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Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr., syn.: Lactarius cimicarius BartschCurry Milkcap, DE: Kampfermilchling, Kleiner Zichorien-MilchlingSlo.: kafrna mlenicaDat.: Sept. 09. 2014Lat.: 46.36529 Long.: 13.74988Code: Bot_835/2014_DSC3920Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant trees, moderately inclined calcareous ground, eventually locally somewhat acid; NW oriented mountain slope, humid and shady place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: moss covered forest soil among (decayed) roots of a Picea abies stump in its latest stage of disintegration (decomposed almost to soil).Place: Lower Trenta valley, next to the trail from village Trenta to Planina Lepo, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Dull, matt, like velvety, ocher-red-brown color of pilei and fairly 'unicolor' appearing fruit bodies are typical for this quite common milkcap. However, several very similar species like Lactarius quietus, Lactarius rufus, Lactarius badiosanguineus and Lactarius serifluus exist growing almost in the same habitat. Yet, determination of Lactarius camphoratus seems still quite easy. Decisive is its smell on 'kitchen spices'. It is already noticeable whit fresh fruit bodies but becomes obtrusively strong when they are dried. In the literature the smell is described like on curry, on 'Maggi', on chicory, on camphor, etc.. Anyway, the smell is strong, specific and hard to forget.Growing in several groups of up to four pilei together, more than 15 pilei all together present; pilei diameter 4 - 5 cm; stipe 3 - 4 cm tall and about 8 - 9 mm in diameter; taste mild but distinctive, mushroomy, slightly unpleasant; smell first mild, later stronger and particularly strong when dry, on spices; flesh quite brittle; SP abundant, beige, oac857; pilei not bruising; milk quite abundant, whitish, actually consisting of watery fluid with white milky, like coagulated, inclusions; milk not changing color and remaining white even when dry and of mild taste, not burning or being distinctly bitter.Spores coarsely warty with some ridges. Dimensions: 6.9 [7.6 ; 7.9] 8.6 x 6 [6.7 ; 7] 7.7 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.12 ; 1.15] 1.2; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 7.7 x 6.8 microns; Qe = 1.1.Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water; live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 407. (2) R. M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 984. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 52.(4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 98. (5) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 191. (6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 294.
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Lactarius vellereusFleecy Milk CapSlo.: polstena mlenicaDat.: Oct. 07. 2010Lat.: 46.33879 Long.: 13.49732Code: Bot_466/2010_DSC5716 Habitat: Southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed forest, predominantly Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies, calcareous bedrock, in half-shade, relatively warm place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil.Place: Bovec basin, southeast slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, Lower Gozdec place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing solitary, pileus diameter up to 20 cm (8 inch), milk abundant, white, doesn't change color; milk taste burning, smell indistinctive; SP white slightly yellow-crme, faint; Spores warty with ridges. Spore dimensions: 10.0 (SD = 1.0) x 8.1 (SD = 0.9) micr., Q = 1.24 (SD = 0.17), n = 30. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 94. (2) A.Poler, Veselo po gobe (in Slovene), Mohorjeva druba Celovec (2002), p 169. (3) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 190. (4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 936. (5)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6365~sou... .(6)
www.webalice.it/mondellix/Funghi L.htm .
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Russula viscidaSlo.: lepljiva golobicaDat.: Oct. 08. 2012Lat.: 46.42897 Long.: 13.61705Code: Bot_666/2012_DSC5610 Habitat: Under Picea abies, in mixed alpine forest, dominant Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba; south oriented mountain slope, calcareous bedrock however apparently acid soil (Vaccinium myrtillus); relatively warm place, partly in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.420 m (4.650 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil rich in humus.Place: Mt. Mangart region, northeast ridge of Mt.Planja, 1.553 m, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing in a dense group of three fruitbodies of different stage of development. Pileus diameter up to 14 cm, slightly viscid, doesnt peel much, stem up to 7 cm tall, firm, dry; SP whitish (oac900); Taste acrid and bitter, smell indistinctive.Spores warty with large appendixes. Dimensions: 9.6 (SD = 0.5) x 7.9 (SD = 0.3) micr., Q = 1.22 (SD = 0.08), n = 30. Olympus CH20, Olympus NEA 100x/1.25, oil; AmScope MA500, magnification 1.000 x, in water. Ref.:(1) Id'ed by Mr. Anton Poler. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 890. (3) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 505. (4) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 312. (5) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 23.
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Lactarius pallidusPale Milkcap, Fleischblasser Milchling, Blasser MilchlingSlo.: medla mlenica Date: Oct. 10. 2009Lat.: 46.30088 Long.: 13.41864Code: Bot_390/2009-6166Habitat: Steep mixed wood, predominantly Fagus sylvatica, north oriented, relatively cool place, in shade, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, locally flat calcareous ground covered with a thick layer of dead Fagus sylvatica leaves, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 800 m (2.600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil covered with a thick layer of dead leaves. Place: North slopes of Mt. Kobariki Stol ridge, north of Mt. Gabrovec, 1,630 m (5.348 feet), East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComments: Spore print creamy/light ocher with a slight pink tint. Smell indistinctive mushroomy. Spore dimensions: 7,9 (SD=0,8) x 6,3 (SD=0,5) micr., Q=1,3 (SD=0,09), n=30. Ref.:(1) G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p193(2) M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 84(3) R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 961(4)
www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Lactarius_palli... (5)
www.first-nature.com/fungi/id_guide/russulaceae/lactarius... (6)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius_pallidus (7)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6291~gid... (8)
www.ambmuggia.it/forum/index.php?showtopic=5543
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Lactarius scrobiculatusScrobicuilate Milk CapSlo.: jamiasta mlenicaDat.: Oct. 07. 2010Lat.: 46.33871 Long.: 13.49782Code: Bot_466/2010_IMG2839 Habitat: Southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed forest, predominantly Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies, calcareous bedrock, in shade, relatively warm place. partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevations 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil.Place: Bovec basin, Southeast slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, Lower Gozdec place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing scattered, several fruitbodies present, pileus diameter up to 14 cm (5.5 inch), milk sparse, initially white rapidly changing to yellow with green tint, milk taste burning, smell almost non, SP white to light crme. Spores warty. Spore dimensions: 8.7 (SD = 0.5) x 7,1 (SD = 0.4) micr., Q = 1.24 (SD = 0.08), n = 30. Ref.:(1) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 190. (2) A.Poler, Veselo po gobe (in Slovene), Mohorjeva druba Celovec (2002), p 222. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 82. (4) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 73. (5) R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 936.
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University Acres, North Carolina, United States
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Lactarius fulvissimus, (Romagn), syn: Lactarius brittanica, Lactarius ichoratus, Batsch ex Fr. (Moser)Slo.: blaga mlenicaDat.: Sept.19.2010Lat.: 46.29129 Long.: 13.47847Code: Bot_458/2010_DSC5088 Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica secondary forest, northeast oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain, calcareous bedrock, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 805 m (2,600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil with plenty of Fagus sylvatica rotten leaves. Place: South of village aga, northeast slopes of Mt. Kobariki Stol ridge, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing in a single group, pileus diameter up to 5-6 cm (2 inch). Taste and smell mild, indistinctive. Spore print crme with slight red-brown tint. Milk white, not changing color with time, with mild taste, not abundant. Spores seem somewhat too big?? Spore dimensions: Warty, 9,0 (SD = 0,6) x 7,6 (SD = 0,4) micr., Q = 1,18 (SD = 0,07), n = 30. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 90.(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 983.(3)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6094~sou...
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Marshy Point Nature Center, Chase, Md.Fits neatly on a US quarter.
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Russula silvestris (Singer) Reumaux, syn.: Russula emetica ssp. silvestris. (Singer) Reumaux, Russula emetica ssp. emeticella (Singer) Singer, Russula emetica var. silvestris Singer, Russula emeticella (Singer) Romagn,, Russula emeticella var. splendens Reumaux. EN: Sickener, Vomiting Russula, DE: Wald-Spei-Tubling, Kiefern-Spei-TublingFamily: RussulaceaeSection: Emeticinae Slo.: bljuvna golobica, mahov razliekDat.: Oct. 22. 2019Code: Bot_1265/2019_DSC01802Lat.: 46.359572 Long.: 13.704544Habitat: mixed wood; Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; slightly inclined mountain slope, east aspect; calcareous, colluvial ground; in shade; fairly dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near Skokar farmhouse, Trenta 2; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: The number of species in the genus Russula is estimated to about 500 worldwide (Ref.: 2), many of which are not well characterized. Among them over 100 species have vividly red pileus. If we count only those, which have in addition a completely white stem, still about 80 species remain (Ref.: 1). To determine a find to species level is therefore not an easy task. This find almost certainly belongs to subgenus Russula (Pers.: Fr.) Bon, section Emeticinae, Melzer & Zvara (Ref.: 2). Spore are rather small and correspond to two species listed in Ref.:2: Russula emetica var. sylvestris = Russula silvestris (current name according to Index Fungorum) and Russula emetica var. grisescens. The last one is much bigger than this find and also has grayish stipe. Several other species have been also considered. Russula luteotacta was tentatively proposed (Ref. 1) since habit, habitat and particularly hut colors correspond well to this find (spot wise fading to pinkish and whitish with older specimens). However, gills are not broadly attached or +/- decurrent as they should be with R. luteotacta (Ref.:3). Also similar Russula mairei Sing. was considered. However, measured spores seems to be too broad (5.2-6.6 m for Russula mairei (Ref.3)). It also has slightly beige spore print and grows on damp soil, which doesn't fit to this find. We determined this find to Russula silvestris. This species is found primarily near conifers (particularly Pinus) but also in hardwood and mixed forests including near Fagus and Picea trees (Ref. 3). Nevertheless, the confidence of the determination is not high. Chemical tests and more microscopy would be needed for a more reliable resultGrowing solitary and scattered; 10 + pilei on an area of about two m2; pilei diameter 2.9 6 cm, hut cuticle peels to about 50% of pilei radius and above; gills bruise slightly yellowish after a longer time (several hours); stipe 2 -4.5 cm long and 0.8 -1.2 cm in diameter; smell almost none, taste very hot, instant and long lasting; SP abundant, white, oac909.Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions (7,4) 7,9 - 9,1 (10,1) (5,9) 6,4 - 7,2 (7,8) m; Q = (1,1) 1,2 - 1,3 (1,4); N = 30; Me = 8,5 6,9 m; Qe = 1,2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Slavko erod, Mycological association Lisika, Maribor.,
www.gobe.si (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 555. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 198 and p168. (4) T.Volk,
botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/sep2004.html (accessed Oct.13. 2019) (5)
wwww.123pilzsuche.de/daten/details/Speitaeubling.htm (accessed Nov. 2. 2019)
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kaunonahkahaperoEspoo, Finland 2011-08-06
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Peniophora incarnataRosy CrustSlo.: mesnordea opnovkaDat.: Jan. 23. 2011Lat.: 46.33135 Long.: 13.51649Code: Bot_484-485/2011_IMG3518 Habitat: Mixed secondary forest with many large Corylus avellana, east oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain, mostly in shade, humid place, shallow soil layer, calcareous ground, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 400 m (1.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: dead fallen thick branch of Corylus avellanaPlace: Bovec basin, just below aqueduct of waterpower plant Pluna, at the foot of Mr. Kopa, 1.439 m (4.721 feet), East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Spores smooth, dimensions: 9.1 (SD =0.9 ) x 4.6 (SD = 0.4) micr., Q = 2.06 (SD = 0.22), n = 30. Ref.:(1)
www.mycobank.org/BioloMICSServer.aspx?Link=T&Rec=198384 .(2)
www.naturamediterraneo.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=22722 7 . (3)
rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_83/rsnz_83_02_003990.pdf .
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Lactarius luridus (Pers.) Gray, syn.: Lactarius acris var. luridus (Pers.) Bataille, Lactarius uvidus var. luridus (Pers.), Lactifluus luridus (Pers.) Kuntze, Lactarius violascens (Otto) Fries ss. Dhncke, Lactarius uvidus var. violascens ss Konr.&Maubl.EN: Lurid Milckcap, DE: Fahler MilchlingSlo.: vrsta mleniceDat.: Sept. 14. 2014Lat.: 46.35999 Long.: 13.70078Code: Bot_837/2014_DSC4254Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; growing under Fagus; southeast oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer; overgrown calcareous, colluvial sand, stone and scattered rocks; relatively dry and warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 620 m (2.030 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa, between villages Soa and Trenta, between 'Na Melu', Trenta 2b and abandoned farm house 'Strgulc', Soa 47, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Taxonomical history of Lactarius luridus is very complicated (Ref.2. see Systematik). Species names luridus, uvidus, acris, violascens have been used differently by different authors. I rely on Basso (1999) Ref.3 and IF. She keeps in the section Uvidi (having violet milk) six species. The fungi photographed correspond the closest to the description of Lactarius luridus although the description of its hut doesn't fit very well. Hut of Lactarius luridus is according to most sources 'more or less' zonate, while the mushrooms found were not. Exceptionally, the picture published in Breitenbach (2005) Ref.6. shows two pilei, which are also not zonate. Other options of determination seem less appropriate: L. violascens is distinctly, dark zonate and has narrower spores, L. cistophilus is a Mediterranean species, L. pseudouvidus and L. robertianus are Arctic Alpine elevations species. Although L. uvidus has azonate pileus like this find, it grows under Betula, Salix, and sometimes under Picea abies, has narrower spores (but not according to Ref.4) and prefers moist habitats. Hence Lactarius luridus seems the best option for this find.Two pilei were found about 20 m apart in the same habitat; pilei 6-7 cm in diameter; cutis viscid; stipe dry, 5 cm tall and 1.3 cm in diameter, hollow; gills bruise gray-violet when cut or damaged; milk whitish-pale-yellow, with time and in contact with gills becoming pale violet; taste of milk, trama and gills mild, after some time somewhat bitter and slightly burning; trama when cut slowly darkens gray-violet; smell indistinctive; SP whitish-beige, oac857.Spores show scattered large warts and ridges. Dimensions:8.7 [9.8;10.3] 11.4 x 7.4 [8.2;8.5] 9.3 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 10 x 8.4 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.si (2)
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahler_Milchling (accessed Sept.7. 2018) (3) M. T. Basso, Lactarius Pers, Fungi Europaei, Mycoflora (1999), p194. (4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 365.(5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 956. (6) (x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 78.
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Lido di Roma, Lazio, Italy
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Buderupholm Bjergskov, Rold Skov, Jylland, Danmark
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Kridtstien, Nystrup Plantage, Thy, Danmark
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Mols Bjerge
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Ørnereden, Marcelisborg Skov, Århus
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Djursland midt
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Svinkløv Klitplantage, Hanherred, Danmark
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Fussingø V.f. Randers, Danmark
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Mushroom Observer Image 318705: Albatrellus ovinus (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz.
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Mushroom Observer Image 488073: Lentinellus ursinus (Fr.) Kühner
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Mushroom Observer Image 950507: Albatrellus avellaneus Pouzar