Diadumene lineata, the orange-striped green sea anemone, has several morphotypes which have been described multiple times.[2]
This is a smaller species, measuring approximately 3.5 centimeters in diameter across its tentacles and 3 centimeters in height. Its central column is green-gray to brown color and smooth. The column, which houses the gastro vascular central cavity extends from the mouth to the attached base called the pedal disc. It does not always have vertical stripes, which can be orange or white. There are 50 to 100 slender and tapered tentacles which are able to retract completely into the column. They are commonly transparent and can be gray or light green with white flecks (Christine 2001). Many morphs occur for this species: Sagartia lineata (Verill, 1869 Hong Kong), Diadumene lineata (Verill 1870); Diaumene luciae (Stephenson, 1925); Haliplanella luciae (Hand, 1955); Properly named D. lineata (Hand 1989). In a single population there may be one or several functioning variations of the species description (Hand, 1955b; Williams, 1973b).[3][4] Population studies exhibiting morphs of several different communities were done along with personal communication from the following individuals (Parker 1919, Allee 1923, Stephenson 1935). An un-striped population was found by D.F. Dunn in San Francisco Bay, California. Two morphs were found, one with twelve orange stripes on a green-brown column and one with 48 paired white stripes on a green column. These population studies were done in Indian Field Creek, Virginia and Barnstable Town Dock, Massachusetts by C.P. Mangum.
This species originated from the Pacific coast of Asia, but is currently found in the Northern Hemisphere. It has been found in Japan,[5] the Gulf of Mexico (Verrill), Plymouth and Wells, Norfolk, England (R.B. Williams), Western Europe,[6] the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, Malaysia (D. F. Dunn, California Academy of Sciences), and North America on the East Coast from Maine to Florida (L. L. Minasian, Myers 1977, Stephenson 1935, Sassaman and Mangum 1970, Shick, J. H. Ting 1983, Uchida 1932, G. M. Watson, W. E. Zamer 1999).[7] It has also been found in Hawaii and other sites of the Pacific Ocean.[8] Recently it has appeared in Argentina and other localities of South America.[9] Distribution away from Asia may have occurred by attachment to ship bottoms, oyster shipments, and seaweed. These anemones target ecosystems that are barren landscapes or with low species diversity. Appearing suddenly, populations quickly proliferate and colonize zones and alter natural balances. Within short durations, they are known to vanish from the area quickly with no warning (Stephenson 1953). It is a member of the fouling community, but does not cause significant economic impacts.
Diadumene anemones display high tolerance to inter-tidal exposure and drying out in extreme summer heat. They form encystments when locked in freezing climates. They acclimatize to severely low salinities. In Blue Hill Flls, Maine 100 percent survival of a population of 4000 individuals was observed after two weeks of temperatures of 1.0°- 27.5 °C, and salinities of 0.5 - 35‰.[10]
Physiological races, which are eurytolerant (tolerant of extreme environments) diverse species, that exhibit different resistances in remote and secluded places.[11] This species demonstrates strong genetic selection of certain physiological strains (Prosser 1957).
While this sea anemone can reproduce sexually, it normally reproduces asexually by longitudinal fission. The asexual process is where a new polyp develops from a portion of the original polyp after pulling away (anemone splits in half). In many localities, there is little or no genetic variability between individual polyps as they are all clones of each other. This leads to a situation where apparently thriving populations can suddenly vanish from a locality. This happens because there is a lack of genetic variability among the population, and as the limits of tolerance of some parameter is approached, there is a sudden incidence of mortality among the whole population.[12]
Anemones, like all cnidarians, have nematocysts, which are stinging organelles used for defense and catching prey. Studies of nematocyst development on tentacle tips of this and several species reveals several different stages of tentacle morphology (Watson and Mariscal, Florida State University 1983). Comparisons to hydrozoans in terms of growth stages or bulb pulses of tentacle development are explained by growth of individual tentacles by widening or an increasing length of the column (Campbell 1980). The nematocysts are found on both catch tentacles and feeding tentacles. The catch tentacles used for aggression and capturing of prey have larger length and width than feeding tentacles, which aid in the capture of food. Feeding tentacles are displaced by catch tentacles during growth cycles, and migrate towards the central column. This is commonly found in aggressive sea anemones who share food sources.[13] During aggressive interactions, individual catch tentacles will strike a non-clone-mate in the upper column or tentacles. They break when withdrawn, separating the nematocyst—containing tip from the remaining tentacle. This can have life-threatening consequences, such as necrosis (cellular death) for the struck organism.
Diadumene lineata, the orange-striped green sea anemone, has several morphotypes which have been described multiple times.
De groene golfbrekeranemoon (Diadumene lineata, voorheen in geslacht Haliplanella) is een zeeanemonensoort uit de familie Diadumenidae. Diadumene lineata is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Verrill in 1869.
De soort komt oorspronkelijk voor rond Japan en China in de Grote Oceaan. Aan het eind van de 19e eeuw is de soort terechtgekomen in Europese kustwateren, vermoedelijk door vasthechting aan scheepsrompen of meegenomen met kweekoesters.
De groene golfbrekeranemoon kent zowel geslachtelijke als ongeslachtelijke voortplanting. De laatste kan geschieden doordat het dier zich simpelweg in tweeën deelt.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe groene golfbrekeranemoon (Diadumene lineata, voorheen in geslacht Haliplanella) is een zeeanemonensoort uit de familie Diadumenidae. Diadumene lineata is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Verrill in 1869.
纵条叽海葵(学名:Haliplanella luciae)为纵条叽海葵科纵条叽海葵属的动物。分布于欧洲北部、地中海、北美的大西洋和太平洋沿岸、亚洲太平洋、印度洋沿岸以及沿海等,多栖息于世界各沿海的潮间带和潮下带以及固着于沿岸岩石和贝壳等物上。[1]
纵条叽海葵(学名:Haliplanella luciae)为纵条叽海葵科纵条叽海葵属的动物。分布于欧洲北部、地中海、北美的大西洋和太平洋沿岸、亚洲太平洋、印度洋沿岸以及沿海等,多栖息于世界各沿海的潮间带和潮下带以及固着于沿岸岩石和贝壳等物上。
Sagartia lineata (Verill, 1869)
Diadumene lineata (Verill 1870)
Diaumene luciae (Stephenson, 1925)
Haliplanella luciae (Hand, 1955)
タテジマイソギンチャク(Haliplanella lineata)は、タテジマイソギンチャク科に属する小型のイソギンチャク。潮間帯でごく普通に見られる。その名の通り、縦縞模様があるが、個体変異もある。
体長は 2-3cm、口盤の径 1.5-2cm、足盤の径 2-2.5cm。体はほぼ円柱形、その表面は滑らか。体はその地色が暗緑色で、普通は赤か黄色の縦縞が多数ある。和名はこれにちなむものである。縮んだときは触手は完全にしまい込まれる。なお、側面は見かけ状は滑らかだが、小さな穴が並んでおり、そこから白い槍糸を出すことができる。側面の上端は襟になっている。口盤は褐色に黄色の線、口唇は淡紅色。触手は12・16・24・48の4序。灰褐色から褐色。
足盤が割れるようにして2分裂で無性生殖することが知られている。系統の異なる個体と接触した場合には特殊なキャッチ触手を伸ばす。この触手は通常の触手が変化して形成される。指で強くつつくと槍糸を出す。これには刺胞が並んでおり、防御の働きを持つと考えられている。
体色には変化が多い。地色は暗緑色で、一部の個体はこの色の単色で縦縞を持たない。 普通はこれに縦縞があるが、これにはパターンがあり、赤っぽい黄色の縞が12本のもの、黄色の縞が24本のもの、それにこの両方をかね備えているもの(赤っぽい線の間に黄色の線が二本はいる)があり、模様なしを含めた四つが普通に見られる型である。これらうちで12線の型だけはどの地域でも必ず見られ、これが原型であろうと言われている[1]。
潮間帯に多い。岩の上や貝殻の上などにくっついており、干潮時には干出することもある。特に少し淡水が混じるところにもよく生息し、汚染にも強く、内湾や港湾にもよく出現し、時に汽水域にもする。
日本全国に分布。ヨーロッパ・北アメリカのものは日本から船舶に付着して運ばれたものである。
タテジマイソギンチャク(Haliplanella lineata)は、タテジマイソギンチャク科に属する小型のイソギンチャク。潮間帯でごく普通に見られる。その名の通り、縦縞模様があるが、個体変異もある。