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A little group of Earthstars.
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Geastrum minimum Schwein., syn.: Geastrum marginatum Vittad.Family: Geastraceae CordaEN: Tiny earthstar, DE: Kleiner Erdstern, ZwergerdsternSlo.: drobcena zvezdicaDat.: Aug. 31. 2021Lat.: 46.37725 Long.: 13.743703Code: Bot_1398/2021_DSC08259Habitat: At the base of a mountain ravine, slightly inclined mountain slope; east aspect; about 30 m distance to river Soa and about 10 m higher; close to a Pinus sp. forest; fine, older colluvial, calcareous deposits partly overgrown (Erica carnea dominant); dry, open, sunny, relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil, fine sandy colluvial deposits among larger rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, south of village Trenta, right bank of river Soa, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This find is the smallest earthstar I've ever found. Based on the number of non-hygroscopic exoperidial rays, persistent mycelial layer, encrusted with debris, very small endoperidial body, which is stalked and provided with an apophysis, whitish crystals on endoperidial body surface and a clearly delimited, rather flat, fibrillose, not furrowed peristome I am pretty sure this is Geastrum minimum. The fungus is a rather rare find in Slovenia.Growing in a group of three sporocarps. Endoperidium diameter; 6, 7 and 9 mm; SP on mass black. Spores verrucose, dark. Dimensions: (3.8) 4.4 - 5.5 (5.6) (3.6) 4.2 - 5.2 (5.7) m; Q = (0.9) 1 - 1.1 (1.2); N = 52; Me = 4.9 4.7 m; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (capillitium), in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.: (1)
www.funghiitaliani.it/topic/88099-geastrum-minimum/ (last accessed Oct.17. 2021)(2) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1249. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 112. (4)
www.123pilze.de/DreamHC/Download/KleinerErdstern.htm (last accessed Oct.17. 2021), (5) J.C. Zamora1, F.D. Calonge, M.P. Martn, Integrative taxonomy reveals an unexpected diversity in Geastrum section Geastrum (Geastrales, Basidiomycota), Persoonia 34, 2015: 130165; geastrum_sect_geastrum_1422974412556.pdf, (6) M. Jeppson, R. H. Nilsson, E. Larsson, 2013, European earthstars in Geastraceae (Geastrales, Phallomycetidae) a systematic approach using morphology and molecular sequence data; Systematics and Biodiversity, 11:4, pp 437-465, Natural History Museum, Taylor & Francis Online. (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 702. (7) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage, (1994), p 519.
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Geastrum sessile, syn: Geastrum fimbrimatumSlo.: resasta zvezdicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2010Lat.: 46.29734 Long.: 13.48131Code: Bot_459/2010_DSC_5266 Habitat: Steep small meadow in mixed forest, northeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous bedrock, open land, partly sunny, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 440 m (1,450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil among grasses and mosses. Place: ire place, South of village aga, northeast slopes of Mt. Kobariki Stol ridge, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia Comments: Growing solitary or in small loose groups, several species, diameter up to 4.5 cm (little less than 2 inches), SP dark brown. Spores: Minutely warty, globose, dimensions 3,4 (SD = 0,2) x 3,2 (SD = 0,2 ) micr., Q = 1,03 (SD = 0,03), n = 30 . Ref.:(1) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. (2) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 520. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 322. (4)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5954~gid...
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STRICTLY PROTECTED SPECIES. Inedible mushrooms. Vegetate in light woods and near rivers. His head is completely uncovered clearly distinct from other stars.
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Geastrum fimbriatum, syn.: Geastrum sessileSessile EarthstarSlo.: resasta zvezdica Dat.: Sept. 03. 2012Lat.: 46.33981 Long.: 13.71779Code: Bot_653/2012_IMG0954 Habitat: Northwest oriented steep mountain slope, mixed wood, predominantly Picea abies, found under Picea abies, calcareous ground, quite humid and shady place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.150 m (3.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Vrsnik valley, next to the trail from Na skali hamlet to Planina v plazeh, bellow Mt. Travniki rob, 2.135 m, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing in a small group of a few fruitbodies. Spores warty, globose. Dimensions: 3.3 (SD = 0.2) x 3.2 (SD = 0.2) micr., Q = 1.05 (SD = 0.04), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 438. 3-3,5(2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. 3-4 (3) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. 2,9-3,5(4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 109. 2,5-3,5 Canon G11, 6.1-30mm/f2.8-4.5
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The earthstars (Geastrum sp.) is the non-edible but beautiful in their weirdness mushrooms. Also the left one, obviously, likes punk rock.
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Geastrum quadrifidum (Pers.) Pers., syn.: Geastrum coronatum ScopoliRayed Earthstar, DE: Kleiner Nest-Erdstern, Kronen ErdsternSlo.: etverokraka zvezdicaDat.: Sept. 09. 2014Lat.: 46.36529 Long.: 13.74988Code: Bot_835/2014_DSC3951Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. Place: Lower Trenta valley, near the trail from Trenta village to Zasavska koa na Prehodavcih mountain cottage, halfway between the village and Planina Lepo, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind.Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them.Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519.(4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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STRICTLY PROTECTED SPECIES.Vegetate the soil rich in humus and organic fertilizers. It grows in deciduous forests and at their edge, in the bushes. Inedible mushrooms.
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Local: Araatuba/SP - BrasilParque da Fazenda do EstadoBioma: Mata AtlnticaAcessrios: Trip + Trilho Foco Macro + Cabo Disparador Remoto
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Geastrum triplexCollared earthstar, Saucered earthstar, or Triple earthstarSlo.: ovratnika zvezdicaDate: Nov. 22. 2010Lat.: 46.29873 Long.: 13.47947Code: Bot_479/2010_IMG3295Habitat: Mixed forest with some ground herbs, in shade, northeast oriented mountain slope, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 430 m (1.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground covered by leaf litter and rotting branches.Place: At the foot of northeast slopes of Mt. Kobariki Stol ridge, south of Village aga, halfway to ire place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC
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Geastrum minimum Schwein., syn.: Geastrum marginatum Vittad.Family: Geastraceae CordaEN: Tiny earthstar, DE: Kleiner Erdstern, ZwergerdsternSlo.: drobcena zvezdicaDat.: Aug. 31. 2021Lat.: 46.37725 Long.: 13.743703Code: Bot_1398/2021_DSC08259Habitat: At the base of a mountain ravine, slightly inclined mountain slope; east aspect; about 30 m distance to river Soa and about 10 m higher; close to a Pinus sp. forest; fine, older colluvial, calcareous deposits partly overgrown (Erica carnea dominant); dry, open, sunny, relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil, fine sandy colluvial deposits among larger rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, south of village Trenta, right bank of river Soa, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This find is the smallest earthstar I've ever found. Based on the number of non-hygroscopic exoperidial rays, persistent mycelial layer, encrusted with debris, very small endoperidial body, which is stalked and provided with an apophysis, whitish crystals on endoperidial body surface and a clearly delimited, rather flat, fibrillose, not furrowed peristome I am pretty sure this is Geastrum minimum. The fungus is a rather rare find in Slovenia.Growing in a group of three sporocarps. Endoperidium diameter; 6, 7 and 9 mm; SP on mass black. Spores verrucose, dark. Dimensions: (3.8) 4.4 - 5.5 (5.6) (3.6) 4.2 - 5.2 (5.7) m; Q = (0.9) 1 - 1.1 (1.2); N = 52; Me = 4.9 4.7 m; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (capillitium), in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.: (1)
www.funghiitaliani.it/topic/88099-geastrum-minimum/ (last accessed Oct.17. 2021)(2) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1249. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 112. (4)
www.123pilze.de/DreamHC/Download/KleinerErdstern.htm (last accessed Oct.17. 2021), (5) J.C. Zamora1, F.D. Calonge, M.P. Martn, Integrative taxonomy reveals an unexpected diversity in Geastrum section Geastrum (Geastrales, Basidiomycota), Persoonia 34, 2015: 130165; geastrum_sect_geastrum_1422974412556.pdf, (6) M. Jeppson, R. H. Nilsson, E. Larsson, 2013, European earthstars in Geastraceae (Geastrales, Phallomycetidae) a systematic approach using morphology and molecular sequence data; Systematics and Biodiversity, 11:4, pp 437-465, Natural History Museum, Taylor & Francis Online. (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 702. (7) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage, (1994), p 519.
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Geastrum sessile, syn: Geastrum fimbrimatumSlo.: resasta zvezdicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2010Lat.: 46.29734 Long.: 13.48131Code: Bot_459/2010_DSC_5266 Habitat: Steep small meadow in mixed forest, northeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous bedrock, open land, partly sunny, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 440 m (1,450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil among grasses and mosses. Place: ire place, South of village aga, northeast slopes of Mt. Kobariki Stol ridge, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia Comments: Growing solitary or in small loose groups, several species, diameter up to 4.5 cm (little less than 2 inches), SP dark brown. Spores: Minutely warty, globose, dimensions 3,4 (SD = 0,2) x 3,2 (SD = 0,2 ) micr., Q = 1,03 (SD = 0,03), n = 30 . Ref.:(1) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. (2) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 520. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 322. (4)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5954~gid...
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Kamenica, Nishava, Serbia
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Geastrum fimbriatum, syn.: Geastrum sessileSessile EarthstarSlo.: resasta zvezdica Dat.: Sept. 03. 2012Lat.: 46.33981 Long.: 13.71779Code: Bot_653/2012_IMG0954 Habitat: Northwest oriented steep mountain slope, mixed wood, predominantly Picea abies, found under Picea abies, calcareous ground, quite humid and shady place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.150 m (3.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Vrsnik valley, next to the trail from Na skali hamlet to Planina v plazeh, bellow Mt. Travniki rob, 2.135 m, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing in a small group of a few fruitbodies. Spores warty, globose. Dimensions: 3.3 (SD = 0.2) x 3.2 (SD = 0.2) micr., Q = 1.05 (SD = 0.04), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 438. 3-3,5(2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. 3-4 (3) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. 2,9-3,5(4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 109. 2,5-3,5 Canon G11, 6.1-30mm/f2.8-4.5
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Crowneast Churchyard Worcs.
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Geastrum quadrifidum (Pers.) Pers., syn.: Geastrum coronatum ScopoliRayed Earthstar, DE: Kleiner Nest-Erdstern, Kronen ErdsternSlo.: etverokraka zvezdicaDat.: Sept. 09. 2014Lat.: 46.36529 Long.: 13.74988Code: Bot_835/2014_DSC3951Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. Place: Lower Trenta valley, near the trail from Trenta village to Zasavska koa na Prehodavcih mountain cottage, halfway between the village and Planina Lepo, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind.Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them.Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519.(4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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STRICTLY PROTECTED SPECIES.Vegetate the soil rich in humus and organic fertilizers. It grows in deciduous forests and at their edge, in the bushes. Inedible mushrooms.
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California, United States
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Geastrum triplexCollared earthstar, Saucered earthstar, or Triple earthstarSlo.: ovratnika zvezdicaDate: Sept. 02. 2009Lat.: 46.34446 Long.: 13.56923Code: Bot_376/2009-3152Habitat: Mixed deciduous woods with some ground herbs, in shade, south oriented slope, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 480 m (1.600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground covered by leaf litter and rotting branches.Place: At the foothill of Mt. Rombon, north of Ravni Laz place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC
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Geastrum minimum Schwein., syn.: Geastrum marginatum Vittad.Family: Geastraceae CordaEN: Tiny earthstar, DE: Kleiner Erdstern, ZwergerdsternSlo.: drobcena zvezdicaDat.: Aug. 31. 2021Lat.: 46.37725 Long.: 13.743703Code: Bot_1398/2021_DSC08259Habitat: At the base of a mountain ravine, slightly inclined mountain slope; east aspect; about 30 m distance to river Soa and about 10 m higher; close to a Pinus sp. forest; fine, older colluvial, calcareous deposits partly overgrown (Erica carnea dominant); dry, open, sunny, relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil, fine sandy colluvial deposits among larger rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, south of village Trenta, right bank of river Soa, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This find is the smallest earthstar I've ever found. Based on the number of non-hygroscopic exoperidial rays, persistent mycelial layer, encrusted with debris, very small endoperidial body, which is stalked and provided with an apophysis, whitish crystals on endoperidial body surface and a clearly delimited, rather flat, fibrillose, not furrowed peristome I am pretty sure this is Geastrum minimum. The fungus is a rather rare find in Slovenia.Growing in a group of three sporocarps. Endoperidium diameter; 6, 7 and 9 mm; SP on mass black. Spores verrucose, dark. Dimensions: (3.8) 4.4 - 5.5 (5.6) (3.6) 4.2 - 5.2 (5.7) m; Q = (0.9) 1 - 1.1 (1.2); N = 52; Me = 4.9 4.7 m; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (capillitium), in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.: (1)
www.funghiitaliani.it/topic/88099-geastrum-minimum/ (last accessed Oct.17. 2021)(2) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1249. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 112. (4)
www.123pilze.de/DreamHC/Download/KleinerErdstern.htm (last accessed Oct.17. 2021), (5) J.C. Zamora1, F.D. Calonge, M.P. Martn, Integrative taxonomy reveals an unexpected diversity in Geastrum section Geastrum (Geastrales, Basidiomycota), Persoonia 34, 2015: 130165; geastrum_sect_geastrum_1422974412556.pdf, (6) M. Jeppson, R. H. Nilsson, E. Larsson, 2013, European earthstars in Geastraceae (Geastrales, Phallomycetidae) a systematic approach using morphology and molecular sequence data; Systematics and Biodiversity, 11:4, pp 437-465, Natural History Museum, Taylor & Francis Online. (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 702. (7) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage, (1994), p 519.
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Geastrum sessile, syn: Geastrum fimbrimatumSlo.: resasta zvezdicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2010Lat.: 46.29734 Long.: 13.48131Code: Bot_459/2010_DSC_5266 Habitat: Steep small meadow in mixed forest, northeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous bedrock, open land, partly sunny, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 440 m (1,450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil among grasses and mosses. Place: ire place, South of village aga, northeast slopes of Mt. Kobariki Stol ridge, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia Comments: Growing solitary or in small loose groups, several species, diameter up to 4.5 cm (little less than 2 inches), SP dark brown. Spores: Minutely warty, globose, dimensions 3,4 (SD = 0,2) x 3,2 (SD = 0,2 ) micr., Q = 1,03 (SD = 0,03), n = 30 . Ref.:(1) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. (2) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 520. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 322. (4)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5954~gid...
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STRICTLY PROTECTED SPECIES. Inedible mushrooms. Vegetate in light woods and near rivers. His head is completely uncovered clearly distinct from other stars.
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Geastrum fimbriatum, syn.: Geastrum sessileSessile EarthstarSlo.: resasta zvezdica Dat.: Sept. 03. 2012Lat.: 46.33981 Long.: 13.71779Code: Bot_653/2012_IMG0954 Habitat: Northwest oriented steep mountain slope, mixed wood, predominantly Picea abies, found under Picea abies, calcareous ground, quite humid and shady place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.150 m (3.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Vrsnik valley, next to the trail from Na skali hamlet to Planina v plazeh, bellow Mt. Travniki rob, 2.135 m, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing in a small group of a few fruitbodies. Spores warty, globose. Dimensions: 3.3 (SD = 0.2) x 3.2 (SD = 0.2) micr., Q = 1.05 (SD = 0.04), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 438. 3-3,5(2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. 3-4 (3) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. 2,9-3,5(4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 109. 2,5-3,5 Canon G11, 6.1-30mm/f2.8-4.5
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