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Eastfield College, Mesquite, TX
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En
Biodiversidad virtual y tambin en Instagram como @proyectoagua.Tan discreta se muestra la ameba
Pelomyxa que parece un grumo entre los grumos, y en su obstinado inters por no hacerse notar, se desliza imperceptible en un movimiento que es quietud. Hasta para respirar, no respira, y hace de su vida un gran enigma, un enigma que la ha convertido en paradoja, y es que de tanto querer ser discreta, llama siempre la atencin por sus misteriosos silencios que tanto cuentan.
Pelomyxa palustris es una ameba gigante anaerbica o microaerbica caracterizada por una serie de excepcionalidades como la presunta ausencia de orgnulos productores de energa (mitrocondrias y aparato de Golgi) y la presencia de bacterias endosimbiticas que suplen las funciones que desempean estos ognulos de los que carece.As, escondidas en sus entraas de gel, bajo su piel transparente y cambiante, las praderas de bacterias que cultiva
Pelomyxa entre sus grumos verdes y dorados le dan la vida all donde su vida no llega. A pesar de su desmesurado tamao, la gigante
Pelomyxa naci grande pero incompleta de algunos elementos necesarios y sobrada de otros y en este desequilibrio
Pelomyxa ha encontrado la manera hacer de lo imposible casi un milagro, incontables y complejas alianzas silenciosas que le permiten vivir all donde nadie casi puede hacerlo.
Pelomyxa siempre habita entre tinieblas, en la total oscuridad de los fondos acuticos entre los sedimentos y el fango, un territorio imposible donde contadas amebas pueden sobrevivir y donde la falta el oxgeno es la norma. All, las alianzas de
Pelomyxa trabajan incansables para exprimir de los restos que fueron vida la vida misma, devolviendo al agua sales y al aire burbujas de metano, mientras su cuerpo crece infinito.Recientemente se han podido caracterizar entre esas praderas invisibles que inundan el cuerpo de esta ameba gigantesca tres tipos de bacterias que estableciendo un corsorcio de simbiosis mltiple con ella, realizan tareas encadenadas que suplen las funciones que deberan realizar los orgnulos de los carece
Pelomyxa : mitocondrias y aparato de Golgi, de esta forma utilizando una maquinaria qumica ajena, es capaz de romper las grandes molculas orgnicas que recoge de los restos de los que se alimenta gracias a un tipo de bacterias, realizar una fermentacin parcial gracias a otras y convertir en gas metano su residuos de carbono sirvindose de unas terceras.Como en una isla exuberante cultivada de bacterias y repleta de tesoros, la desmesura discreta de
Pelomyxa es absoluta. Aunque casi invisibles, sus ncleos, son tantos, que a veces es imposible contarlos, puede llegar a tener desde 100 hasta ms de 1000, quiz supliendo con desmesurada discrecin otras carencias. Grande tambin y discreto es su pie-mano (pseudpodo) generalmente nico, que se desplaza lentamente como un ancho brazo de lava viscosa englobando todo lo que se encuentra a su paso, en su desmesurada discrecin...A lo largo de su vida el aspecto de
Pelomyxa y su tamao pueden variar tambin considerablemente, lo que ha causado confusin en su identificacin, pues algunas de estas etapas de su desarrollo fueron consideradas como formas de organismos independientes, su forma y su coloracin va cambiando con la edad y con los alimentos ingeridos, fundamentalmente algas engullidas en su paseo imperceptible por los fondos.Por todas estas variables desmesuras
Pelomyxa se ha llamado de muy distintas maneras, aunque siga siendo la misma... En su interior, casi opaco, se adivinan algunos de esos centenares de ncleos y entre los que aparecen granitos brillantes de una sustancia parecida a la albmina, que adems de desecho son un nutriente, parece que fundamental, para las innumerables praderas de bacterias que viven en simbiosis dentro de su cuerpo.
Pelomyxa puede presentar ocasionalmente cilios, muchos cilios, apenas visibles, que se sitan en su superficie externa, pero que no tienen funcin locomotora...y por tener tanto y tanto carece de otros rganos celulares sin los que otra clula no podra vivir. Pero como todo en ella es discreto y exagerado al mismo tiempo,
Pelomyxa vive y se sigue moviendo y creciendo, y si se encuentra con otra, se funde discretamente con ella hacindose de una discrecin an ms gigante.Muy pocas veces hallada en la Pennsula Ibrica la referencia que sealamos aqu probablemente representa la primera cita para el Lago de SanabriaGracias a los trabajos de Gabriel Gutirrez desde el dpto. de Gentica de la Universidad de Sevilla se han podido desvelar algunos de los misterios de esta compleja simbiosis nica que establece esta extraordinaria ameba.
Ms informacinLas fotografas tomadas en vivo a 200, 400 y 1000 aumentos empleando la tcnica de contraste de interferencia, se han realizado sobre una muestra recolectada en un muestreo en los sedimentos ms profundos junto a Bouzas, el da 20 de noviembre de 2020, por Maribel Carrasco y Daniel Tenorio y Andrs Blanco en el Lago de Sanabria (Zamora), desde el catamarn
Helios Sanabria el primer catamarn construido en el Planeta propulsado por energa elica y solar.
LIBRO: Lago de Sanabria 2015, presente y futuro de un ecosistema en desequilibrioInformes sobre el Lago de Sanabria:
www.biodiversidadvirtual.org/taxofoto/puntos-bv/2763Artculo Lago Sanabria espejo de corrupciones:
drive.google.com/file/d/1GjaZrQnuC6fI1uUeKCFGBB9_xpL9r7vx...
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Stemonitis flavogenita E.Jahn?Slo.: ?Dat.: Aug. 11. 2014Lat.: 46.36119 Long.: 13.70107Code: Bot_823/2014_DSC2764Habitat: old partly overgrown pasture, near mixed wood edge, moderately southeast inclined foot of a mountain; open, dry, sunny place; shallow, skeletal, calcareous ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 630 m (2.070 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: north side of a stump of Picea abies (on decorticated part) cut down three years ago.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, upper part of 'Na melu' place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComment: Highly distinctive traits of Stemonitis flavogenita are typically zig-zag bent columella with a kind of plate at the end just before the end of sporangia (Ref.:1). It is not gradually tapering toward the end of sporocarp as with other species of genus Stemonitis. It is also distinguished by the presence of membranous expansions in the capillitium. Also agreement of macroscopic properties fit well to literature, so I hope the determination is correct. This observation may be interesting since this species is listed neither in Boletus Informaticus data base, Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute nor in official Slovenian fungi checklist.Sporocarp color rusty, oac719; spores on mass chocolate brown, oac635. Stalks 2.5 to 3 mm long, total length of sporangia 9 mm, all of them were fairly the same length, very closely tufted, their tips blunt. The whole clump had 14 mm in diameter.Spores finely warted, globose. Dimensions: 8,4 [8,8 ; 9] 9,5 x 8,2 [8,6 ; 8,7] 9,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 8,9 x 8,7 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (all other pictures); in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 199. (2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 153.(3)
www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Stemonitis+flavogenita (4)
www.myxomycetes.wolf-5.cyberdusk.pl/index.php?wyb=gal&... slikca(6)
www.myxomycetes.net/index.php (7)
myxo.be/pdf/Stemonitis%20flavogenita%20Stemonitopsis%20pe... (8)
www.bookiejar.com/Content/Books/7ccbe2a1-12a9-41fa-a3ff-0... (9)
www.shitennoji.ac.jp/ibu/images/toshokan/kiyo45-15.pdf
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Briantspuddle, England, United Kingdom
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Hemitrichia serpulaPretzel slime moldSlo.: ?Date: Sept. 11. 2009Lat.: 46,33481 Long.: 13,53083Code: Bot_377/2009-3314Habitat: mixed woodland, nearly flat ground, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), rain protected by trees canopies, in full shade, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 445 m (1.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: fallen old deciduous tree, probably Acer sp., partly debarked, covered with mosses.Place: West of Bovec, near the trail to Pluna village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC
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Hemitrichia cf clavata (Pers.) Rostaf., syn.: Trichia clavata Pers., Hyporhamma clavatum (Pers.) LadoEN: Yellow-Fuzz Cone Slime, DE: Gelber ScheinhaarstublingSlo.: kitajska zlatovkaDat.: Oct. 5. 2009Lat.: 46.33439 Long.: 13.48114Code: Bot_388/2009_DSC5885Habitat: Mixed, predominantly Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3 -5 deg C, elevation 1.330 m (4.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: fallen, heavily rotted trunk of a deciduous tree, probably Fagus sylvatica. Place: Bovec basin, Gozdec forest, above the road from Mt.Kanin cable car station B to the foot of Mt. Kopa, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: There was no microscopy done for this observation, hence the determination is unreliable. Myxomycetes pass through very different shapes and colors during development of their sporocarps. In most cases it is impossible to determine them to species level without microscopic observation of their spores and structure, at least for me. These pictures show immature sporocarps. Sporocysts have not yet opened, capillitium and spore mass are not yet visible. Also stalks are mostly not yet developed. This makes determination even more difficult. Nevertheless, the size and the shape of the oldest sporocarps and stalks with reddish tint points toward Hemitrichia clavata. But, it is possible that the pictures show other Hemitrichia or Trichia species like similar Trichia decipiens or Hemitrichia calyculata. Picture #10 shows eventually another species. On picture #8 one can see also two species of (probably) Ascomycetes - a larger jelly fungus and smaller black blobs (both lower left). What a picturesque life one can find just on a small piece of rotten wood! A white 'mycelium' shown on the same picture (and others - upper left) probably belongs to another kind of fungus. Although Hemitrichia clavata has white plasmodium these fibers don't seem to me to be its plasmodium. Ref.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 127.(2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 124.(x) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 371; Vol.2. p 130.(3) S. Behri, Raznolikost Pravih Sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengea, (in Slovene) (True Slime Molds (Myxomycetes) Diversity in the Vicinity of Menge), Graduation thesis, University Studies, University in Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biology department (2015), p 86.(4) H. Neubert, W. Nowotny, K. Baumann - H. Marx, Die Myxomyceten Deutschlands und des angrenzenden Alpenraumes unter besonderen Bercksichtigung sterreichs, Vol.2.,Karlheinz Baumann Verlag, (1993, 1995, 2000), p 232.
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Three Lakes, Wisconsin, United States
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Brodick Castle, Arran. NS007381
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Cribraria vulgaris Schrad, syn.: Cribraria vulgaris var. genuina Rostaf., Cribraria vulgaris var. vulgaris Schrad. Date: June 15. 2009Lat.: 46.33506 Long.: 13.53008Code: Bot_356/2009-DSC0347Habitat: mixed wood in a mountain ravine, moderately inclined mountain slope, southwest aspect; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh); protected from direct rain by trees canopies and tall herbs, in shade, very humid place; precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 450 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: fallen, debarked and completely rotten deciduous tree trunk, hidden in tall herbs. Place: Bovec basin, west of Bovec, near the trail to Pluna village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComment: My initial tentative determination in 2009 Cribraria intricata was wrong. Based on new literature I've obtained the best fit seems to be Cibraria vulgaris. Fitting dimensions of sporocarps, distinct, well defined cup-shaped calyculus with irregular teeth, density of peridium mesh, color of sporangia and stalk tapering upwards, substratum and large colony speak in favor of this determination. Species has been already found in Slovenia (Ref.4) contrary to Cribraria intricata. However, determination with certainty would still require microscopic verification of traits. Unfortunately this hasn't been done.Ref: (1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 103(2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 80.(3) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 307; Vol.2. p 19.(4) S. Behri, Raznolikost Pravih Sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengea, (in Slovene) (True Slime Molds (Myxomicetes) Diversity in Vicinity of Menge) (in Slovene), Graduation Thesis, University Studies, University in Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biology department (2015), p70.(5)
www.br.fgov.be/cgi-bin/RESEARCH/COLLECTIONS/HERBARIUMS/FU...(6)
www.micobotanicajaen.com/Revista/Articulos/FMorenoG/Myxom...
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Nis, Nishava, Serbia
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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Reticularia splendens var. jurana (Meyl.) Kowalski, syn.: Enteridium juranum (Meyl.) Mornand, Enteridium splendens var. juranum (Meyl.) Hrk., Reticularia jurana Meyl., Reticularia lycoperdon var. jurana (Meyl.) G. ListerE: no name, DE: no nameSlo.: no nameLat.: 46.35884 Long.: 13.69819Dat.: Oct.18.2016Code: Bot_1020/2016_DSC5897Habitat: pasture, at the edge of the mixed forest, Fagus sylvatica, Ostrya carpinifolia and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined slope at the foot of mountains, south east aspect; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; mostly sunny place; relatively warm and dry place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitation ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 615 m (2.020 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: dead, thick, partly decorticated branch of Ostrya carpinifolia laying on ground; fund on top side of it; wood still firm, hard to cut; in its initial state of disintegration.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa; pasture west of Strgulc abandoned farm house, Soa 47, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Three aethaila found in a circle of about 0.4 m diameter. This myxomicete can be recognized by its vividly pink (not yet mature) aethalia, white hypothallus, characteristic spores, which are distinctly reticulate only on about 2/3 of their surface and persistent pseudocapillitium consisting of membranous perforated plates and threads. Reticularia splendens var. jurana can be distinguished from Reticularia splendens var. splendens by smaller size of aethalia and flaccid cortex.To my knowledge this is the second or third find of this species in Slovenia and the first one in the Julian Alps. Spores coarsely reticulated on about 2/3 of their surface and minutely warted (barely seen with my equipment) on the rest of it; globose to subglobose. Dimensions (without reticule and warts): 6,3 [7 ; 7,2] 7,8 x 6,1 [6,8 ; 7] 7,6 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7,1 x 6,9 microns; Qe = 1. Reticule > 1 micron high. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores), NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x and NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (pseudocapillitium); fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Spores were taken from the centre of the second aethalium (Fig. 5, larger one) by soft brush.Ref.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 89 (2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 122(3) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 318; Vol.2. p 52.(4)
www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/572530 (5)
www.zdravgozd.si/bi_karta_sre.aspx?idorg=d0561d66-42d2-4f...
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Ceilhes-et-Rocozels, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
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Fuligo septica var. flava (Pers.) Morgan, syn.: Mucor septicus L., Aethalium flavum (Pers) LinkFlowers of Tan, DE: Gelbe LohblteSlo.: reslov cvet, rumeni razliekDat.: Nov. 02. 2016Lat.: 46.35977 Long.: 13.70137Code: Bot_1025/2016_DSC6323Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant, moderately southeast inclined mountain slope, shallow, skeletal calcareous ground, old overgrown slope and moraine scree with larger rocks and boulders, in shade, relatively warm place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitation ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: debarked roots of dead Picea abies, still standing.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, next to the trail from Trenta 2b cottage to abandoned farmhouse 'Strgulc', East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Fuligo septica is probably the most common and widely known Myxomicete. One of its varieties - Fuligo septica var. flava - has vivid yellow aethalia and yellow plasmodium (I haven't seen it this time). Yet, this typical color pertains only to mature but still fresh aethalia (pictures 10-13). With time cortex becomes darker, almost golden (picture 14), then black inside becomes visible (pictures 15, 16). In next phase cortex become whitish (pictures 17, 18) and finally it disappears and only blackish-reddish-brown spore mass is seen (pictures 19, 20). It is interesting that this find was found only a few meters away of the site where I photographed the same species two years ago (see Album Fuligo septica var. flava - I, Dec. 2014) (see MO observations #194527). In both observations spores are unusually large.Spores minutely warty, globose to subglobose. Dimensions: 8,5 [9,1 ; 9,4] 10 x 8 [8,6 ; 8,8] 9,4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,08] 1,1; N = 35; C = 95%; Me = 9,2 x 8,7 microns; Qe = 1,1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1: p390, Vol.2: p 169.(2) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland, The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 246. (3) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 123.
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Lycogala epidendrum (L.) Fr.Wolf's Milk, Groening's Slime, DE: BlutmilchpilzSlo.: razbarvana grahovkaDat.: Apr. 21. 2013Lat.: 46.33573 Long.: 13.56734Code: Bot_705/2013_IMG3014Habitat: Light, mixed, predominantly hardwood woodland with some Picea abies, moderately steep, south-west oriented hill side, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, mostly in shade, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 480 m (1.575 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: dead trunk of deciduous tree lying on ground and in its final phase of disintegration.Place: Bovec basin, southwest slope of the hill Rabeljnik, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycogala epidendrum is one of the most common and most easy to spot Myxomicete in the upper Soa river region. Immature aethalia are vividly orange and distinctly pop out from surrounding decaying wood. Contrary to this gray-brown mature aethalia blend well with the surrounding and require some effort to be found. Ref.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 91.(2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 135(3) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 321; Vol.2. p 75.
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Arcyria obvelata, syn.: Arcyria nutans (Bull) GrevSlo.: ?Dat.: Sept. 26. 2013Lat.: 46.36151Long.: 13.70434Code: Bot_753/2013_DSC8059Habitat: Overgrown former grassland; dominant trees Ailanthus altissima, Fraxinus ornus, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Juglans regia, Tilia sp., Prunus domestica; next to an abandoned farmhouse; flat terrain, calcareous ground; full shade, quite humid and relatively warm place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitation ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 590 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: vertical surface of dead, still standing trunk of Juglans regia partly still in bark fully covered by a Polyporaceae, probably Inonotus sp.; about 1 m (three feet) above ground, northeast oriented surface of the trunk.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, near abandoned homestead 'Koc', Trenta 3, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comment: Long, hanging and very shortly stipitate sporocarps distinguish this species from others in Myxomycetes genus Arcyria. Sporocarps 8 - 13 mm long, about 1 mm diameter, flexible. Stalk very short, hard to observe, almost sessile sporocarps; sporocarps ocher-yellow, oac848; SP abundant, ocher-yellow, oac 856.Spores subglobose and almost smooth, scattered warts hardly visible with my equipment. Dimensions: 8.7 (SD = 0.3) x 8.3 (SD = 0,2) , Q = 1.05 (SD = 0.02), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, (picture of spores and capillitium threads). Bausch & Lomb 4/0.10, magnification 40x, in water (picture of capillitium). AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland, The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 113. (2)
www.bcrc.firdi.org.tw/fungi/fungal_detail.jsp?id=FU200802...(3) http//hiddenforest.co.nz/slime/family/arcyriaceae/arcyr03.htm
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Didymium squamulosum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr., Syn.: Cionium squamulosum (Alb. & Schwein.) Spreng., Diderma squamulosum Alb. & Schwein., Didymium effusum Link, Physarum effusum Link.Family: DidymiaceaeEN: no vernacular name found, DE: no vernacular name foundSlo.: no vernacular name foundDat.: Oct. 30. 2020Lat.: 46.360322 Long.: 13.702932Code: Bot_1344/2020_DSC1440Habitat: Former pasture partly overgrown with tall herb, bushes and scattered trees; slightly inclined terrain, southeast aspect; calcareous, skeletal, colluvial ground; open, sunny place; exposed to direct precipitations, average precipitation ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a dead trunk of Juglans regia in its initial disintegration stage laying on ground, partly sitting on Collema sp. (probably Collema crispum = Blennothallia crispa) thallus.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near Trenta 2b cottage, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Habit and presence of lime crystals speak almost certainly in favor of the genus Didymium. Dimensions of spores inclined me toward Didymium melanospermum (Pers.) T. Macbr. at first. However, other traits, particularly furrowed stalks, whitish stalk color (should be bark to black) and presence of lime in them (it should be absent), changed my initial supposition in favor to similar Didymium squamulosum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. in spite of the fact that measured spore dimensions doesn't fit so nicely to the second option. Another discrepancy of the find (related to booth species) is the fact that vast majority of the sporocarps appeared sessile, while they should normally be distinctly stalked and only rarely 'sessile'. According to literature Didymium squamulosum is considered a very variable species and apparently sessile sporocarps are found occasionally too, so they may not be a severe argument against this determination.Description: Sporocarps up to 1.1 mm tall, most of them seemingly sessile having rudimentary stalks hidden in strongly umbicilate sporocysts below; only a few distinctly stalked; sporocysts sub-globose or oblate, 0.6-1 mm in diameter, when wet bluish-gray, half dry pale-gray, when dry white; with simple, membranous, colorless to light-yellowish, translucent peridium covered by a thick layer of crystalline lime; crystals usually larger than spores; (hypo)columella present, flattened, perimeter about 1/3 or slightly less of the sporocysts perimeter; white to beige, light brownish (best seen in transparent light); capillitium thin, scantily branched with rare, small nodular swellings; attached to peridium. Stalks short, mostly hidden; some distinct but not longer than 2/3 of sporocysts diameter, longitudinally striate, No confluent plasmodial form observed at the site of stalk attachment to substrate.To our knowledge, up to present three observations of this rare (or overlooked) species in Slovenia have been described up to now (Ref.:5, Ref.:6 and Ref.:7). Microscopy: Spores densely warted (< 0.5m high warts), globose to sub-globose dark brown to black on mass (dry); dimensions: (10,5)10,8 - 12(12,6) (9,9)10,4 - 11,5(11,9) m; Q = 1 - 1,1; N = 21; Me = 11,4 10,9 m; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, capillitium), NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (lime crystals, stalk), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (capillitium); in water; fresh and dried material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Columella, stalk and capillitium also: Sony ILCE6000 on trino-stereomicroscope Novex RZ, Holland.Ref.:(1) H. Neubert, W. Nowotny, K. Baumann - H. Marx, Die Myxomyceten Deutschlands und des angrenzenden Alpenraumes unter besonderen Bercksichtigung sterreichs, Vol., 2., Karlheinz Baumann Verlag, (1995), p 129 (D. melanospermum p 117).(2) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 463 (D. melanospermum 466).(2b) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.2. p 383.(3)
sarahlloydmyxos.wordpress.com/identification/#jp-carousel... (accessed Dec. 01. 2020)(4)
digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&a... , p3-2-25 (accessed Dec. 01. 2020)(5) S. Behri, Raznolikost Pravih Sluzavk v okolici Mengea, (in Slovene) (True Slime Molds (Myxomicetes) Diversity in Vicinity of Menge) (in Slovene), Graduation Thesis, University Studies, University in Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biology department (2015).(6) N. Ogris (ed), Boletus informaticus, Slovenian Forestry Institute
www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed Dec. 12. 2020)(7) Voss W. Mycologia Carniolica: ein Beitrag zur Pilzkunde des Alpenlandes (1892), Berlin, R. Friedlander & Sohn, Camera: AmScope MA500 digital camera on Olympus CH20
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Stemonitis lignicola Nann.-Bremek, syn.: Stemonitis splendens MorenoSlo.: no name.Dat.: July 20. 2016 - 19:47|Code: Bot_1075/2017_DSC8324Lat.: 46.35975 Long.: 13.70152Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica dominant tree following by Picea abies; slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect, old colluvial, calcareous, skeletal ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitation ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 602 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: old, cut off, standing trunk of Fagus sylvatica, partly debarked.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa, next to the trail from Trenta 2b cottage to Strgulc abandoned farm house, Soa 48, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Stemonitis lignicola is generally considered a quite rare species. However, all macro and micro traits of this find as well as substratum fit well to Stemonitis lignicola descriptions in literature. An exception may be slightly large spores. However, the observed differences in diameter are roughly of the same size as between an example shown in Ref. 3 compared to average given in Ref.: 2. Capillitium extensions (resembling warts or free ends) were found rare and small. Note that Ref: 2 doesn't mention capillitium extensions at all and talks about smooth capilitial threads, while Ref.: 5 claims presence of capillitium extensions for this species.Sporocarps cylindrical, somewhat curved, about 12 mm high and 0.35-0.45 mm in diameter, stalks 2.5-3 mm long; surface capilitial net distinctive, uniform, small meshed, with rare extensions; capilitial internal net sparse, thick, with some membranous expansions; columella reaching the tip of sporocarps, gradually tapering toward the top, frequently bended in the upper part of the sporocarp; stalks short, blackish brown to black, shiny; hypothallus membranous, shiny; plasmodium white; spores on mass abundant, dark brown. Spores evenly, densely but minutely warty (verruculose); globose to subglobose. Dimensions: 7,9 [8,2 ; 8,3] 8,7 x 7,3 [7,8 ; 8] 8,4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,07] 1,1; N = 36; C = 95%; Me = 8,3 x 7,9 microns; Qe = 1,1. Taken from dried material by gently tapping sporocarps. Average outer net (peridium) mesh 21 microns in diameter (SD=7 microns, N=30). Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores), in water; NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (capillitium, stalk); Bausch & Lomb, 4x/0.10, magnification 40x (capillitium). AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 203.(2) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 541.(3) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.2., p 538. (4) S. Behri, Raznolikost Pravih Sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengea, (in Slovene) (True Slime Molds (Myxomicetes) Diversity in Vicinity of Menge) (in Slovene), Graduation Thesis, University Studies, University in Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biology department (2015), p 119. (5) H. Neubert, W. Nowotny, K. Baumann - H. Marx, Die Myxomyceten Deutschlands und des angrenzenden Alpenraumes unter besonderen Bercksichtigung sterreichs, Vol.3., Karlheinz Baumann Verlag, (2000), p 284.
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Newent, England, United Kingdom
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La Chapelle-Pres-Sees, Lower Normandy, France
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Mastigamoeba (massed-ig-a-me-ba) One of about 5 genera of pelobionts. These organisms are unusual in lacking mitochondria, dictyosomes and were for some time regarded as the most primitive of all eukaryotes. Most species which have been studied can adopt a variety of morphologies - including flagellates, amoebae, and cysts. The flagellates typically have one very long flagellum which beats in a fairly ineffectual fashion - and mostly progress by gliding. Body of cell most usually adopts an amoeboid form - such as that illustrated here. Typically found in habitats with little or no oxygen. Phase contrast.
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Phalansterium (fah-lan-stear-ee-um) is a free-living flagellate, usually found in mucoid colonies, with a single apical flagellum surrounded with a tight apical collar. Phase contrast.
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Arcyria incarnata.