo.: travnika kumicaDat.: Oct. 27. 2019Lat.: 46.360074 Long.: 13.704441Code: Bot_1268/2019_DSC8682Habitat: extensively used grassland, frequently trodden, locally almost flat terrain near a farmhouse; calcareous, colluvial, skeletal ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 570 m (1.780 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near farmhouse Skokar, Trenta 2, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: According to literature Galerina graminea is not a rare species. However, there are very few records documented in Slovenia. No hypha clamps have been observed. This and relatively very small, almost smooth spores distinguish this species from most of others in this genus. Galerina clavata is another species without clams, but it has much larger spores (Ref.: 2). Very specific cheilo- and caulocystidia make this determination apparently reliable.About 10 pilei growing on cca.4 m2 area; pilei diameter 6.5 16 mm (measured not expanded); stipe 3.5 6.5 cm long and of 1 1.3 mm diameter; pilei and stipe dry, no milk extruded when damaged and not bruising; smell very mild possibly farinaceous or on dust; taste indistinctive; SP initially faint in the second try abundant, orange-ocher-brown, concolorous with pileus. Spore dimensions: The first observation; spores taken from very faint spore print and gills: (7.5) 7.9 - 9.8 (11.3) (4.5) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.6) m; Q = (1.5) 1.6 - 2; N = 30; Me = 8.9 5 m; Qe = 1.8. The second observation; spores taken from abundant spore print: (7.6) 8.3 - 9.9 (10.5) (4.4) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.5) m; Q = (1.4) 1.7 - 2 (2.1); N = 33; Me = 9.2 4.9 m; Qe = 1.9. No clamps observed. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication (conf. via microscopy of cheilo- and caulocystidia) with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www. gobenabovskem.si (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5., Ulmer (2010), p 319. (4)
www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Galerina-graminea/(5)
www.mycocharentes.fr/pdf1/381.pdf (6)
svampe.databasen.org/taxon/14117 (7(
gribi.net.ua/uk/galerina-graminea/ (8) A. Smith, R. Singer, A Monograph in the Genus Galerina Earle, Hafner Publ. Co. (1964); available at
www.mykoweb.com/systematics/literature/A%20Monograph%20on...
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Ballan, Victoria, Australia
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Hypholoma lateritium (Schff.: Fr.) Kummer, syn. Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quelet, Psilocybe lateritia (Schff.: Fr.) Noord.Brick Tuft, Brick Cap, DE: Ziegelroter SchwefelkopfSlo.: rjavordea veplenjaa, openatordea veplenjaaDat.: Dec. 3. 2018Lat.: 46,337838 Long.: 13,542293Code: Bot_1168/2018_DSC4547Habitat: grassland; almost flat terrain; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) ground, dry sunny place; under the canopy of Fagus sylvatica; partly protected from direct rain by the canopy; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 480 m (1.570 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: small rotten (in its final stage of disintegration) stump of probably Fagus sylvatica or Ostrya carpinifolia.Place: Bovec basin; Uje place west of the town, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: These mushrooms always attract me by their beauty. They are common here around. Usually they grow in large groups, but this time only three quite young fruit bodies were displayed. Gils were still bright, later, in my refrigerator, they turned much darker brown with slight violet tint.Pileus diameter of the largest fruit body was 5.8 cm and its thickness 16 mm; stipe 10 cm long and up to 14 mm in diameter; smell indistinctive, taste unpleasant, somewhat biter; SP gray-brown with a violet tint, oac525.Spores smooth. Dimensions: (6,4) 6,7 - 7,3 (8,1) (3,6) 3,8 - 4,3 (4,6) m; Q = (1,6) 1,64 - 1,8 (1,9); N = 35; Me = 7 4,1 m; Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute. Ref.:(1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 4. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 328. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 4., Ulmer (2003), p 358. (3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 605. (4) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije, 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (in Slovenian) (1998), p 224. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 232.
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Galerina autumnalisDeadly GalerinaSlo.: jesenska kumicaDat.: Nov. 12. 2010Lat.: 46.34590 Long.: 13.55724Code: Bot_475/2010_IMG3172 Habitat: Southeast inclined unmaintained pasture, among rotten branches and twigs of a fallen dead Picea abies, warm sunny place, exposed to direct rain, calcareous ground, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 580 m (1.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil with rotten plant litter and rotten wood of Picea abies branches.Place: Bovec basin, at the foot of southeast slopes of Mt. ukla, 1.767 m (5.798 feet), near Luti's farmhouse north of Bovec, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing in a small group, pileus diameter up to 3 cm (1.2 inch), smell distinct, after lightly foul fruits; flesh of pileus and stalk quite firm, stalk hollow; SP reddish-brown, faint. Spores minutely warty (?), dimensions 9.7 (SD = 0.7) x 5.2 (SD = 0.3) micr., Q = 1.85 (SD = 0.14), n = 28. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 833. (2) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 401. (3)
www.grzyby.pl/gatunki/Galerina_autumnalis.htm Ref: (102). (4)
www.grzyby.pl/gatunki/Galerina_autumnalis.htm Ref: (26V). (5) Personal communication with Mr. . Id'ed by Mr. Anton Poler. (6) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com .
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Gymnopilus penetrans, syn. Agaricus penetransSlo.: predirna plamenkaDat.: Oct. 11. 2010Lat.: 46.33219 Long.: 13.58426Code: Bot_468/2010_IMG3007Habitat: Opens pace, a southeast oriented bank of alluvial river deposits, calcareous ground, sunny place, humid air conditions, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevations 400 m (1.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: a stump and dead rotten branches of Sambucus nigra on ground, Place: Bovec basin, right bank of river Soa near Kal-Koritnica village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: No squamules observed on pileus and smaller than 10 microns diameter of peleipellis hyphae (? - I am not sure I see the right thing) rule out G. sapineus. Growing solitary and in small groups, several fruit bodies present; pileus diameter 3-5(7) cm; taste bitter; smell faint and mild; SP deep dark orange. Spores not smooth. Dimensions: 7,7 (SD = 0,4) x 4,4 ( SD = 0,2) micr., Q = 1,71 (SD = 0,09), n = 30. Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.si . (2) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 429. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/gymnopilus_sapineus.html .(4) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 138. (5) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 244. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 703.
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Galerina marginata (Batsch) Khner, syn.: Galerina autumnalis (Peck) A.H. Sm. & Singer, Galerina unicolor (Vahl) Singer, Pholiota marginata (Batsch) Qul.Funeral Bell, DE: Gift-Hubling, Nadelholz-HublingSlo.: obrobljena kumicaDat.: Nov. 9. 2016Lat.:46.36118 Long.: 13.70112Code: Bot_1028/2016_DSC6439Habitat: pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; full sun, dry and relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 625 m (2.050 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: moss overgrown stump of a cut down Picea abies in its late phase of disintegration.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa; Na Melu place, near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This mushroom usually appears in older literature as Galerina autumnalis. But extensive DNA study (Gulden and collaborators, 2001) has synonymized that species - along with Galerina oregonensis, Galerina unicolor, and Galerina venenata - with the older, European species first described in the 18th century, Galerina marginata. The mushroom is deadly poisonous (look at English common name). Growing in a loose group of about 15 pilei; pilei diameter 1.4 - 4.0 cm (measured as it is, not expanded), surface lubricous-waxy; stipe 4.0 - 6.2 cm long, diameter 2.8 - 7.8 mm, hollow, fibrous; taste not tested, smell indistinctive, on soil? SP abundant, rusty-brown, oac713.Spores minutely verrucose. Dimensions: 7.6 [8.5 ; 8.9] 9.8 x 5 [5.5 ; 5.7] 6.2 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.5 ; 1.6] 1.7; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 8.7 x 5.6 microns; Qe = 1.5. Basidia 4-sterigmate and also 2-sterigmate. Cystidia lageniform, with a long neck and a rounded or subclavate apex; smooth; thin-walled; dimensions: 38.4 [44.5 ; 48.1] 54.1 x 8.5 [10.1 ; 11] 12.5 microns; Q = 3.4 [4.2 ; 4.7] 5.5; N = 19; C = 95%; Me = 46.3 x 10.5 microns; Qe = 4.4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (cystidia, trama), fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5, Ulmer (2010), p 323. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/galerina_marginata.html (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 360. (5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 248. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 262.
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Galerina graminea, (Velen.) Khner; syn.: Agaricus laevis Pers., Galera graminea Velen., Galerina laevis Singer., Galera laevis (Singer) Malenon & BertaultFamily: Hymenogastraceae VittadEN: Turf Bell, DE: Rasen-Hubling, Zarter Grashubling, Gelblicher RasenhublingSlo.: travnika kumicaDat.: Oct. 27. 2019Lat.: 46.360074 Long.: 13.704441Code: Bot_1268/2019_DSC8682Habitat: extensively used grassland, frequently trodden, locally almost flat terrain near a farmhouse; calcareous, colluvial, skeletal ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 570 m (1.780 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near farmhouse Skokar, Trenta 2, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: According to literature Galerina graminea is not a rare species. However, there are very few records documented in Slovenia. No hypha clamps have been observed. This and relatively very small, almost smooth spores distinguish this species from most of others in this genus. Galerina clavata is another species without clams, but it has much larger spores (Ref.: 2). Very specific cheilo- and caulocystidia make this determination apparently reliable.About 10 pilei growing on cca.4 m2 area; pilei diameter 6.5 16 mm (measured not expanded); stipe 3.5 6.5 cm long and of 1 1.3 mm diameter; pilei and stipe dry, no milk extruded when damaged and not bruising; smell very mild possibly farinaceous or on dust; taste indistinctive; SP initially faint in the second try abundant, orange-ocher-brown, concolorous with pileus. Spore dimensions: The first observation; spores taken from very faint spore print and gills: (7.5) 7.9 - 9.8 (11.3) (4.5) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.6) m; Q = (1.5) 1.6 - 2; N = 30; Me = 8.9 5 m; Qe = 1.8. The second observation; spores taken from abundant spore print: (7.6) 8.3 - 9.9 (10.5) (4.4) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.5) m; Q = (1.4) 1.7 - 2 (2.1); N = 33; Me = 9.2 4.9 m; Qe = 1.9. No clamps observed. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication (conf. via microscopy of cheilo- and caulocystidia) with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www. gobenabovskem.si (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5., Ulmer (2010), p 319. (4)
www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Galerina-graminea/(5)
www.mycocharentes.fr/pdf1/381.pdf (6)
svampe.databasen.org/taxon/14117 (7(
gribi.net.ua/uk/galerina-graminea/ (8) A. Smith, R. Singer, A Monograph in the Genus Galerina Earle, Hafner Publ. Co. (1964); available at
www.mykoweb.com/systematics/literature/A%20Monograph%20on...
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Ballan, Victoria, Australia
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Hypholoma lateritium (Schff.: Fr.) Kummer, syn. Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quelet, Psilocybe lateritia (Schff.: Fr.) Noord.Brick Tuft, Brick Cap, DE: Ziegelroter SchwefelkopfSlo.: rjavordea veplenjaa, openatordea veplenjaaDat.: Dec. 3. 2018Lat.: 46,337838 Long.: 13,542293Code: Bot_1168/2018_DSC4547Habitat: grassland; almost flat terrain; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) ground, dry sunny place; under the canopy of Fagus sylvatica; partly protected from direct rain by the canopy; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 480 m (1.570 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: small rotten (in its final stage of disintegration) stump of probably Fagus sylvatica or Ostrya carpinifolia.Place: Bovec basin; Uje place west of the town, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: These mushrooms always attract me by their beauty. They are common here around. Usually they grow in large groups, but this time only three quite young fruit bodies were displayed. Gils were still bright, later, in my refrigerator, they turned much darker brown with slight violet tint.Pileus diameter of the largest fruit body was 5.8 cm and its thickness 16 mm; stipe 10 cm long and up to 14 mm in diameter; smell indistinctive, taste unpleasant, somewhat biter; SP gray-brown with a violet tint, oac525.Spores smooth. Dimensions: (6,4) 6,7 - 7,3 (8,1) (3,6) 3,8 - 4,3 (4,6) m; Q = (1,6) 1,64 - 1,8 (1,9); N = 35; Me = 7 4,1 m; Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute. Ref.:(1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 4. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 328. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 4., Ulmer (2003), p 358. (3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 605. (4) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije, 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (in Slovenian) (1998), p 224. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 232.
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Gymnopilus penetrans, syn. Agaricus penetransSlo.: predirna plamenkaDat.: Oct. 11. 2010Lat.: 46.33219 Long.: 13.58426Code: Bot_468/2010_IMG3007Habitat: Opens pace, a southeast oriented bank of alluvial river deposits, calcareous ground, sunny place, humid air conditions, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevations 400 m (1.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: a stump and dead rotten branches of Sambucus nigra on ground, Place: Bovec basin, right bank of river Soa near Kal-Koritnica village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: No squamules observed on pileus and smaller than 10 microns diameter of peleipellis hyphae (? - I am not sure I see the right thing) rule out G. sapineus. Growing solitary and in small groups, several fruit bodies present; pileus diameter 3-5(7) cm; taste bitter; smell faint and mild; SP deep dark orange. Spores not smooth. Dimensions: 7,7 (SD = 0,4) x 4,4 ( SD = 0,2) micr., Q = 1,71 (SD = 0,09), n = 30. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.si . (2) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 429. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/gymnopilus_sapineus.html .(4) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 138. (5) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 244. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 703.
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Galerina marginata (Batsch) Khner, syn.: Galerina autumnalis (Peck) A.H. Sm. & Singer, Galerina unicolor (Vahl) Singer, Pholiota marginata (Batsch) Qul.Funeral Bell, DE: Gift-Hubling, Nadelholz-HublingSlo.: obrobljena kumicaDat.: Nov. 9. 2016Lat.:46.36118 Long.: 13.70112Code: Bot_1028/2016_DSC6439Habitat: pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; full sun, dry and relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 625 m (2.050 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: moss overgrown stump of a cut down Picea abies in its late phase of disintegration.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa; Na Melu place, near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This mushroom usually appears in older literature as Galerina autumnalis. But extensive DNA study (Gulden and collaborators, 2001) has synonymized that species - along with Galerina oregonensis, Galerina unicolor, and Galerina venenata - with the older, European species first described in the 18th century, Galerina marginata. The mushroom is deadly poisonous (look at English common name). Growing in a loose group of about 15 pilei; pilei diameter 1.4 - 4.0 cm (measured as it is, not expanded), surface lubricous-waxy; stipe 4.0 - 6.2 cm long, diameter 2.8 - 7.8 mm, hollow, fibrous; taste not tested, smell indistinctive, on soil? SP abundant, rusty-brown, oac713.Spores minutely verrucose. Dimensions: 7.6 [8.5 ; 8.9] 9.8 x 5 [5.5 ; 5.7] 6.2 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.5 ; 1.6] 1.7; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 8.7 x 5.6 microns; Qe = 1.5. Basidia 4-sterigmate and also 2-sterigmate. Cystidia lageniform, with a long neck and a rounded or subclavate apex; smooth; thin-walled; dimensions: 38.4 [44.5 ; 48.1] 54.1 x 8.5 [10.1 ; 11] 12.5 microns; Q = 3.4 [4.2 ; 4.7] 5.5; N = 19; C = 95%; Me = 46.3 x 10.5 microns; Qe = 4.4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (cystidia, trama), fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5, Ulmer (2010), p 323. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/galerina_marginata.html (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 360. (5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 248. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 262.
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Galerina graminea, (Velen.) Khner; syn.: Agaricus laevis Pers., Galera graminea Velen., Galerina laevis Singer., Galera laevis (Singer) Malenon & BertaultFamily: Hymenogastraceae VittadEN: Turf Bell, DE: Rasen-Hubling, Zarter Grashubling, Gelblicher RasenhublingSlo.: travnika kumicaDat.: Oct. 27. 2019Lat.: 46.360074 Long.: 13.704441Code: Bot_1268/2019_DSC8682Habitat: extensively used grassland, frequently trodden, locally almost flat terrain near a farmhouse; calcareous, colluvial, skeletal ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 570 m (1.780 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near farmhouse Skokar, Trenta 2, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: According to literature Galerina graminea is not a rare species. However, there are very few records documented in Slovenia. No hypha clamps have been observed. This and relatively very small, almost smooth spores distinguish this species from most of others in this genus. Galerina clavata is another species without clams, but it has much larger spores (Ref.: 2). Very specific cheilo- and caulocystidia make this determination apparently reliable.About 10 pilei growing on cca.4 m2 area; pilei diameter 6.5 16 mm (measured not expanded); stipe 3.5 6.5 cm long and of 1 1.3 mm diameter; pilei and stipe dry, no milk extruded when damaged and not bruising; smell very mild possibly farinaceous or on dust; taste indistinctive; SP initially faint in the second try abundant, orange-ocher-brown, concolorous with pileus. Spore dimensions: The first observation; spores taken from very faint spore print and gills: (7.5) 7.9 - 9.8 (11.3) (4.5) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.6) m; Q = (1.5) 1.6 - 2; N = 30; Me = 8.9 5 m; Qe = 1.8. The second observation; spores taken from abundant spore print: (7.6) 8.3 - 9.9 (10.5) (4.4) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.5) m; Q = (1.4) 1.7 - 2 (2.1); N = 33; Me = 9.2 4.9 m; Qe = 1.9. No clamps observed. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication (conf. via microscopy of cheilo- and caulocystidia) with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www. gobenabovskem.si (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5., Ulmer (2010), p 319. (4)
www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Galerina-graminea/(5)
www.mycocharentes.fr/pdf1/381.pdf (6)
svampe.databasen.org/taxon/14117 (7(
gribi.net.ua/uk/galerina-graminea/ (8) A. Smith, R. Singer, A Monograph in the Genus Galerina Earle, Hafner Publ. Co. (1964); available at
www.mykoweb.com/systematics/literature/A%20Monograph%20on...
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Linley Point, New South Wales, Australia
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Hypholoma lateritium (Schff.: Fr.) Kummer, syn. Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quelet, Psilocybe lateritia (Schff.: Fr.) Noord.Brick Tuft, DE: Ziegelroter SchwefelkopfSlo.: rjavordea veplenjaa, openatordea veplenjaaDat.: Oct. 19. 2015Lat.: 46.33154 Long.: 13.68735Code: Bot_921/2015_DSC9456Picture file names: from Hypholoma-lateritium_raw_20 to Hypholoma-lateritium_raw_28.Habitat: overgrown former pasture, now thickets of low trees and bushes, Picea abies, Acer sp., Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica dominant; moderately inclined mountain slope, northeast aspect; calcareous ground, close to a small water stream; in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 640 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: apparently on ground, actually on buried rotten wood or roots of an unknown kind. Pilei shown on picture 25 growing probably on Picea abies.Place: Lepena valley, southwest of the road leading to Na skali settlement, next to the trail to r place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This very common but also very beautiful mushrooms were growing in five groups from a few to many fruit bodies; pileus diameter up to 6 cm, stem up to 10 cm long and 7-8 mm in diameter; taste unpleasant, somewhat biter; smell indistinctive, mushroomy or on dust or soil, SP surprisingly abundant, purple-brown with a violet tint, oac525.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6,2 [6,7 ; 6,9] 7,3 x 3,9 [4,2 ; 4,3] 4,5 microns; Q = 1,5 [1,6] 1,8; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 6,8 x 4,2 microns; Qe = 1,6. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.4. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 328. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 4., Ulmer (2003), p 358. (3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 605. (4) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije, 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (in Slovenian) (1998), p 224. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 232.
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Gymnopilus penetrans, syn. Agaricus penetransSlo.: predirna plamenkaDat.: Oct. 11. 2010Lat.: 46.33219 Long.: 13.58426Code: Bot_468/2010_IMG3007Habitat: Opens pace, a southeast oriented bank of alluvial river deposits, calcareous ground, sunny place, humid air conditions, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevations 400 m (1.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: a stump and dead rotten branches of Sambucus nigra on ground, Place: Bovec basin, right bank of river Soa near Kal-Koritnica village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: No squamules observed on pileus and smaller than 10 microns diameter of peleipellis hyphae (? - I am not sure I see the right thing) rule out G. sapineus. Growing solitary and in small groups, several fruit bodies present; pileus diameter 3-5(7) cm; taste bitter; smell faint and mild; SP deep dark orange. Spores not smooth. Dimensions: 7,7 (SD = 0,4) x 4,4 ( SD = 0,2) micr., Q = 1,71 (SD = 0,09), n = 30. Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.si . (2) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 429. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/gymnopilus_sapineus.html .(4) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 138. (5) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 244. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 703.
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Galerina marginata (Batsch) Khner, syn.: Galerina autumnalis (Peck) A.H. Sm. & Singer, Galerina unicolor (Vahl) Singer, Pholiota marginata (Batsch) Qul.Funeral Bell, DE: Gift-Hubling, Nadelholz-HublingSlo.: obrobljena kumicaDat.: Nov. 9. 2016Lat.:46.36118 Long.: 13.70112Code: Bot_1028/2016_DSC6439Habitat: pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; full sun, dry and relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 625 m (2.050 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: moss overgrown stump of a cut down Picea abies in its late phase of disintegration.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa; Na Melu place, near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This mushroom usually appears in older literature as Galerina autumnalis. But extensive DNA study (Gulden and collaborators, 2001) has synonymized that species - along with Galerina oregonensis, Galerina unicolor, and Galerina venenata - with the older, European species first described in the 18th century, Galerina marginata. The mushroom is deadly poisonous (look at English common name). Growing in a loose group of about 15 pilei; pilei diameter 1.4 - 4.0 cm (measured as it is, not expanded), surface lubricous-waxy; stipe 4.0 - 6.2 cm long, diameter 2.8 - 7.8 mm, hollow, fibrous; taste not tested, smell indistinctive, on soil? SP abundant, rusty-brown, oac713.Spores minutely verrucose. Dimensions: 7.6 [8.5 ; 8.9] 9.8 x 5 [5.5 ; 5.7] 6.2 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.5 ; 1.6] 1.7; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 8.7 x 5.6 microns; Qe = 1.5. Basidia 4-sterigmate and also 2-sterigmate. Cystidia lageniform, with a long neck and a rounded or subclavate apex; smooth; thin-walled; dimensions: 38.4 [44.5 ; 48.1] 54.1 x 8.5 [10.1 ; 11] 12.5 microns; Q = 3.4 [4.2 ; 4.7] 5.5; N = 19; C = 95%; Me = 46.3 x 10.5 microns; Qe = 4.4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (cystidia, trama), fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5, Ulmer (2010), p 323. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/galerina_marginata.html (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 360. (5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 248. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 262.
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Galerina graminea, (Velen.) Khner; syn.: Agaricus laevis Pers., Galera graminea Velen., Galerina laevis Singer., Galera laevis (Singer) Malenon & BertaultFamily: Hymenogastraceae VittadEN: Turf Bell, DE: Rasen-Hubling, Zarter Grashubling, Gelblicher RasenhublingSlo.: travnika kumicaDat.: Oct. 27. 2019Lat.: 46.360074 Long.: 13.704441Code: Bot_1268/2019_DSC8682Habitat: extensively used grassland, frequently trodden, locally almost flat terrain near a farmhouse; calcareous, colluvial, skeletal ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 570 m (1.780 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near farmhouse Skokar, Trenta 2, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: According to literature Galerina graminea is not a rare species. However, there are very few records documented in Slovenia. No hypha clamps have been observed. This and relatively very small, almost smooth spores distinguish this species from most of others in this genus. Galerina clavata is another species without clams, but it has much larger spores (Ref.: 2). Very specific cheilo- and caulocystidia make this determination apparently reliable.About 10 pilei growing on cca.4 m2 area; pilei diameter 6.5 16 mm (measured not expanded); stipe 3.5 6.5 cm long and of 1 1.3 mm diameter; pilei and stipe dry, no milk extruded when damaged and not bruising; smell very mild possibly farinaceous or on dust; taste indistinctive; SP initially faint in the second try abundant, orange-ocher-brown, concolorous with pileus. Spore dimensions: The first observation; spores taken from very faint spore print and gills: (7.5) 7.9 - 9.8 (11.3) (4.5) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.6) m; Q = (1.5) 1.6 - 2; N = 30; Me = 8.9 5 m; Qe = 1.8. The second observation; spores taken from abundant spore print: (7.6) 8.3 - 9.9 (10.5) (4.4) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.5) m; Q = (1.4) 1.7 - 2 (2.1); N = 33; Me = 9.2 4.9 m; Qe = 1.9. No clamps observed. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication (conf. via microscopy of cheilo- and caulocystidia) with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www. gobenabovskem.si (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5., Ulmer (2010), p 319. (4)
www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Galerina-graminea/(5)
www.mycocharentes.fr/pdf1/381.pdf (6)
svampe.databasen.org/taxon/14117 (7(
gribi.net.ua/uk/galerina-graminea/ (8) A. Smith, R. Singer, A Monograph in the Genus Galerina Earle, Hafner Publ. Co. (1964); available at
www.mykoweb.com/systematics/literature/A%20Monograph%20on...
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Hypholoma lateritium (Schff.: Fr.) Kummer, syn. Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quelet, Psilocybe lateritia (Schff.: Fr.) Noord.Brick Tuft, DE: Ziegelroter SchwefelkopfSlo.: rjavordea veplenjaa, openatordea veplenjaaDat.: Oct. 19. 2015Lat.: 46.33154 Long.: 13.68735Code: Bot_921/2015_DSC9456Picture file names: from Hypholoma-lateritium_raw_20 to Hypholoma-lateritium_raw_28.Habitat: overgrown former pasture, now thickets of low trees and bushes, Picea abies, Acer sp., Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica dominant; moderately inclined mountain slope, northeast aspect; calcareous ground, close to a small water stream; in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 640 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: apparently on ground, actually on buried rotten wood or roots of an unknown kind. Pilei shown on picture 25 growing probably on Picea abies.Place: Lepena valley, southwest of the road leading to Na skali settlement, next to the trail to r place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This very common but also very beautiful mushrooms were growing in five groups from a few to many fruit bodies; pileus diameter up to 6 cm, stem up to 10 cm long and 7-8 mm in diameter; taste unpleasant, somewhat biter; smell indistinctive, mushroomy or on dust or soil, SP surprisingly abundant, purple-brown with a violet tint, oac525.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6,2 [6,7 ; 6,9] 7,3 x 3,9 [4,2 ; 4,3] 4,5 microns; Q = 1,5 [1,6] 1,8; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 6,8 x 4,2 microns; Qe = 1,6. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.4. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 328. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 4., Ulmer (2003), p 358. (3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 605. (4) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije, 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (in Slovenian) (1998), p 224. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 232.
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Gymnopilus penetrans, syn. Agaricus penetransSlo.: predirna plamenkaDat.: Oct. 11. 2010Lat.: 46.33219 Long.: 13.58426Code: Bot_468/2010_IMG3007Habitat: Opens pace, a southeast oriented bank of alluvial river deposits, calcareous ground, sunny place, humid air conditions, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevations 400 m (1.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: a stump and dead rotten branches of Sambucus nigra on ground, Place: Bovec basin, right bank of river Soa near Kal-Koritnica village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: No squamules observed on pileus and smaller than 10 microns diameter of peleipellis hyphae (? - I am not sure I see the right thing) rule out G. sapineus. Growing solitary and in small groups, several fruit bodies present; pileus diameter 3-5(7) cm; taste bitter; smell faint and mild; SP deep dark orange. Spores not smooth. Dimensions: 7,7 (SD = 0,4) x 4,4 ( SD = 0,2) micr., Q = 1,71 (SD = 0,09), n = 30. Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.si . (2) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 429. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/gymnopilus_sapineus.html .(4) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 138. (5) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 244. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 703.
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Galerina marginata (Batsch) Khner, syn.: Galerina autumnalis (Peck) A.H. Sm. & Singer, Galerina unicolor (Vahl) Singer, Pholiota marginata (Batsch) Qul.Funeral Bell, DE: Gift-Hubling, Nadelholz-HublingSlo.: obrobljena kumicaDat.: Nov. 9. 2016Lat.:46.36118 Long.: 13.70112Code: Bot_1028/2016_DSC6439Habitat: pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; full sun, dry and relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 625 m (2.050 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: moss overgrown stump of a cut down Picea abies in its late phase of disintegration.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa; Na Melu place, near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This mushroom usually appears in older literature as Galerina autumnalis. But extensive DNA study (Gulden and collaborators, 2001) has synonymized that species - along with Galerina oregonensis, Galerina unicolor, and Galerina venenata - with the older, European species first described in the 18th century, Galerina marginata. The mushroom is deadly poisonous (look at English common name). Growing in a loose group of about 15 pilei; pilei diameter 1.4 - 4.0 cm (measured as it is, not expanded), surface lubricous-waxy; stipe 4.0 - 6.2 cm long, diameter 2.8 - 7.8 mm, hollow, fibrous; taste not tested, smell indistinctive, on soil? SP abundant, rusty-brown, oac713.Spores minutely verrucose. Dimensions: 7.6 [8.5 ; 8.9] 9.8 x 5 [5.5 ; 5.7] 6.2 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.5 ; 1.6] 1.7; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 8.7 x 5.6 microns; Qe = 1.5. Basidia 4-sterigmate and also 2-sterigmate. Cystidia lageniform, with a long neck and a rounded or subclavate apex; smooth; thin-walled; dimensions: 38.4 [44.5 ; 48.1] 54.1 x 8.5 [10.1 ; 11] 12.5 microns; Q = 3.4 [4.2 ; 4.7] 5.5; N = 19; C = 95%; Me = 46.3 x 10.5 microns; Qe = 4.4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (cystidia, trama), fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5, Ulmer (2010), p 323. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3)
www.mushroomexpert.com/galerina_marginata.html (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 360. (5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 248. (6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 262.
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Galerina graminea, (Velen.) Khner; syn.: Agaricus laevis Pers., Galera graminea Velen., Galerina laevis Singer., Galera laevis (Singer) Malenon & BertaultFamily: Hymenogastraceae VittadEN: Turf Bell, DE: Rasen-Hubling, Zarter Grashubling, Gelblicher RasenhublingSlo.: travnika kumicaDat.: Oct. 27. 2019Lat.: 46.360074 Long.: 13.704441Code: Bot_1268/2019_DSC8682Habitat: extensively used grassland, frequently trodden, locally almost flat terrain near a farmhouse; calcareous, colluvial, skeletal ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 570 m (1.780 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near farmhouse Skokar, Trenta 2, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: According to literature Galerina graminea is not a rare species. However, there are very few records documented in Slovenia. No hypha clamps have been observed. This and relatively very small, almost smooth spores distinguish this species from most of others in this genus. Galerina clavata is another species without clams, but it has much larger spores (Ref.: 2). Very specific cheilo- and caulocystidia make this determination apparently reliable.About 10 pilei growing on cca.4 m2 area; pilei diameter 6.5 16 mm (measured not expanded); stipe 3.5 6.5 cm long and of 1 1.3 mm diameter; pilei and stipe dry, no milk extruded when damaged and not bruising; smell very mild possibly farinaceous or on dust; taste indistinctive; SP initially faint in the second try abundant, orange-ocher-brown, concolorous with pileus. Spore dimensions: The first observation; spores taken from very faint spore print and gills: (7.5) 7.9 - 9.8 (11.3) (4.5) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.6) m; Q = (1.5) 1.6 - 2; N = 30; Me = 8.9 5 m; Qe = 1.8. The second observation; spores taken from abundant spore print: (7.6) 8.3 - 9.9 (10.5) (4.4) 4.6 - 5.4 (5.5) m; Q = (1.4) 1.7 - 2 (2.1); N = 33; Me = 9.2 4.9 m; Qe = 1.9. No clamps observed. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication (conf. via microscopy of cheilo- and caulocystidia) with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www. gobenabovskem.si (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 318. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 5., Ulmer (2010), p 319. (4)
www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Galerina-graminea/(5)
www.mycocharentes.fr/pdf1/381.pdf (6)
svampe.databasen.org/taxon/14117 (7(
gribi.net.ua/uk/galerina-graminea/ (8) A. Smith, R. Singer, A Monograph in the Genus Galerina Earle, Hafner Publ. Co. (1964); available at
www.mykoweb.com/systematics/literature/A%20Monograph%20on...
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Hypholoma lateritium (Schff.: Fr.) Kummer, syn. Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quelet, Psilocybe lateritia (Schff.: Fr.) Noord.Brick Tuft, Brick Cap, DE: Ziegelroter SchwefelkopfSlo.: rjavordea veplenjaa, openatordea veplenjaaDat.: Dec. 3. 2018Lat.: 46,337838 Long.: 13,542293Code: Bot_1168/2018_DSC4547Habitat: grassland; almost flat terrain; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) ground, dry sunny place; under the canopy of Fagus sylvatica; partly protected from direct rain by the canopy; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 480 m (1.570 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: small rotten (in its final stage of disintegration) stump of probably Fagus sylvatica or Ostrya carpinifolia.Place: Bovec basin; Uje place west of the town, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: These mushrooms always attract me by their beauty. They are common here around. Usually they grow in large groups, but this time only three quite young fruit bodies were displayed. Gils were still bright, later, in my refrigerator, they turned much darker brown with slight violet tint.Pileus diameter of the largest fruit body was 5.8 cm and its thickness 16 mm; stipe 10 cm long and up to 14 mm in diameter; smell indistinctive, taste unpleasant, somewhat biter; SP gray-brown with a violet tint, oac525.Spores smooth. Dimensions: (6,4) 6,7 - 7,3 (8,1) (3,6) 3,8 - 4,3 (4,6) m; Q = (1,6) 1,64 - 1,8 (1,9); N = 35; Me = 7 4,1 m; Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute. Ref.:(1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 4. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 328. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 4., Ulmer (2003), p 358. (3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 605. (4) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije, 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (in Slovenian) (1998), p 224. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 232.