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Life Cycle

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Females produce 6-24 young, which are 20-23 cm long at birth (Ref. 43439). Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449).
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Recorder
Rainer Froese
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Biology

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Found in shallow water from the intertidal to deeper waters, most commonly in enclosed muddy bays; including estuaries and lagoons (S. Wilson, pers. comm.). Prefer sandy areas, mud flats, and bottoms strewn with rocks near rocky reefs and kelp beds. Feed mainly on crabs, shrimps, bony fish, fish eggs, clam necks and innkeeper worms among a large variety of food in its diet. Form mixed schools. Ovoviviparous (aplacental), with 4 to 29 young in a litter. Utilized fresh or frozen for human consumption.
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FishBase
Recorder
Kent E. Carpenter
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial
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cc-by-nc
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FishBase
Recorder
Kent E. Carpenter
original
visit source
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Fishbase