Like all adult members of the Magicicada genus, Magicicada septendecim is black in color and about 1.5 inches in length. Its eyes and legs are generally reddish-orange, and the wings are clear with orange veins. Magicicada septendecim is the largest Magicicada species. Characteristics that distinguish the species from other Magicicada species include broad orange stripes on the abdominal underside and an orange spot on the side of the thorax (Road 1991, Cooley and Marshall 1997).
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
The majority of the life of Magicicada septendecim is spent in an underground or subterranean habitat. The area in which a periodical cicada brood is located must contain a large population of deciduous trees, on whose roots the cicadas feed during the underground nymph stages. The trees are also necesary for the molt into adulthood, choruses, and egg-laying (Boyer 1996).
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Other Habitat Features: suburban
Periodical cicadas (members of the genus Magicicada) are only found in the United States, east of the Great Plains. Magicicada septendecim is found in the eastern, western, and especially northern parts of this area, thus being primarily located in the northern midwestern and eastern United States (Simon 1996).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Magicicada septendecim spends the vast majority of its 17-year life underground, in several juvenile stages, where it feeds by sucking juices from the roots of plants, especially deciduous trees (Boyer 1996). Although the majority of time during the adult portion of the cicada's life is spent engaging in reproductive behavior, the adults do feed by sucking fluids out of trees (Cooley and Marshall 1997).
The genus Magicicada contains six species, three with a 17-year life-cycle and three with a 13-year life-cycle. Each 17-year species has a sibling species with the shorter life-cycle. The two species share very similar physical traits, calls and songs, and behaviors. The sibling species of Magicicada septendecim is Magicicada tredecim (Cooley and Marshall 1997).
Although periodical cicadas are not commonly mentioned as threatened species, there is documentation of individuals possibly being harmed by human effects on the environment. During an emergence in a front yard in Chicago in 1990, many of the cicadas had very deformed wings. The use of lawn chemicals was one of the possible explantions for the deformities(Cooley and Marshall 1997). This species is listed as lower risk by the IUCN.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: lower risk - near threatened
A periodical cicada chorus can become remarkably loud, and is thereby a nuisance to humans. The sheer numbers of a brood can also cause problems, as cicadas fluttering into cars and frightening drivers have caused automobile accidents. The most serious problem related to periodical cicadas is damage to trees. When female Magicicadas cut slits and lay eggs in twigs, the twigs may split, whither, and die. This problem, known as flagging, is not serious for mature trees, but it can greatly harm young trees. Thus, it is recomended that in areas of Magicicada broods, trees not be planted during the year before an expected emergence (Road 1991).
The very long life cycle and emergence in broods of Magicicada septendecim and related species is a relatively unique and fascinating phenomenon, and is heavily studied by the scientific community.
The17-year life cycle of Magicicada septendecim is of critical importance to its reproductive behavior. All members of the genus Magicicada remain in groups known as broods. In the case of M. septendecim, single brood emerges from underground together once every 17 years . In a year when a given brood has emerged to reproduce, female Magicicada septendecim mature and lay eggs in the twigs of trees. Hatching occurs during the middle of the summer, and the nymphs burrow one to three meters underground. Magicicada septendecim nymphs remain underground for 17 years, feeding and going through several juvenile stages. In the spring of the 17th year, the nymphs build exit tunnels, and generally emerge during the month of May. An entire brood sometimes emerges during one night. The nymphs then attach themselves to the bark of a nearby tree and undergo one final molt, becoming adults. Within four or five days of emergence, the males form singing choruses, as the females wait nearby. The males alternate between singing and flying until they find a female of their species willing to mate. Mating is achieved through copulation, and both males and females generally mate with several partners during the period. After a female has mated, she uses her needle-like egg-laying mechanism, called an ovipositor, to make small slits in twigs, where the eggs are to be layed. A single female can lay up to 500 eggs, and after this process, the female drops to the ground and dies. Neither the male nor the female lives past early July. The new nymphs, about 2.5 mm in length, hatch and journey to the ground, and the 17-year cycle begins anew (Cooley and Marshall 1997, Boyer 1996, Alexander 1990).
Magicicada septendecim is known from Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin, and West Virginia (U.S.A.) (Sanborn & Phillips 2013).
From North Carolina to Connecticut, billions of creatures with eyes the color of blood and bodies the color of coal are crawling out of the earth...
Magicicada septendecim, sometimes called the Pharaoh cicada or the 17-year locust, is native to Canada and the United States and is the largest and most northern species of periodical cicada with a 17-year lifecycle.[3]
Like other species included in Magicicada, the insect's eyes and wing veins are reddish and its dorsal thorax is black. It is distinguished by broad orange stripes on its abdomen and a unique, high-pitched song said to resemble someone calling "weeeee-whoa" or "Pharaoh",[4] features it shares with the newly discovered 13-year species Magicicada neotredecim.[5]
Because of similarities between M. septendecim and the two closely related 13-year species M. neotredecim and M. tredecim, the three species are often described together as "decim periodical cicadas."
Their median life cycle from egg to natural adult death is around seventeen years. However, their life cycle can range between thirteen and twenty-one years.[6]
Historical accounts cite reports of 15- to 17-year recurrences of enormous numbers of noisy emergent cicadas ("locusts") written as early as 1733.[7][8] John Bartram, a noted Philadelphia botanist and horticulturist, was among the early writers that described the insect's life cycle, appearance and characteristics.[9]
On May 9, 1715, the Rev. Andreas Sandel, the pastor of Philadelphia's "Gloria Dei" Swedish Lutheran Church, described in his journal an emergence of Magicicada's Brood X.[10] Pehr Kalm, a Finnish naturalist visiting Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1749 on behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, observed in late May another emergence of that brood.[11][12] When reporting the event in a paper that a Swedish academic journal published in 1756, Kalm wrote:
The general opinion is that these insects appear in these fantastic numbers in every seventeenth year. Meanwhile, except for an occasional one which may appear in the summer, they remain underground.
There is considerable evidence that these insects appear every seventeenth year in Pennsylvania.[12]
Kalm then described Rev. Sandel's report and one that he had obtained from Benjamin Franklin that had recorded in Philadelphia the emergence from the ground of large numbers of cicadas during early May 1732. He noted that the people who had prepared these documents had made no such reports in other years.[12]
Kalm further noted that others had informed him that they had seen cicadas only occasionally before the insects emerged from the ground in Pennsylvania in large swarms on May 22, 1749.[12] He additionally stated that he had not heard any cicadas in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1750 in the same months and areas in which he had heard many in 1749.[12] The 1715 and 1732 reports, when coupled with his own 1749 and 1750 observations, supported the previous "general opinion" that he had cited.
Kalm summarized his findings in a book translated into English and published in London in 1771,[13] stating:
There are a kind of Locusts which about every seventeen years come hither in incredible numbers ... In the interval between the years when they are so numerous, they are only seen or heard single in the woods.[7][14]
Based on Kalm's account and a specimen that Kalm had provided, in 1758 Carl Linnaeus named the insect Cicada septendecim in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[3][15]
In 1766, Moses Bartram described in his Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years the next appearance of the brood (Brood X) that Kalm had observed in 1749. Bartram noted that upon hatching from eggs deposited in the twigs of trees, the young insects ran down to the earth and "entered the first opening that they could find". He reported that he had been able to discover them 10 feet (3 m) below the surface, but that others had reportedly found them 30 feet (9 m) deep.[16]
In 1775, Thomas Jefferson recorded in his "Garden Book" Brood II's 17-year periodicity, writing that an acquaintance remembered "great locust years" in 1724 and 1741, that he and others recalled another such year in 1758 and that the insects had again emerged from the ground at Monticello in 1775. He noted that the females lay their eggs in the small twigs of trees while above ground.[17]
In April 1800, Benjamin Banneker, who lived near Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, wrote in his record book that he recalled a "great locust year" in 1749, a second in 1766 during which the insects appeared to be "full as numerous as the first", and a third in 1783 (Brood X). He predicted that the insects "may be expected again in the year 1800, which is seventeen years since their third appearance to me".[18]
Magicicada septendecim, sometimes called the Pharaoh cicada or the 17-year locust, is native to Canada and the United States and is the largest and most northern species of periodical cicada with a 17-year lifecycle.
Cigale dix-sept ans
Magicicada septendecim, communément appelé Cigale dix-sept ans, est une espèce de cigales (famille des Cicadidae), l'une des sept espèces de cigales périodiques.
De 35 à 42 mm de longueur, Magicicada septendecim a le dessus noir et le dessous rayé d'une couleur variant de l'orange clair au rouge foncé.
La Cigale dix-sept ans peuple l'Est des États-Unis, de la Louisiane au Massachusetts et de la Géorgie au Wisconsin. L'espèce à cycle de dix-sept ans se rencontre dans la partie plus au nord de la répartition alors que Magicicada tredecim, à cycle de treize ans, se rencontre dans la moitié méridionale de la répartition[1].
Magicicada septendecim habite les forêts, particulièrement les forêts montagneuses.
Pendant dix-sept ans, les larves de la Cigale périodique restent enfouies à une vingtaine de centimètres sous la surface du sol, se nourrissant de la sève des racines puis, quand la température du sol atteint 17 °C, elles muent et se précipitent sur les arbres. Les mâles courtisent alors les femelles. Une fois fécondées, celles-ci pondent des œufs. Les larves qui en sont issues tombent et s'enfouissent dans le sol où elles se nourrissent les dix-sept prochaines années (respectivement treize pour l'espèce tredecim). La période de reproduction a généralement lieu durant la deuxième quinzaine du mois de mai, et la ponte en début d'été. En 2021 s'observent les cigales de la nichée X (nichée 10) qui compte parmi les plus grosses et les plus importantes[2].
La Cigale dix-sept ans chante principalement le matin.
: document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article.
Cigale dix-sept ans
Magicicada septendecim, communément appelé Cigale dix-sept ans, est une espèce de cigales (famille des Cicadidae), l'une des sept espèces de cigales périodiques.
Feithid in oirthear na Stát Aontaithe, Magicicada septendecim, a mheastar a bheith ar an bhfeithid is fadsaolaí ar Domhan. Maireann sí faoi thalamh an chuid is mó dá saol 17 mbliain, ag maireachtáil ar na siltigh a thagann amach nuair a bhearnaíonn sí fréamhacha na bplandaí. Ansin ina 17ú bliain, cuireann sí an craiceann nimfí di agus tagann chun dromchla na talún. Cúpláileann sí is beireann a cuid uibheacha le linn na seachtainí deireanacha dá saol. I samhradh 1998 a tháinig na feithidí iontacha seo chun dromchla den chéad uair ó 1979, agus ní fheicfear arís iad go dtí 2013.
Magicicada septendecim Linnaeus, 1758 è un insetto appartenente alla famiglia Cicadidae, diffuso in Canada e negli Stati Uniti.
Hanno la peculiare caratteristica di vivere come ninfa sotto il terreno per 17 anni e poi, ad un tratto, verso la fine del mese di maggio, escono tutte assieme come ad un segnale convenuto. Scavando gallerie nel terreno si dirigono verso la superficie dove, una volta emerse, si arrampicano sugli alberi per concludere il loro ciclo vitale. Nel giro di poche ore terminano la muta diventando insetti adulti. Gli adulti, che si nutrono di linfa, vivono 30-40 giorni durante i quali avviene l'accoppiamento. Dopo la deposizione delle uova gli adulti terminano il ciclo vitale.[2]
Conteggi del ciclo di vita della specie citano notizie di cicale rumorose emergenti con un periodo di ripetizione da quindici a diciassette anni che la gente aveva scritto già nel 1737.[3][4] Pehr Kalm, un naturalista svedese, visitando la Pennsylvania e il New Jersey nel 1749 prese conto del governo della sua nazione, osservò nel tardo maggio una di queste comparse delle cicale.[3][5] Nella segnalazione dell'evento in un documento che una rivista accademica svedese pubblicò nel 1756, Kalm scrisse:
È opinione generale che questi insetti appaiono in numero considerevole ogni diciassettesimo anno. Nel frattempo, ad eccezione di qualche individuo occasionale che può apparire in estate, rimangono nel sottosuolo.
Vi è una considerevole evidenza che questi insetti appaiono ogni diciassettesimo anno, in Pennsylvania.[5]
Kalm poi descrisse documenti (tra cui uno che aveva ottenuto da Benjamin Franklin) che avevano registrato in Pennsylvania l'emergere dal suolo di un gran numero di cicale nel mese di maggio 1715 e maggio 1732. Egli osservò che le persone che avevano preparato questi documenti avevano fatto tali relazioni in altri anni.[5] Kalm inoltre rilevò che altri lo avevano informato che avevano visto cicale solo occasionalmente prima che gli insetti apparissero in grandi sciami durante il 1749.[5] Dichiarò inoltre di non aver sentito alcuna cicala in Pennsylvania e New Jersey nel 1750 negli stessi mesi e aree in cui ne aveva sentite molte nel 1749.[5] I rapporti del 1715 e del 1732, insieme con le osservazioni del 1749 e 1750, confermarono la precedente "opinione comune", che aveva citato.
Sulla base del racconto di Kalm e di un esemplare che Kalm stesso gli fornì, Carl Linnaeus diede all'insetto il nome latino di Cicada septendecim nella decima edizione del Systema Naturae, che fu pubblicata in Stoccolma in 1758.[6]
Nel 1775, Thomas Jefferson registrò nel suo "Garden Book" la periodicità di 17 anni dell'insetto, scrivendo che un conoscente ricordava "grandi annate di locuste" nel 1724 e 1741, che lui e gli altri ricordavano un altro anno simile nel 1754 e che gli insetti erano di nuovo emersi dal suolo a Monticello nel 1775. Egli ha osservato che le femmine depongono le uova sui germogli degli alberi, appena spuntate dal terreno.[7]
Nell'Aprile 1800, Benjamin Banneker, che visse nei pressi di Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, scrisse nel suo registro che ricordava una "grande annata di locuste" nel 1749, una seconda nel 1766 durante la quale gli insetti apparvero altrettanto numerosi che nella prima e una terza nel 1783. Predisse che gli insetti sarebbero stati altrettanto numerosi nel 1800 diciassette anni dopo la loro terza apparizione.[8]
Magicicada septendecim Linnaeus, 1758 è un insetto appartenente alla famiglia Cicadidae, diffuso in Canada e negli Stati Uniti.
Magicicada septendecim é uma espécie de insecto da família Cicadidae.
Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Canadá e Estados Unidos da América.
Magicicada septendecim é uma espécie de insecto da família Cicadidae.
Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Canadá e Estados Unidos da América.
Sjuttonårscikadan (Magicicada septendecim), är en insektsart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné år 1758. Sjuttonårscikadan ingår i släktet Magicicada och familjen cikador. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[1] Arten lever som larv nere i jorden, och kommer i enorma mängder upp och svärmar vart sjuttonde år, och åstadkommer under två veckor viss skada på växter, samt upplevs av befolkningen som starkt irriterande. Nästa invasion beräknas inträffa år 2021.
Sjuttonårscikadan är den största och nordligaste arten av periodiska cikador.[2]
Ögonen och vingvenerna är, liksom hos andra arter av släktet Magicicada, rödfärgade, medan ryggsidan är svart.
Sången är högfrekvent och liknas vid "weeeee-whoa" eller "Pharaoh,"[3], varför cikadan ibland också kallas Faraocikada.
Parningssången hos sjuttonårscikadan:
Nordamerika: Kanada och i sexton delstater i nordliga USA.
Den nordamerikanska sjuttonårscikadan lever i sjutton år i marken som larv, och suger näring från trädens rötter. Eftersom alla individer är lika gamla uppträder arten bara vart sjuttonde år. Under en kort period är träden fulla av sjungande cikador, som parar sig och lägger ägg. Sedan dröjer det sjutton år tills nästa generation dyker upp i samma område.[4]
Magicicada är därmed det insektssläkte som har den längsta livscykeln.
Enligt Mike Raupp, entomologprofessor vid Marylands universitet, har de sannolikt en biologisk klocka och känner skiftningarna i rötternas näringsflöde.[5]
Vuxna cikador äter sav från träd, medan nymferna livnär sig på rötternas rotsaft (Xylem). Larverna lever på rötter djupt ner i jorden och i regel behöver de 17 år för sin fullständiga utveckling.[6]
Beskrevs av Carl von Linné som Cicada septendecim i den tioende upplagan av Systema naturae, publicerad i Stockholm år 1758. Släktnamnet senare ändrat till Magicicada av taxonomen W.T.Davis år 1925.
Denna cikada åstadkommer viss skada på kulturväxter under de cirka två veckor den uppträder vart sjuttonde år, och deras sång, vilken kan nå upp till 120 decibel kan upplevas störande när den i täta enorma svärmar flyger omkring i bostadsområden i de sexton delstater där den förekommer.
” Hitchcock skulle ha gillat synen: De rödögda fäna flyger in i ansiktet på gående, barn flyr skrikande, hundar skäller och grillfester flyttas inomhus. Bilister kör med vindrutetorkarna på. Samtal i parker förs skrikande. Unga träd vissnar och dör till följd av äggläggningen i grenverken och gatorna fylls av gulbruna fläckar efter de ihjältrampade insekterna. „ – av Georg Cederskog, 2004-06-28, artikel i Dagens Nyheter [5]Baserat på Pehr Kalms beskrivning av dess sjuttonåriga cykel beskrev Carl von Linné arten som Cicada septendecim.
Släktet har attraherat vetenskapsmän i århundraden. Redan 1665 innehöll den första volymen av Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society en rapport från New England beträffande sjuttonårscikadorna, men svensken Pehr Kalm, en av Carl von Linnés apostlar, anses ha skrivit den första vetenskapliga beskrivningen av sjuttonårscikadans liv och levnadscykel.
Kalm observerade cikadornas spel i senare delen av maj år 1749, och publicerade rapporten i en svensk vetenskaplig journal år 1756. Kalm skrev:
Den allmänna uppfattningen är att dessa insekter uppträder i fantastiska mängder vart sjuttonde år. Dessemellan, med undantag för någon enstaka som dyker upp under sommaren, lever de under jord.[7]
Charles Darwin riktade också sina blickar mot cikadorna.
Fortfarande spekulerar entomologerna över den biologiska klocka som kan få cikadorna att träffa rätt inom veckan på sjutton år, för att utvecklas till vuxna samtidigt och därmed säkerställa parningar och en ny generation. Det finns tre arter som prickar rätt på sjutton år och fyra arter som prickar rätt på tretton år.[8] Det biologer verkar överens om är att cikadornas långa livscykel är en evolutionär fördel, som lurar dess fiender. Att livscykeln prickat de båda primtalen, 13 och 17, har också lett till spekulationer om primtalen på något sätt är särskilt verkningsfulla ur evolutionär synpunkt.[8]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Sjuttonårscikada.
Wikispecies har information om Sjuttonårscikada.
Sjuttonårscikadan (Magicicada septendecim), är en insektsart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné år 1758. Sjuttonårscikadan ingår i släktet Magicicada och familjen cikador. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Arten lever som larv nere i jorden, och kommer i enorma mängder upp och svärmar vart sjuttonde år, och åstadkommer under två veckor viss skada på växter, samt upplevs av befolkningen som starkt irriterande. Nästa invasion beräknas inträffa år 2021.
Magicicada septendecim là một loài côn trùng thuộc họ Cicadidae. Loài này được tìm thấy ở Canada và Hoa Kỳ.
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Magicicada septendecim (лат.) — вид периодических цикад с 17-летним жизненным циклом, распространенный в восточной части Северной Америки. Относится к группе decim, включающей также виды с 13-летним циклом — Magicicada tredecim и недавно открытый Magicicada neotredecim[1]. По своему циклу сходен с видами Magicicada cassini и Magicicada septendecula, имеющими также 17-летний период развития.[2]
Вид был описан Карлом Линнеем в 1758 году на основании экземпляров, присланных ему шведским ботаником П. Кальмом. Это крупнейший и самый северный из трёх видов 17-летних цикад.[2]
Глаза и жилки крыльев красноватые, верхняя часть груди чёрная; на брюшке широкие оранжевые полосы.[3] Встречаются в Канаде и США.[4]
Magicicada septendecim (лат.) — вид периодических цикад с 17-летним жизненным циклом, распространенный в восточной части Северной Америки. Относится к группе decim, включающей также виды с 13-летним циклом — Magicicada tredecim и недавно открытый Magicicada neotredecim. По своему циклу сходен с видами Magicicada cassini и Magicicada septendecula, имеющими также 17-летний период развития.
Вид был описан Карлом Линнеем в 1758 году на основании экземпляров, присланных ему шведским ботаником П. Кальмом. Это крупнейший и самый северный из трёх видов 17-летних цикад.
Глаза и жилки крыльев красноватые, верхняя часть груди чёрная; на брюшке широкие оранжевые полосы. Встречаются в Канаде и США.
