Scilloideae (named after the genus Scilla, "squill") is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family Asparagaceae. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus Hyacinthus. Scilloideae or Hyacinthaceae include many familiar garden plants such as Hyacinthus (hyacinths), Hyacinthoides (bluebells), Muscari (grape hyacinths) and Scilla and Puschkinia (squills or scillas). Some are important as cut flowers.
Scilloideae are distributed mostly in Mediterranean climates, including South Africa, Central Asia and South America. Their flowers have six tepals and six stamens with a superior ovary, which previously placed them within the lily family (Liliaceae), and their leaves are fleshy, mucilaginous, and arranged in a basal rosette.
The Scilloideae, like most lily-like monocots, were at one time placed in a very broadly defined lily family (Liliaceae). The subfamily is recognized in modern classification systems such as the APG III system of 2009. It is also treated as the separate family Hyacinthaceae, as it is by many researchers and was in earlier APG systems. Determining the boundaries between genera within the Scilloideae is an active area of research. The number of genera varies widely from source to source, from about 30 to about 70. The situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".[3]
The subfamily contains many popular spring-flowering garden bulbs, such as hyacinths (Hyacinthus), grape hyacinths (Muscari), bluebells (Hyacinthoides) and squills (Scilla). Other members are summer- and autumn-flowering, including Galtonia and Eucomis ('pineapple lilies'). Most are native to Mediterranean climate zones and neighboring areas in the Mediterranean Basin and South Africa. Others are found in Central Asia, the Far East and South America.
Morphologically the subfamily is characterised by having 6 tepals and 6 stamens with a superior ovary, a characteristic which placed them within the older order of Liliales in many older classification systems, such as the Cronquist system, but they now separate from them within the Asparagales order. They have also been included in the family Liliaceae.
Roots: contractile and mucilaginous.
Leaves: fleshy and mucilaginous arranged in a basal rosette, alternate and spiral, simple, margin entire, with parallel venation, sheathing at the base, without stipules and hair simple.
Flowers: arranged in scapiflorous inflorescences (in racemes, in spikes, and in heads). The peduncles are articulated. The flowers are hermaphroditic, actinomorphic, often showy.
Perianths: six tepals divided into two whorls, free or joined (connate). When joined, the perianth forms a tubular bell. The tepals are imbricate and petaloid. The corolla may be white, yellow, violet, blue, brown and even black (see images).
Androecium: composed of 6 stamens (exceptionally 3, as in Albuca, for example), with the filaments free or adnate to the tube, often appendiculate. The anthers are dorsifixed and pollen dehiscence occurs by longitudinal openings. The pollen is monosulcate (having a linear furrow).
Gynoecium: superior ovary, tricarpelate, connate and trilocular. Single stigma, capitate to 3-lobed. May contain from one to several ovules in each locule. They have nectaries at the septa of the ovaries.
Fruit: dehiscence loculicidal.
Seed: Seed morphology is diverse, from globular to flattened, and occasionally aril. The seed coat usually contains phytomelan (phytomelanin), one of the defining characteristics of the order, a black pigment present in the seed coat, creating a dark crust.
Chromosomes: Chromosome size varies widely, from 1.2 to 18 µm in length, karyotype bimodal or trimodal. The basic chromosome number is also very variable (X = 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, etc.).[4][5]
When treated as a subfamily, the name Scilloideae is derived from the generic name of the type genus, Scilla, and is attributed to Gilbert Thomas Burnett in 1835.[1] When treated as a family, the name Hyacinthaceae is derived from the type genus Hyacinthus, and is usually attributed to August Batsch from ("ex") a 1797 publication by Moritz Borkhausen.[2]
The monophyly of Scilloideae is well supported by studies based on molecular data.[6] These studies also give support to the exclusion of Camassia, Chlorogalum and related genera, i.e. the former Hyacinthaceae subfamily Chlorogaloideae, now placed in the subfamily Agavoideae.[7][8]
The exact position of the Scilloideae within the broadly defined Asparagaceae is less clear. One possible phylogeny for the seven subfamilies recognised within the family is shown below.[9]
AsparagaceaeScilloideae
Although generally agreeing on the main division of the Asparagaceae into two clades, studies have produced slightly different relationships among the Agavoideae, Aphyllanthoideae, Brodiaeoideae and Scilloideae. For example, Seberg et al. (2012) present analyses based on parsimony and on maximum likelihood. In the first, the Scilloideae are sister to the Agavoideae; in the second, they are sister to the Brodiaeoideae.[6]
Detailed historical accounts of taxonomic issues relating to the modern subfamily Scilloideae have been provided by Pfosser & Speta (1999)[10] and Chase et al. (2009).[3] The lilioid monocots have long created classification problems. At one extreme, e.g. in the Cronquist system of 1968, they have been regarded as one large family (Liliaceae sensu lato). At the other extreme, e.g. in the Dahlgren system of 1985, they have been divided between orders and split into many often small families. Dahlgren divided the lilioid monocots in search of monophyly, but in practice he was unsuccessful. His major contribution was to split the Liliaceae into two families, the true Liliaceae, Liliaceae sensu stricto, and the Hyacinthaceae (families which are now placed in separate orders, Liliales and Asparagales).
Splitting off the Hyacinthaceae from the Liliaceae was originally suggested by Batsch in 1786.[11] Batsch's version of the family only superficially resembles the modern version, but did include Hyacinthus and Lachenalia. The group was reduced to a tribe by Endlicher in 1836, and included Camassia. In 1866 Salisbury redistributed the genera into several families.[12] In the 1870s, Baker used tribes to divide up the Liliaceae s.l.. introducing the Hyacintheae, Scilleae, Massonieae, and Chlorogaleae.[13] In 1887 Engler divided the Liliaceae s.l. into two tribes, Lilieaoe and Scilleae.[14] In the twentieth century, Fritsch proposed the division of Liliaceae s.l. into smaller more homogeneous families.[15] In the 1930s the Viennese school elevated Engler's tribes to subfamilies.[16] They questioned the inclusion of such different groups as Lilioideae and Scilloideae within the same family, and even Scilloideae was considered to be composed of at least three groups.[17] By 1969, Huber was recognizing the Scilloideae as the family Hyacinthaceae, and dividing it into tribes.[18] How many tribes were recognised and how the genera were distributed within those tribes depended on the diagnostic characters chosen. Huber used seeds, while Schulze in 1980 used pollen.[19] Morphology and chromosome analysis were supplemented by chemotaxonomy, due to the presence of cardiac steroids, such as the bufadienolids in the Urgineoideae and cardenolids in Ornithogaloideae. Even Linnaean genera such as Hyacinthus, Scilla and Ornithoglum proved heterogeneous and characters useful in other families failed to define satisfactory taxa.
Modern classification systems for plants are largely derived from molecular phylogenetic analysis. The initial molecular analysis of the Liliaceae s.l. was based on the Dahlgren system, as for example in the work by Chase et al. in 1995.[7] When it was discovered that the Dahlgren families were not monophyletic, the tendency was to create new families out of each identified clade, as in the first Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system of 1998, the APG system. This placed many lilioid families and genera in the order Asparagales (a term derived from Dahlgren, and the largest monocot order). One of the 29 families into which the Asparagales were divided was the Hyacinthaceae.[20]
With further work it was evident that these 29 families, some of which had few genera, could be grouped into larger clades. The APG II system of 2003 was a compromise. It divided the Asparagales into 14 broadly defined families, while allowing an alternative system in which some of the larger families could be replaced by smaller ones. The Hyacinthaceae was one of these optional smaller families, which could alternatively be sunk into a broadly defined Asparagaceae.[21]
This compromise approach was abandoned in the APG III system of 2009, which allowed only the broader families. The paper presenting the system states "The area around Asparagaceae is difficult from the standpoint of circumscription. Although Asparagaceae s.l. are heterogeneous and poorly characterized, Asparagaceae s.s., Agavaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Ruscaceae and even Hyacinthaceae have few if any distinctive features."[22] At the same time, Chase et al. provided subfamilies to replace the alternative narrowly defined families of APG II. The Hyacinthaceae became the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae.[3]
Many sources have adopted the APG III system; for example, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families places genera such as Hyacinthus only in the broadly defined Asparagaceae.[23] Other sources prefer to retain the narrower families of APG II; for example, Seberg et al. say that it "remains a moot point whether the difficult-to-recognize bracketed families of APG II are a worse or a better choice than the equally difficult-to-recognize subfamilies of APG III", and in their analyses of the phylogeny of the Asparagales they continue to use families such as Hyacinthaceae.[6]
In 1990, Pfosser and Speta stated that their earlier classification of the Hyacinthaceae into the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae, Ornithogaloideae, Oziroeoideae and Urgineoideae continued to be supported by ongoing studies. (They further divided the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae and Ornithogaloideae into tribes.)[10] A part of reducing the Hyacinthaceae to the subfamily Scilloideae, Chase et al. (2009) suggested dividing it into four tribes, corresponding to Pfosser and Speta's four subfamilies: Hyacintheae Dumort., Ornithogaleae Rouy, Oziroëeae M.W.Chase, Reveal & M.F.Fay and Urgineeae Rouy.[3] The possible relationship of the four tribes is represented in the following cladogram,[24] which has, however, only "moderate" statistical support.[5]
ScilloideaeOziroëeae
Ornithogaleae
Urgineeae
HyacintheaePseudoprospero
Massoniinae
Hyacinthinae
The exact boundaries between genera within these tribes remains controversial;[10][24][25] the situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".[3]
Species are found only in western South America. They have flowers with stamens which are joined to the petals, rounded seeds and the embryo as long as the seed. The basic chromosome numbers are n = 15, 17. The tribe contains only the genus Oziroë.[5]
In terms of the number of species, this is the largest tribe. Its species are distributed in Europe, western Asia and Africa. They have flowers with three stamens which have flattened filaments. Their seeds are flattened and angular. The basic chromosome numbers range from n = 2 to n = 10.[5] In the treatment by Manning et al. (2009) and Stevens at the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, the tribe contains four genera, Albuca (about 110–140 species), Dipcadi, Ornithogalum (about 160 species, including Galtonia and Neopatersonia) and Pseudogaltonia.[5][26] By contrast, Martínez-Azorín et al. (2011) divide the tribe into 19 genera.[27]
Species within this tribe contain bufadienolides and are distributed mainly in Africa, Madagascar, and the Mediterranean through to India. The seeds are flattened and winged with the head barely attached to the endosperm. The basic chromosome numbers are n = 6, 7 and 10.[5] Depending on the source, the tribe may include the genera Bowiea, Drimia (including Urginea), Schizobasis (sometimes included in Drimia) and Fusifilum (also sometimes included in Drimia).[24]
In terms of the number of species, this is the second largest tribe. Its species have leaves with pustules or spots, rounded seeds and contain homoisoflavanones. The tribe can in turn be divided into three clades (subtribes):[5]
Some genera that were formerly placed within the Scillioideae (as Hyacinthaceae), e.g., Chlorogalum and Camassia, are currently placed in the Agavoideae.[29]
Both historically and as of March 2013, there has been "considerable disagreement over generic limits" in the remaining Scilloideae, with different sources listing from 15 to 45 genera for sub-Saharan Africa alone.[5] The total number of genera has been given as anything between about 30 (with about 500–700 species)[4] and 70 (with about 1000 species).[10]
Unless otherwise noted, the list below is based on genera accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as in the family Asparagaceae (with synonyms from the same source),[30] with assignments to the subfamily Scilloideae based on the Germplasm Resources Information Network.[31] As noted above, other sources divide up some of these genera, creating a significantly larger number; thus the genus Ornithogalum as conceived by Manning et al. (2009) is divided by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2011) into a more narrowly circumscribed Ornithogalum plus an additional 11 genera.[27]
Scilloideae are widely but discontinuously distributed. The genus Oziroe is found only in parts of western South America. Other genera occur in Africa south of the Sahara and parts of the Arabian Peninsula, on both sides of the Mediterranean, further north in Europe through the Middle East to India, and on the east coast of Asia, in China, Korea and Japan. Scilloideae are found in temperate to tropical habitats, but are more diverse in areas of Mediterranean climate (i.e., with a pronounced dry season during the summer).
Scilloideae reproduce both sexually and asexually. The showy flowers of many species of the subfamily are pollinated by a wide range of insects including bees, wasps, flies and moths, as well as birds. Both nectar and pollen act as incentives to pollinating species. Vegetative reproduction may be by bulbils or by seeds through apomixis. The dispersal of seeds may occur by water, wind, or by ants attracted by elaiosomes.
Many members of the subfamily are popular garden plants, such as Hyacinthus, Muscari, Scilla, Puschkinia, Hyacinthoides, and Ornithogalum (including those formerly placed in Galtonia).
In South Africa the species of Eucomis, Ornithogalum, Veltheimia, among others, are grown as ornamentals. Ornithogalum thyrsoides and the different cultivars of hyacinths are important in the cut flower market.[34]
Drimia maritima, the sea squill, has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Its use for treatment of edema is mentioned in a papyrus from 1554 BC, the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Bufadienolides isolated from Drimia maritima and Drimia indica are used for the production of substances for the treatment of heart conditions.
The Scilloideae are only occasionally used as food plants for humans. In Italy the bulbs of Leopoldia comosa are grown for food[35] and in Greece they are consumed as pickles. In France the inflorescence of Ornithogalum pyrenaicum is consumed as a vegetable. In Africa some tribes consume the bulbs of Ledebouria apertiflora and Ledebouria revoluta.
Many Scilloideae produce poisonous steroidal saponins such as bufadienolides and cardenolides, making them inedible.
Several species are toxic. In South Africa, for example, Ornithogalum thyrsoides, and several Ledebouria species (Ledebouria cooperi, L. inguinata, L. ovatifolia, L. revoluta), Ornithogalum saundersiae and several members of the tribe Urgineeae are poisonous to livestock. Scilliroside (a bufadienolide) is used to poison rats, traditionally by spreading dried chips of Drimia maritima bulbs.[36]
Scilloideae (named after the genus Scilla, "squill") is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family Asparagaceae. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus Hyacinthus. Scilloideae or Hyacinthaceae include many familiar garden plants such as Hyacinthus (hyacinths), Hyacinthoides (bluebells), Muscari (grape hyacinths) and Scilla and Puschkinia (squills or scillas). Some are important as cut flowers.
Scilloideae are distributed mostly in Mediterranean climates, including South Africa, Central Asia and South America. Their flowers have six tepals and six stamens with a superior ovary, which previously placed them within the lily family (Liliaceae), and their leaves are fleshy, mucilaginous, and arranged in a basal rosette.
The Scilloideae, like most lily-like monocots, were at one time placed in a very broadly defined lily family (Liliaceae). The subfamily is recognized in modern classification systems such as the APG III system of 2009. It is also treated as the separate family Hyacinthaceae, as it is by many researchers and was in earlier APG systems. Determining the boundaries between genera within the Scilloideae is an active area of research. The number of genera varies widely from source to source, from about 30 to about 70. The situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".
Las escilóideas (nombre científico Scilloideae) forman una subfamilia de plantas herbáceas, bulbosas y perennes que se incluyen dentro de las asparagáceas. Sus casi 1000 especies se distribuyen predominantemente en climas mediterráneos, especialmente en Sudáfrica y el Mediterráneo hasta Asia Central y Birmania (algunas en Sudamérica). Las flores de los integrantes de esta subfamilia poseen seis tépalos, seis estambres y un gineceo con ovario súpero, por eso se las solía ubicar dentro de las liliáceas. Se caracterizan por sus hojas bastante carnosas y mucilaginosas que se disponen en una roseta basal y por poseer compuestos venenosos por lo que sus especies no son comestibles.
Algunos géneros de escilóideas son muy populares en jardinería, como Hyacinthus (el conocido jacinto), importante como planta cultivada y como flor cortada, y otros como Muscari, Scilla, Hyacinthoides y Ornithogalum.[1] [2] [3] [4]
Las escilóideas son plantas herbáceas que crecen a partir de bulbos. Las raíces son contráctiles. Poseen saponinas esteroideas, esteroides venenosos (bufadienólidos y cardenólidos) y canales o células mucilaginosas.
Las hojas se disponen en una roseta basal, son bastante carnosas y mucilaginosas, alternas y espiraladas, simples, de margen entero, con venación paralela, envainadoras en la base, sin estípulas y con pelos simples.
Las flores se hallan dispuestas en inflorescencias indeterminadas —usualmente racimos o también espigas— en la extremidad de un escapo áfilo. Los pedicelos no son articulados. Las flores son hermafroditas, actinomorfas, muchas veces vistosas. El perigonio está compuesto de seis tépalos distribuidos en dos ciclos, separados o unidos entre sí. Cuando se hallan unidos, el perigonio presenta forma de campana o forma tubular. Los tépalos son imbricados y petaloideos. Los colores de la corola pueden ser blanco, amarillo, violeta, azul, marrón e, incluso, negro. Una muestra de la diversidad de la subfamilia para la coloración de las flores se aprecia en las figuras que acompañan al texto.
El androceo está compuesto por seis estambres —excepcionalmente 3, como en Albuca, por ejemplo— con los filamentos separados a connados, a veces adnatos a los tépalos, muchas veces con apéndices. Las anteras son dorsifijas y la dehiscencia del polen ocurre por aberturas longitudinales. El polen es monosulcado.
El gineceo es de ovario súpero, formado por tres carpelos unidos entre sí que delimitan tres lóculos. Presenta un solo estigma, capitado o con tres lóbulos. Pueden contener desde uno a varios óvulos en cada lóculo. Poseen nectarios en los septos de los ovarios. El fruto es una cápsula loculicida.
Las semillas presentan una morfología muy diversa, desde globosas hasta aplanadas, ocasionalmente con estructuras de tipo arilo. La cubierta seminal usualmente presenta fitomelaninas y las capas internas comprimidas o colapsadas. El endosperma es oleoso.
El tamaño de los cromosomas es muy variable, desde 1,2 a 18 µm de longitud, con cariotipos bi- o trimodales. El número cromosómico básico también es muy variable (X= 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, etc.).[3] [4]
Las escilóideas se hallan ampliamente distribuidas en Europa, África y Asia, en hábitats templados a tropicales, pero son más diversas en áreas de clima mediterráneo —es decir, con una estación seca pronunciada durante el verano—. Las vistosas flores de muchas de las especies de la subfamilia son polinizadas por una amplia gama de insectos —abejas, avispas, moscas, polillas— y de pájaros, y tanto el néctar como el polen son ofrecidos como recompensa de la polinización.
Se reproducen tanto en forma sexual como asexual. En este último caso, la multiplicación puede ser vegetativa, a través de los bulbillos que crecen al lado del bulbo madre, o por apomixis.
La dispersión de las semillas puede ocurrir por agua, viento, o por medio de hormigas ya que muchas especies presentan elaiosomas que ofrecen aceite como recompensa.
El género sudamericano Oziroë divergió de las restantes escilóideas en el Oligoceno, hace 28 millones de años. La divergencia de los otros clados comenzó hace 18,8 millones de años, durante el Mioceno temprano. Las escilóideas aparentemente se originaron en África subsahariana y luego se dispersaron hacia el norte y el este.[3]
Existen todavía profundos desacuerdos entre los especialistas acerca de los límites de la subfamilia, el número de géneros que posee y la inclusión de algunos taxones, por lo que en los próximos años[¿cuándo?] seguramente van a existir modificaciones en la taxonomía de las escilóideas, cuando los datos citogenéticos, morfológicos y moleculares arrojen más luz sobre el tema.[3]
La monofilia de las escilóideas se haya sustentada por el análisis filogenético de datos moleculares, lo que también dan sostén a la exclusión de Camassia, Chlorogalum y géneros relacionados, los que actualmente se consideran miembros herbáceos de Agavoideae. Los mismos se distinguen de las escilódeas por su cariotipo bimodal, la combinación de semillas más o menos globosas con una testa firmemente adherida, los tépalos usualmente multinervados y los estigmas distintivamente trilobados.[3] Un cladograma que representa las relaciones entre los cuatro clados monofiléticos de las escilóideas es el siguiente:
No obstante, la ubicación exacta de las escilóideas dentro de las asparagales es poco clara. Puede estar relacionada con Brodiaeoideae, y estos dos clados pueden estar asociados con las agavóideas. Otras asociaciones son menos probables.[5][6][7][8][9] Esta falta de certeza en la ubicación del clado dentro del orden Asparagales hace que la determinación de las sinapomorfías morfológicas tampoco sea clara. La presencia de bulbos y esteroides venenosos son dos de las característcias que unen a todos los miembros de la subfamilia. El tipo de inflorescencia distingue a las escilóideas de Brodiaeoideae, Allioideae y Amaryllidoideae, todos los cuales tienen inflorescencias umbeladas. El hábito herbáceo y la presencia de bulbo las distingue de las agavóideas.[3]
Las escilóideas, con algunas variaciones en su circunscripción, han sido reconocidas en el pasado como una familia independiente (Hyacinthaceae).[10] En la actualidad se las considera como una subfamilia dentro de las asparagáceas.[11]
Los integrantes de esta subfamilia han sido distribuidos en cuatro tribus, las más grandes de las cuales son Ornithogaleae (con brácteas grandes, núcleo con cristales proteínicos) y Hyacintheae (con brácteas usualmente pequeñas, sin cristales proteínicos. Los límites entre muchos de los géneros son todavìa materia de controversia entre los especialistas.[2][12][13]
Las cuatro tribus, sus sinónimos y algunas de sus características diferenciales relacionadas con el androceo, la semilla y el número cromosómico son:[2][12][13]
Algunos géneros tradicionalmente reconocidos como independientes, han sido reducidos a sinonimia. Así, Botryanthus ha sido incluido en Muscari; Androsiphon en Daubenya; Brachyscypha en Lachenalia; Neobakeria y Whiteheadia en Massonia; Resnova en Drimiopsis; Elsiea, Neopatersonia y Galtonia en Ornithogalum; Endymion en Hyacinthoides; × Chionoscilla en Scilla y Urgineopsis en Urginea.[15] Por otro lado, los géneros Camassia y Chlorogalum, hasta hace poco tiempo reconocidos dentro de Scilloideae, actualmente[¿cuándo?] han sido dispuestos en la subfamilia Agavoideae.
Los géneros más representados son Ornithogalum (200 especies), Drimia (100 especies), Albuca (50 especies), Muscari (50 especies), y Scilla (30 especies).
Los siguientes géneros son aceptados dentro de la subfamilia:
Charybdis marítima Speta (sin. Urginea marítima), ha sido utilizada como planta medicinal desde tiempos inmemoriales. De hecho, su empleo para el tratamiento de edemas está mencionada en un papiro de 1554 a. C. del Imperio Medio de Egipto. Los compuestos bufadienolidos aislados de C. maritima y Urginea indica se utilizan para la producción de sustancias para el tratamiento de afecciones cardíacas.
Varias especies son tóxicas. En Sudáfrica, por ejemplo, Eliokarmos thyrsoides, Ledebouria cooperi, L. inguinata, L. ovatifolia, L. revoluta, Zahariadia saundersiae y varios miembros de la tribu Urgineeae son ponzoñosos para el ganado. El compuesto tóxico scillirosido (un bufadienolido) se utiliza para envenenar ratas.
Las escilóideas se utilizan sólo ocasionalmente como plantas alimenticias para el humano. En Grecia, los bulbos de Muscari comosum se consumían como encurtidos. En Francia, la inflorescencia de Loncomelos pyrenaicus se consume como una hortaliza. En África, algunas tribus consumen los bulbos de Ledebouria apertiflora y' Ledebouria revoluta.
No obstante todo lo anterior, la mayor importancia de esta subfamilia radica en su uso como plantas ornamentales y en floricultura. Varias especies de los géneros Chouardia, Hyacinthoides, Hyacinthus, Muscari, Othocallis, Puschkinia y Scilla, se cultivan como ornamentales en parques y jardines, floreciendo en la primavera. En Sudáfrica las especies de Eucomis, Veltheimia, entre otras, se cultivan como ornamentales. Eliokarmos thyrsoides (sin.: Ornithogalum thyrsoides) y los distintos cultivares de jacinto, son importantes en el mercado de flor cortada.[16]
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Las escilóideas (nombre científico Scilloideae) forman una subfamilia de plantas herbáceas, bulbosas y perennes que se incluyen dentro de las asparagáceas. Sus casi 1000 especies se distribuyen predominantemente en climas mediterráneos, especialmente en Sudáfrica y el Mediterráneo hasta Asia Central y Birmania (algunas en Sudamérica). Las flores de los integrantes de esta subfamilia poseen seis tépalos, seis estambres y un gineceo con ovario súpero, por eso se las solía ubicar dentro de las liliáceas. Se caracterizan por sus hojas bastante carnosas y mucilaginosas que se disponen en una roseta basal y por poseer compuestos venenosos por lo que sus especies no son comestibles.
Algunos géneros de escilóideas son muy populares en jardinería, como Hyacinthus (el conocido jacinto), importante como planta cultivada y como flor cortada, y otros como Muscari, Scilla, Hyacinthoides y Ornithogalum.
Scilloideae Burnett, 1835[1] è una vasta sottofamiglia di piante angiosperme monocotiledoni della famiglia Asparagaceae.[2]
Fra di esse vi sono parecchie comuni piante da giardino, quali Hyacinthus, Hyacinthoides, Muscari e Scilla. Alcuni generi sono molto importanti per la produzione di fiori recisi.
Le Scilloideae sono erbacee perenni bulbose.
Le piante della sottofamiglia possiedono sei tepali e sei stami con un ovario superiore; per queste caratteristiche in precedenza erano state classificate con i gigli.
Possiedono foglie carnose mucillaginose disposte in una rosetta basale.
Caratteristica di queste piante è la produzione di composti velenosi (bufodienolidi e cardenolidi).
Le Scilloideae sono prevalentemente presenti nelle aree a clima mediterraneo, tra le quali vi sono anche il Sudafrica, l'Asia Centrale e il Sudamerica.[3]
In passato, le Scilloideae, come la maggior parte delle piante monocotiledoni, erano collocate nella estremamente ampia famiglia delle Liliacee.
La moderna classificazione APG IV riconosce questa sottofamiglia.[2]
La sottofamiglia comprende i seguenti generi:[3][4][5]
Scilloideae Burnett, 1835 è una vasta sottofamiglia di piante angiosperme monocotiledoni della famiglia Asparagaceae.
Fra di esse vi sono parecchie comuni piante da giardino, quali Hyacinthus, Hyacinthoides, Muscari e Scilla. Alcuni generi sono molto importanti per la produzione di fiori recisi.
Scilloideae is een botanische naam, voor een onderfamilie van eenzaadlobbige planten. Een onderfamilie onder deze naam wordt niet zo vaak erkend door systemen voor plantentaxonomie, maar wel door het APG III-systeem (2009), alwaar ze in de familie Asparagaceae geplaatst is. Het gaat dan om dezelfde groep planten die in het APG-systeem (1998) en het APG II-systeem (2003) (eventueel) de familie Hyacinthaceae vormde.
Het zijn over het algemeen bolgewassen, dus kruidachtig en overblijvend. Deze planten komen vooral in de Oude Wereld voor en met name in Zuid-Afrika en van de Middellandse Zee tot Centraal-Azië.
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Alsook de soorten:
Scilloideae is een botanische naam, voor een onderfamilie van eenzaadlobbige planten. Een onderfamilie onder deze naam wordt niet zo vaak erkend door systemen voor plantentaxonomie, maar wel door het APG III-systeem (2009), alwaar ze in de familie Asparagaceae geplaatst is. Het gaat dan om dezelfde groep planten die in het APG-systeem (1998) en het APG II-systeem (2003) (eventueel) de familie Hyacinthaceae vormde.
Het zijn over het algemeen bolgewassen, dus kruidachtig en overblijvend. Deze planten komen vooral in de Oude Wereld voor en met name in Zuid-Afrika en van de Middellandse Zee tot Centraal-Azië.
