Osmia cornifrons, also known as the horned-face bee, is a species of solitary bee indigenous to Northern Asia. Physically, this species of bee is recognized for its horn-like extensions originating from its lower face. Populations of O. cornifrons have been recorded in multiple locations, including Japan, Korea, China, and Russia. O. cornifrons are more docile as compared to other species of bees and are less prone to sting when aggravated.
Osmia cornifrons was first introduced in Japan in the 1940s and were managed for crop pollination. Over a 50-year time period, use of O. cornifrons gradually increased until more than half of the apple orchards in Japan utilized this species.[1] In 1977, O. cornifrons was introduced in the northeastern United States in an attempt to increase pollination productivity of fruit crops. This species was reintroduced multiple times during the following years.[2]
This species of bee has been utilized for its effectiveness in pollinating flowers at a rapid rate. A single bee can visit up to 2,500 flowers a day and will spend 4–8 minutes per flower.[3] Osmia cornifrons has a high flower constancy, signifying that the bee will return to the same species of flower. Both males and females will create a nest within 130 meters of a crop field; however, nest locations have been noted to exceed this distance; some being situated 700 meters away. It is a diurnal species that is most active between 6AM-8PM, depending on the location of the sun.[2] They will avoid foraging during raining spells, as they are not well suited to fly in that type of weather.[2] O. cornifrons is more adept to humid environments and performs optimally in regions that have consistent humidity, however, are capable of functioning in cooler environments. This ability to perform in a wide range of environmental temperatures makes them highly valued bees for crop pollination as well as making them more effective pollinators than honeybees.[4]
Osmia cornifrons have relatively short adult life spans and spend most of their time undergoing development. Life cycles can be broken up into six different stages, including: spring incubation, pre-nesting, nesting, development, prewintering, and wintering.[2] Male and female emergence times are dependent on weather conditions during spring incubation and wintering periods. The wintering period is when bees are enclosed in cocoons to decrease exposure to cold temperatures.[2] Time of emergence is temperature dependent and the rate at which heat is acquired can advance or delay emergence times.[5] Extended wintering periods increase the risk of mortality due to prolonged consumption of stored body fat.[6] Males emerge from their nests around April, just prior to the blooming of apple orchards.[7][8] Females arise from their nests 2–3 days later.[1] Emergence periods are consistently close with the blooming of crops.[6] Early emergence increases the risk of inadequate resource accumulation and flower pollination.[6] A male will wait outside of a female’s nest and attempt to court the female by mounting her back and rubbing his antennae against her abdomen. This courtship may last several hours before the female allows the male to mate with her. After mating has completed, both males and females will leave and travel to a nearby field patch where they both serve as pollinators, which is consistent with pre-nesting behavior.[6] Male bees will serve as pollinators for multiple weeks and will eventually die off. Females leave their nests for several days until ovarian development has concluded and will either return to the nest that they emerged from or create a new nest in which to lay their eggs. Poor environmental/weather stability may alter pre-nesting activity, thereby adversely affecting the timing of ovarian development.[6] A female will collect pollen from a nearby crop, bring it into the nest, and then disperse the pollen as a pollen ball. Eggs are placed on top of the pollen ball and are typically 1/10 the length of the female body'.[9][1] Females can lay up to 30 eggs over the course of their lifespan.[6] It is hypothesized that females are capable of controlling the sex of its progeny through haplodiploid sex determination. Male progeny are haploid and female progeny are diploid. Female bees are provided more pollen as larvae, which is associated with female bees having a larger stature as compared to males. Nests under distress will predominantly have male progeny. Female progeny are more costly and require consistent resources for proper development.[6] Although there is an increased energy cost for females, females are more effective in collecting resources and pollinating crops as compared to males.[6] Larvae development is temperature dependent. Adequate development occurs between 12 °C and 18 °C, but has been noted to occur at 25 °C as well.[5] Development will either decrease significantly or halt outside of this temperature range. O. cornifrons risk death when exposed to temperatures below 10 °F.[5]
Osmia cornifrons use bamboo, reeds, and previously existing holes in trees as nesting sites.[9] To determine the size of a location, the bee will enter and move toward the end of the potential new nest. The bees will perform specific physical movements, including turning upside down and moving left and right to inspect the site thoroughly.[5] If females utilize a previously used nest, they will remove all of the remaining debris that has been left. In the nest, females will create individual cells in which they lay a single egg. After an egg has been placed, the female bee closes off the cell with mud.
Populations of Osmia cornifrons are antagonized by different pest species (mites) including, but not limited to, ''Chaetodactylidae nipponicus, Chaetodactylidae hirashimai, and Chaetodactylus krombeini.[2] C. krombeini have been noted to heavily infest O. cornifrons populations and have the highest negative impact on overall productivity and lifespan to horned-face bees.[10] C. krombeini that inhabit a nest will consume the pollen that was provided by a female O. cornifrons for her larvae.[8] The decrease in pollen provisions is great enough that larvae have an increased risk of mortality or inadequate development.[2] Poor development of larvae, especially of female larvae, has been directly correlated with decreased pollination ability and productivity in populations of O. cornifrons infested by mites.[2]
Osmia cornifrons, also known as the horned-face bee, is a species of solitary bee indigenous to Northern Asia. Physically, this species of bee is recognized for its horn-like extensions originating from its lower face. Populations of O. cornifrons have been recorded in multiple locations, including Japan, Korea, China, and Russia. O. cornifrons are more docile as compared to other species of bees and are less prone to sting when aggravated.
La abeja japonesa (Osmia cornifrons) es una especie de himenóptero apócritode la familia Megachilidae que ha sido usada con fines comerciales en Japón desde hace varias décadas para la polinización de frutales, especialmente manzanas. Hoy en día también se la usa para esos fines en los Estados Unidos. Una sola abeja puede visitar quince flores por minuto. Esta abeja solitaria anida en tallos huecos, tubos o agujeros en la madera. Se venden nidos artificiales a los agricultores y jardineros.
Los tubos para los nidos son de aproximadamente 10 cm de profundidad y 1 cm de diámetro. Las hembras acumulan polen al final de un tubo y depositan un huevo. Luego cierran la celda con un poco de barro y construyen la siguiente. Así un tubo puede llegar a tener de seis a ocho celdillas, cada una con una cría. Los primeros suelen ser hembras y los otros machos. Las crías permanecen en el nido hasta la primavera siguiente en que emergen, se aparean y las hembras empiezan otra vez el ciclo.[1]
Estas abejas no duermen dentro de sus nidos de noche como lo hace la abeja doméstica. Esto crea un problema con el uso de pesticidas ya que no están a salvo de ellos.[1]
La abeja japonesa (Osmia cornifrons) es una especie de himenóptero apócritode la familia Megachilidae que ha sido usada con fines comerciales en Japón desde hace varias décadas para la polinización de frutales, especialmente manzanas. Hoy en día también se la usa para esos fines en los Estados Unidos. Una sola abeja puede visitar quince flores por minuto. Esta abeja solitaria anida en tallos huecos, tubos o agujeros en la madera. Se venden nidos artificiales a los agricultores y jardineros.
Osmia cornifrons is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie Megachilidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1887 door Radoszkowski.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Osmia cornifrons[2][3][4][5][6] är en biart som först beskrevs av Radoszkowski 1887. Osmia cornifrons ingår i släktet murarbin, och familjen buksamlarbin.[7][8] Inga underarter finns listade.[7]
Ett brunaktigt bi med kraftig, luddig päls och med ljusa strimmor på bakkroppen. På nedre delen av ansiktet har den två hornliknande utskott (höger horn syns vagt på bilden). Hanen är mindre än honan och har längre antenner.[9][10]
Osmia cornifrons besöker framför allt blommande växter i rosenfamiljen, som äpple och päron.[11] Arten är inte särskilt tolerant mot kyla, och tål inte klimat där vintertemperaturen sjunker under omkring -10ºC. Å andra sidan behöver de övervintrande, unga bina (se under Fortplantning nedan) sin vintersömn. I områden med kallare klimat där arten odlas som pollinatör är det därför vanligt att förvara bona i utrymmen med kontrollerat klimat, till exempel vanliga kylskåp. Flygperioden varar i 1½ till 2 månader från april till juni.[10]
Honan inreder sitt bo i rörformade objekt som vassrör och större grässtjälkar, men också i människoskapade objekt som borrade träblock och kartongrör. Även om arten är ett solitärt, det vill säga icke socialt bi, häckar det gärna i kolonier med andra bon av samma art. Honan konstruerar larvceller i röret, skilda åt av lerväggar och försedda med klumpar av pollen och nektar. På varje klump lägger honan ett ägg. Äggen kläcks efter omkring 3 dagar, och förpuppas efter 2 till 3 veckor när matförrådet är konsumerat. Puppan kläcks i mitten på oktober, men det fullbildade biet övervintrar i cellen.[10]
Det förekommer att honor agerar som en slags "själv-kleptoparasiter"; de tränger in i andra bon av samma art, förstör ett ägg, och lägger sitt eget ägg på dess plats.[11]
Arten är en viktig pollinatör av fruktträd som äpple och päron, och har i Japan använts som äpplepollinatör sedan 1940-talet. 1977 infördes den till USA i samma syfte. Den används även som pollinatör i Kina och Korea. Den anses vara en betydligt effektivare pollinatör än honungsbiet, och inte minst i USA, med dess problematiska nedgång i honungsbipopulationen, utgör den en viktig, ekonomisk faktor.[11]
Arten är inhemsk i Japan, men infördes till USA 1977 som pollinatör, där det finns på östkusten och i mellanvästern.[9] Arten förekommer även (i huvudsak som pollinatör[11]) i Kina och Korea.[12]
Osmia cornifrons är en biart som först beskrevs av Radoszkowski 1887. Osmia cornifrons ingår i släktet murarbin, och familjen buksamlarbin. Inga underarter finns listade.
Osmia cornifrons là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Megachilidae. Loài này được Radoszkowski mô tả khoa học năm 1887.[1]
Osmia cornifrons là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Megachilidae. Loài này được Radoszkowski mô tả khoa học năm 1887.
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Osmia cornifrons — вид пчёл из подсемейства Megachilinae.
Вид родом из Японии и является интродуцированным в США.
Опыляет яблони (Malus) и чистотел весенний (Hylomecon vernalis). Одна пчела может посетить 15 цветков за одну минуту. Делает гнёзда в мёртвой древесине.
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