Diseases and Parasites
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Edwardsiellosis. Bacterial diseases
Life Cycle
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Move into fresh or brackish water to spawn (Ref. 39467). Females spawn more than once in a season, but they don't necessarily spawn every year (Ref. 1998).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Migration
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Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
Morphology
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Dorsal spines (total): 9 - 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 13; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 7 - 13
- Recorder
- Cristina V. Garilao
Trophic Strategy
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Inhabits coastal waters and are commonly found in bays but may enter rivers in the spring to spawn (Ref. 2850). Coastal schooling species and anadromous (Ref. 5951); some populations are landlocked (Ref. 7251). Larvae feed on zooplankton; juveniles take in small shrimps and other crustaceans, annelid worms, and insects; adults feed on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates, mainly crustaceans (Ref. 1998). Feeding ceases shortly before spawning (Ref. 1998). Juveniles are preyed upon by Atlantic tomcod, Atlantic cod, silver hake and larger striped bass.
Biology
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Inhabit coastal waters and are commonly found in bays but may enter rivers in the spring to spawn (Ref. 2850). Some populations are landlocked (Ref. 7251). Voracious and opportunistic feeder (Ref. 5951). Larvae feed on zooplankton; juveniles take in small shrimps and other crustaceans, annelid worms, and insects (Ref. 1998, 10294); adults feed on a wide variety of fishes (alewives, herring, smelt, eels, flounders, mummichogs, rock gunnels, sand lance, silver hake and silversides (Ref. 5951)) and invertebrates (squid, crabs, sea worms and amphipods (Ref. 5951)), mainly crustaceans (Ref. 1998). Feeding ceases shortly before spawning (Ref. 1998). Utilized fresh and eaten broiled and baked (Ref. 9988).
Importance
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fisheries: minor commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: medium; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species