Neophocaena phocaenoides appears to be very adaptable and is found in habitats which other species have abandoned. These include the Tung-Ting Lake in China, which is landlocked and extremely shallow. However, N. phocaenoides isn't as quick to adapt to human ways. They tend to eat objects off the river bottom, including things as detrimental to their health as bottle caps thrown in the water by humans; these appear to be a major cause of death (Bryden & Harrison 1986).
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Although N. phocaenoides is not endangered, there are many threats to its survival as individuals if not as a species. Neophocaena phocaenoides is effected by pollution as well as bottom dredging. It is also killed by motor boat collisions, hunters, fish and shrimp nets, and its natural predator, the shark. (Bryden & Harrison 1986, Nowak 1991)
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable
Neophocaena phocaenoides is hunted by humans for its meat, skin and oil (Nowak 1991).
Neophocaena phocaenoides feeds mainly in the euphotic zone. It eats benthic invertebrates, cephalopods such as squid, and small demersal fish. Neophocaena phocaenoides is a very aggresive hunter, and fish have been observed jumping out of the water when chased by it (Bryden & Harrison 1986). (Gaskin 1982)
Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )
Neophocaena phocaenoides is found in the coastal waters and rivers of Southeast Asia. It is concentrated in the eastern IndoPacific region. Neophocaena phocaenoides can be found from Pakistan to Korea, Japan, Borneo and Java. (Gaskin 1982, Nowak 1991)
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
Neophocaena phocaenoides lives in both fresh and salt water habitats. It is found in shallow coastal waters such as the Sea of Japan as well as fresh water rivers like the Yangtze river in China. Neophocaena phocaenoides is occasionaly found in inland lakes which have been cut off from the ocean but are still salt water. Neophocaena phocaenoides seems to prefer rocky promonotories and strong currents (Ganslosser 1988).
Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams; coastal
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 23.0 years.
Neophocaena phocaenoides is sometimes called the Black Finless Porpoise because of the common misconception that its skin is black. In reality, the upper portions of N. phocaenoides are gray with touches of blue on the back and sides. The ventral parts are paler. Pale spots do however decrease with age, and the skin turns black immediately after death. Further, the skin coloring differs from pale in oceanic and brackish waters, to almost black in rivers. Neophocaena phocaenoides has no dorsal fin but has instead has a midline dorsal ridge. This ridge contains horny papillae. Neophocaena phocaenoides is the smallest cetacean and grows to only 150-190cm. It has a distinct eel-like shape due to its lack of dorsal fin and round, beakless head. The jaw of N. phocaenoides contains 15-21 spade shaped teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaw. (Ganslosser 1988, Herman 1980, Nowak 1991)
Range mass: 30 to 45 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Neophocaena phocaenoides reaches sexual maturity by the age of 2. Reproductive cycles differ among geographic groups such as those located near Japan and those near China. The breeding cycle is 1-2 years and gestation lasts between 10 and 11 months. Births occur between February and August and there is usually 1 young per birth. Newborns are around 25kg and are weaned between September and June. Neophocaena phocaenoides has been found to live up to 23 years. (Bryden & Harrison 1986, Nowak 1991).
Breeding interval: The breeding cycle is 1-2 years
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 10 to 11 months.
Range weaning age: 7 to 10 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 (high) years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 (high) years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 7000 g.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Mothers carry their offspring on a patch of skin on the dorsal surface which is covered with horny papillae. This acts like a saddle on which the young can attach and be carried. Although obviously for carrying young, the horny papillae contain nerve endings and may be a means of auxillary orientation. This "extra" means of orientation could be very beneficial to N. phocaenoides since it often lives in murky waters.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
