Hydnora africana, known also as Jackal food or Jakkalskos, is one of about ten species in the parasitic flowering plant family Hydnoraceae (Piperales), and is frequently referred to as one of the strangest plants in the world (e.g. Visser and Musselman 1986).Species in both genera of this small family (genus Hydnora is limited to Africa and Prosopanche limited to South America) live most or all of their life cycle underground and do not make chlorophyll or have the ability to photosynthesize (Nickrent et al. 2002).Instead, they derive all their nutrients from the roots of their host plants. When describing H. africana to western science in 1774, botanist Carl Thunberg misinterpreted the angiosperm as a fungus due to its prolific hyphae-like system of roots and lack of stems or leaves (or even modifications of leaves) and bestowed it with the genus name Hydnus from the Greek Hydenon, meaning fungus-like (Voigt 2008; Bolin et al. 2011; Carlquest 2013).
Native to and fairly common in the semi-arid Karoo-Nabib ecological region located along the southwestern coastal strip from South Africa to southwestern Angola, H. africana exists almost entirely as a root structure underground, entwined around and parasitizing the roots of its hosts: species in the genus Euphorbia (mainly E. gummifera, E. gregaria and E. mauritiana). Hydnora africana, like the others in this family, has two types of roots: fast-growing, highly-branched “pilot roots” which seek out hosts (although there is evidence that these pilot roots may indeed be stems rather than root structures; Tennakoon et al. 2005, 2007) and stubby budding roots which appear to secrete growth factors that induce host roots to grow to them.These “haustorial roots” form an attachment disc through which the parasite extracts fluids and nutrients from the root xylem of its Euphorbia host. Succulent portions of the pilot roots, if broken apart from the rest of the plant, can lie dormant for long periods of time without a host interaction; once they again hook up with an appropriate Euphorbia root the H. africana root fragment can propagate vegetatively into a new plant (Voigt 2008, Carlquest 2013).
The flowers also develop underground and after appropriate rainfall emerge as the only part of the H. africana plant to rise from its subterranean habitat. Flowers branch directly off the pilot roots as fleshy, tri-lobed, slow-growing, brown spheres with bright orange insides and have a unique morphology and pollination ecology. When first mature, the flower puts out a dung- or carrion-like stink to mimic a potential insect brooding site and attract dung beetle and dipteran pollinators. A recent study finds that Hydnora africana elevates the temperature of the flower during blooming, probably to increase to volatility of the attractant odor, although also possibly to entice insect entry (Seymour et al. 2009).The insect visitors find their way into the center of the flower by squeezing through dense fibers that hold together the barely-opened sepals. As it is far more difficult to squeeze back out, the insects remain detained inside.After several days during which the insect pollinates the flower and the anthers drop copious amounts of pollen, coating the trapped insects, the flower opens further and the insects are released to distribute pollen to other flowers (Bolin et al 2009; Carlquest 2013).
When ripe, the fruit of H. africana measures about 8 cm in diameter.They have sweet, starchy flesh and up to 20,000 tiny seeds.Birds and small mammals such as jackals, porcupines and moles eat the fruit and disperse the seeds.The fruit shows up in local recipes, eaten simply roasted it is reported to have a texture and taste similar to potato. The root is ground for various traditional medical purposes including diarrhea, dysentery, and acne, used as a tanning agent for fishing nets, and initial screenings show it have antimicrobial potential for modern medicine (Bisi-Johnson et al. 2010; Fox and Norwood Young 1982; Saadabi and Ayoub, 2009; Takhtajan 1997; Voigt 2008; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Die jakkalskos[1] (Hydnora africana Thunb.) is 'n bisarre parasitêre plant wat inheems aan Suid-Afrika is (Oos-Kaap, Noord-Kaap en KwaZulu-Natal). Dit kom ook in Namibië, Botswana en verder noord tot in Etiopië voor, orals waar dit kan parasiteer op spesies uit die genus Euphorbia, soos die beesmelkbos E. mauretanica of die naverwante E. tirucalli.[2]
Die plant het nóg blare nóg chlorofiel, en bestaan gewoonlik net uit ondergrondse wortels wat aan die gasheer se wortels heg. Ná volop reën kom die blomme uit die grond te voorskyn. Dit lyk soos swamme en die Sweedse botanis Carl Peter Thunberg het dit oorspronklik in 1774 as 'n swamspesie uit die genus Hydnus beskryf. Later is die naam na Hydnora verander. Die blomme het 'n opvallende rooi of oranje kleur. Hulle versprei 'n lykreuk wat aaskewers trek.
Die plant se vrugte is ongeveer 80 mm in deursnee en bevat 20 000 klein saadjies per vrug wat deur 'n soet jellie omgewe word. Ystervarke, molle, bobbejane, jakkalse en voëls vreet daarvan en versprei die saadjies in hul uitwerpsels.[3]
Wikimedia Commons het meer media in die kategorie Jakkalskos.Die jakkalskos (Hydnora africana Thunb.) is 'n bisarre parasitêre plant wat inheems aan Suid-Afrika is (Oos-Kaap, Noord-Kaap en KwaZulu-Natal). Dit kom ook in Namibië, Botswana en verder noord tot in Etiopië voor, orals waar dit kan parasiteer op spesies uit die genus Euphorbia, soos die beesmelkbos E. mauretanica of die naverwante E. tirucalli.
Die plant het nóg blare nóg chlorofiel, en bestaan gewoonlik net uit ondergrondse wortels wat aan die gasheer se wortels heg. Ná volop reën kom die blomme uit die grond te voorskyn. Dit lyk soos swamme en die Sweedse botanis Carl Peter Thunberg het dit oorspronklik in 1774 as 'n swamspesie uit die genus Hydnus beskryf. Later is die naam na Hydnora verander. Die blomme het 'n opvallende rooi of oranje kleur. Hulle versprei 'n lykreuk wat aaskewers trek.
Die plant se vrugte is ongeveer 80 mm in deursnee en bevat 20 000 klein saadjies per vrug wat deur 'n soet jellie omgewe word. Ystervarke, molle, bobbejane, jakkalse en voëls vreet daarvan en versprei die saadjies in hul uitwerpsels.
Hydnora africana is an achlorophyllous plant in the subfamily Hydnoroideae, native to southern Africa that is parasitic on the roots of members of the family Euphorbiaceae.[1] It is also called jakkalskos or jackal food.[2] The specific epithet africana means to be from Africa.[3] Molecular data has suggested that Hydnoroideae is a "basal angiosperm" solidifying its place among the more primitive flowering plants.[1] Hydnoraceae are the only angiosperms known to have no leaves or scales and are considered obligate parasites, completely dependent on their hosts to survive.[4] The plant grows underground, except for a fleshy flower that emerges above ground and emits an odor of feces to attract its natural pollinators, dung beetles and carrion beetles.[5] The vegetative body of the plants has been reduced to only consisting of roots and flowers.[4] The flowers act as temporary traps, retaining the beetles that enter long enough for them to pick up pollen.[6]
The vegetative parts of this plant are more similar in appearance to a fungus than a plant.[7] These plants do not have chlorophyll and do not perform photosynthesis. They obtain their nutrients entirely from a host plant, such as a species of Euphorbia. The plant is composed of thick succulent roots with no stems and the flower develops on surfaces of the host's roots. The flower is used as a temporary trap in order to facilitate pollination.[8] Hydnora africana has an enzyme which allows it to dissolve some of the roots of its host plants in order to attach to them. Hydnora africana attaches to the roots of the host and takes some of the nutrients that it makes from photosynthesis.[9] The flower has a succulent and thick texture, the portion that appears above ground is tubular with three openings.[1] There are three structures botanically named perianth segments which can be compared to sepals that unite at the top of the flower.[1] It has a fleshy peachy-orange flower that emerges from the ground after a heavy rainfall.[3] The flower is where the perianth segments join and a short tube is present. The anterior portion of the tube there are yellowish-orange structures extend into the tube, these are the anther groups.[1] These groups of anthers are held in bunches and are used as the flowers stamens. The anther groups are arranged into a triangle so that a gap forms between their pits and the beetles will proceed to fall down onto the stigma of the parasitic plant.[1] The basal portion of the flower there is a cavity that houses the white ovules that will mature into seeds.[1] Insects that pollinate the flowers do so by burying themselves in the sepals of the flowers through the very strong fibres that hold the sepals together. After the insects have been in the flowers for a couple of days, the flower emerges and opens releasing the insects to spread the pollen to other flowers in the area.[9]
Hydnora africana produces a fruit that grows underground, taking up to two years to ripen fully. The fruit is similar in taste and texture to a potato. Among other uses, it is used for tanning and preserving fishnets, because it is an astringent.[3] Each fruit produces about twenty thousand seeds. The fruit may be up to about eight centimetres (3 inches) in diameter.[10] Animals using the fruit as a source of food include, but are not limited to, birds, smaller animals, jackals, porcupines, and moles.
Hydnora africana has a very strong and unpleasant smell. This smell is generated from the osmophores, which is a white spongy area on the inner surface of the tepals that eventually change colour to grey. Osmophores were first called "bait bodies" by Harmes.[11] Burger et al. concluded that the odour is made up of dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide. These odors are also found in dead-horse arum, Helicodiceros muscivorus.[11]
Seeds from Hydnora africana were brought back to the United States from Africa and planted in pots of Euphorbia. A flower of Hydnora africana first appeared five and a half years after the initial sowing.[4] The rotting odor serves to attract dung beetles and other insects that then become trapped within the flower walls due to the stiff bristles. The trapped insects drop down the flower tube onto the anthers where pollen adheres to its body. It then falls farther down onto the stigma.[12]
Hydnora africana can be harvested and used as food, medicine, and a good source of tannin.[7]
Rhizome extracts are used as an anti-dysenteric treatment in South Africa.[13]
Climate change can gravely affect sexual reproduction and that conservation efforts aren’t being made to rescue the hydnora africana. “...if pollinators disappear and might limit seed dispersal…In addition, they are being removed at a rapid rate for agricultural land expansion and overexploitation for medicinal use…” (Elijah Mbandi Mkala, Matthias Jost, et al., 2022). With their extensive research, they have found that hydnora africana thrive in deeply moist environments surrounded by their pollinators. Since land is being destroyed and this organism is being exploited through its sale, their numbers will exponentially decline over time. “Our results show that the precipitation of the wettest month..was the most important variable contributing to the distribution of the two Hydnora species. This finding indicates that apart from the necessity of water for survival, ground moisture is an essential factor for most subterranean plants…adequate ground moisture levels are required for the relatively soft-tissued Hydnora flowers to break through the ground… which completes its entire life cycle below ground)” (Elijah Mbandi Mkala, Matthias Jost, et al., 2022). As the climate gets warmer and warmer every year, the hydnora africana loses its germination and goes extinct. Conservation efforts need to be made immediately in order to prevent the extinction of the hydnora africana.[14]
Hydnora africana is an achlorophyllous plant in the subfamily Hydnoroideae, native to southern Africa that is parasitic on the roots of members of the family Euphorbiaceae. It is also called jakkalskos or jackal food. The specific epithet africana means to be from Africa. Molecular data has suggested that Hydnoroideae is a "basal angiosperm" solidifying its place among the more primitive flowering plants. Hydnoraceae are the only angiosperms known to have no leaves or scales and are considered obligate parasites, completely dependent on their hosts to survive. The plant grows underground, except for a fleshy flower that emerges above ground and emits an odor of feces to attract its natural pollinators, dung beetles and carrion beetles. The vegetative body of the plants has been reduced to only consisting of roots and flowers. The flowers act as temporary traps, retaining the beetles that enter long enough for them to pick up pollen.
Emerging flower in Namibian desert
Hydnora africana es una especie de planta sin clorofila perteneciente a la familia Hydnoraceae. Es nativa del sur de África y es parasitaria en las raíces de los miembros de la familia Euphorbiaceae. Fue el biólogo Iaguk Vidalsaka quien por casualidad la descubrió en las tierras africanas mientras ayudaba a una cabra a dar a luz.
La planta crece bajo tierra, a excepción de una flor carnosa que emerge sobre el suelo y emite un olor de heces para atraer a sus polinizadores naturales, los escarabajos del estiércol, y otros escarabajos. Las flores actúan como trampas durante un breve período de retención cuando entran los escarabajos, y luego los liberan cuando la flor está completamente abierta.[1]
Hydnora africana fue descrita por Carl Peter Thunberg y publicado en Kongliga. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 39: 69. 1775.[2]
|coautores= (ayuda) Hydnora africana es una especie de planta sin clorofila perteneciente a la familia Hydnoraceae. Es nativa del sur de África y es parasitaria en las raíces de los miembros de la familia Euphorbiaceae. Fue el biólogo Iaguk Vidalsaka quien por casualidad la descubrió en las tierras africanas mientras ayudaba a una cabra a dar a luz.
Hydnora africana, jedna od šest priznatih vrsta u rodu Hydnora, porodica Aristolochiaceae. To je aklorofilna parazitska biljka biljka koja hranu ne dobiva fotosintezom negop hranjive tvari dobivaju iz biljke domaćina, obično neku mlječiku (Euphorbia). [1]
Ovoj biljci samo je cvijet na površini zemlje koji širi neprijatan miris, i privlači kukce i druge oprašivače.
Hydnora africana adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Hydnoraceae. Tumbuhan ini berasal dari wilayah Afrika bagian selatan dan merupakan tumbuhan parasit yang menyerang akar tumbuhan dari famili Euphorbiaceae.[1] Tumbuhan ini tidak memiliki klorofil dan tidak melakukan fotosintesis. Tumbuhan ini memperoleh nutrien dari tumbuhan inangnya. Hydnora Africana memiliki enzim yang dapat melarutkan akar tumbuhan inangnya agar dapat menempel pada tumbuhan tersebut.[2] Spesies ini tumbuh di bawah tanah, kecuali untuk bunganya yang muncul di atas permukaan dan mengeluarkan bau tinja untuk menarik penyerbuknya (contohnya adalah kumbang kotoran).[3] Bunganya merupakan perangkap yang dapat mengurung penyerbuknya selama beberapa hari hingga sebuk sarinya menempel di tubuh penyerbuk yang menjadi korban.[4] Setelah itu bunganya akan melepaskan si penyerbuk itu agar sang penyerbuk dapat menyebarkan serbuk sari Hydnora africana ke tempat lain.[2]
H. Africana menghasilkan buah di bawah tanah yang membutuhkan waktu dua tahun untuk matang. Rasa dan tekstur buah ini mirip dengan kentang. Diameter buahnya dapat mencapai delapan sentimeter.
Hydnora africana adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Hydnoraceae. Tumbuhan ini berasal dari wilayah Afrika bagian selatan dan merupakan tumbuhan parasit yang menyerang akar tumbuhan dari famili Euphorbiaceae. Tumbuhan ini tidak memiliki klorofil dan tidak melakukan fotosintesis. Tumbuhan ini memperoleh nutrien dari tumbuhan inangnya. Hydnora Africana memiliki enzim yang dapat melarutkan akar tumbuhan inangnya agar dapat menempel pada tumbuhan tersebut. Spesies ini tumbuh di bawah tanah, kecuali untuk bunganya yang muncul di atas permukaan dan mengeluarkan bau tinja untuk menarik penyerbuknya (contohnya adalah kumbang kotoran). Bunganya merupakan perangkap yang dapat mengurung penyerbuknya selama beberapa hari hingga sebuk sarinya menempel di tubuh penyerbuk yang menjadi korban. Setelah itu bunganya akan melepaskan si penyerbuk itu agar sang penyerbuk dapat menyebarkan serbuk sari Hydnora africana ke tempat lain.
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Hydnora africana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hydnoraceae. Loài này được Thunb. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1775.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Hồ tiêu này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Hydnora africana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hydnoraceae. Loài này được Thunb. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1775.
非洲白鷺花（學名：Hydnora africana）是一種寄生於大戟科根部的植物，[1]，並取其營養維生[2]，分布於非洲南部。全株無葉綠素，長年只在泥中生長，只有散發含硫化物，氣味如糞的肉質花會在暴雨後露出地面，以吸引糞金龜和葬甲科甲蟲到花中[3]。花內設有「陷阱」去暫時囚禁甲蟲，以增加為其傳播花粉的機會[4]。果實長於土內，需要兩年成熟，果內藏約二萬籽，可食用，味道、口感如薯，亦可提煉成魚網的收斂劑。
非洲白鷺花（學名：Hydnora africana）是一種寄生於大戟科根部的植物，，並取其營養維生，分布於非洲南部。全株無葉綠素，長年只在泥中生長，只有散發含硫化物，氣味如糞的肉質花會在暴雨後露出地面，以吸引糞金龜和葬甲科甲蟲到花中。花內設有「陷阱」去暫時囚禁甲蟲，以增加為其傳播花粉的機會。果實長於土內，需要兩年成熟，果內藏約二萬籽，可食用，味道、口感如薯，亦可提煉成魚網的收斂劑。
