Viruses

Description: English: Organization and expression of the polycistronic arterivirus equine arteritis virus (EAV) +RNA genome. (A) Top: EAV genome organization, showing the 5′-proximal replicase open reading frames (ORFs), as well as the downstream ORFs encoding the viral structural proteins envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and glycoproteins (GP) 2–5 and the 3′ poly(A) tail (An). Bottom: overview of the pp1a and pp1ab replicase polyproteins that result from genome translation, which requires an ORF1a/1b ribosomal frameshift (RFS) to produce pp1ab. Arrowheads represent sites cleaved by the three virus-encoded proteases (open for autoproteolytically processed ones, closed for sites processed by the main proteinase in nsp4). The resulting nonstructural proteins (nsp) are numbered. The key viral enzymatic domains such as the nsp1 papain-like cysteine proteinase β (PCP), nsp2 cysteine proteinase (CP), nsp4 serine proteinase (SP), nsp9 viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), nsp10 helicase (Hel), and nsp11 endoribonuclease (Ne) are indicated. (B) Overview of viral mRNA species produced in EAV-infected cells. The ORFs expressed from the respective mRNAs are shown in gray, and the 5′ leader sequence is depicted in dark red. The orange boxes indicate the positions of transcription-regulating sequences (TRS). The gel hybridization image on the right is representative of the wild-type accumulation levels of the seven EAV mRNAs at the time point used for analysis in the study (see text for details). The amount of each mRNA, determined by quantitative phosphorimager analysis, is indicated as percentage of the total amount of viral mRNA. (C) Model for EAV replication and transcription. Continuous minus-strand RNA synthesis yields a genome-length minus strand template for genome replication, a process for which nsp1 is dispensable. Discontinuous minus-strand RNA synthesis results in a nested set of subgenome-length minus strands that serve as templates for sg mRNA synthesis (see text for details). Nsp1 is crucial for this process, which is also guided by a base pairing interaction between the TRS complement [(−)TRS] at the 3′ end of the nascent minus-strand and the genomic leader TRS, present in a RNA hairpin structure (LTH). Date: 19 February 2010. Source: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000772. Author: Danny D. Nedialkova, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Eric J. Snijder.

Description: English: Nested set of subgenomic mRNAs in a nidovirus. The ORFs expressed from the respective mRNAs are shown in gray, and the 5′ leader sequence is depicted in dark red. The orange boxes indicate the positions of transcription-regulating sequences (TRS). Date: 15 May 2020. Source: This file is a derivative work of an image by Danny D. Nedialkova, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Eric J. Snijder https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000772 See also: https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.81611-0. Author: Guest2625. Other versions: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Journal.ppat.1000772.g001.tif. : All biology images in this gallery could be re-created using vector graphics as SVG files. This has several advantages; see Commons:Media for cleanup for more information. If an SVG form of this image is available, please upload it and afterwards replace this template with {{vector version available|new image name}}.

All images in this article were uploaded in the JPEG format even though it consists of non-photographic data. This information could be stored more efficiently or accurately in the PNG or SVG format. If possible, please upload a PNG or SVG version of this image without compression artifacts, derived from a non-JPEG source (or with existing artifacts removed). After doing so, please tag the JPEG version with.mw-parser-output.nowrap,.mw-parser-output.nowrap a:before,.mw-parser-output.nowrap.selflink:before{white-space:nowrap}{{Superseded|NewImage.ext}} and remove this tag. This tag should not be applied to photographs or scans. For more information, see {{BadJPEG}}. Description: English: SARS-CoV genome organization and expression. Genome (top), products of genome translation (left) and transcription (right) are shown. ORFs and polyprotein regions are colored according to their predominant function (see inset). Genome ORFs are depicted in their frame, with ORF1a frame set to zero. For each sg mRNA, only ORFs believed to be translated from it are shown, without indicating their frame relative to ORF1a. For genome and sg mRNAs, RNA signals are indicated by color (see inset). For polyproteins, autoproteolytic processing scheme (see inset) and selected protein domains (see text for abbreviations) are specified. The NC_004718.3 record was used to prepare this figure. Note that sg mRNA 3.1 [55] is not shown; the most N-terminal ubiquitin (Ub) and Macro domains are separated by acidic, structurally disordered region of ∼70 aa [56,57]. SUD-N and SUD-M, N-terminal and Middle domains of SARS-CoV Unique Domain, respectively [58,59]; Y, Y domain [57]. Date: 29 January 2021. Source: Anastasia A. Gulyaeva, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, A nidovirus perspective on SARS-CoV-2, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 538, 2021, Pages 24-34, ISSN 0006-291X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.015. Author: Anastasia A.Gulyaeva and Alexander E.Gorbalenya.

All images in this article were uploaded in the JPEG format even though it consists of non-photographic data. This information could be stored more efficiently or accurately in the PNG or SVG format. If possible, please upload a PNG or SVG version of this image without compression artifacts, derived from a non-JPEG source (or with existing artifacts removed). After doing so, please tag the JPEG version with.mw-parser-output.nowrap,.mw-parser-output.nowrap a:before,.mw-parser-output.nowrap.selflink:before{white-space:nowrap}{{Superseded|NewImage.ext}} and remove this tag. This tag should not be applied to photographs or scans. For more information, see {{BadJPEG}}. Description: English: Nidoviruses with canonical (SARS-CoV) and non-canonical genome ORFs organization. WJHAV, Wuhan Japanese halfbeak arterivirus (MG600020.1), species Halfbeak nidovirus 1, family Nanhypoviridae; BNV1, Beihai nido-like virus 1 (KX883629.1), species Turrinivirus 1, family Medioniviridae; AAbV, Aplysia abyssovirus 1 (GBBW01007738.1), species Aplysia abyssovirus 1, family Abyssoviridae; PSCNV, planarian secretory cell nidovirus (MH933735.1), species Planidovirus 1, family Mononiviridae. ORFs are positioned according to their reading frame, with the most 5′-terminal depicted ORF set as zero. ORF regions are colored according to their main function assignment (see inset). Genome signals, described by the discoverers of each virus, are indicated by color (see inset). Date: 29 January 2021. Source: Anastasia A. Gulyaeva, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, A nidovirus perspective on SARS-CoV-2, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 538, 2021, Pages 24-34, ISSN 0006-291X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.015. Author: Anastasia A.Gulyaeva and Alexander E.Gorbalenya.

Description: English: Genomic organization and expression, and key domains of four nidoviruses. The coding regions are partitioned into ORF1a (yellow), ORF1b (violet) and the 3′ORFs (blue), which also differ in expression mechanism as indicated on top. Black squares, ribosomal frameshifting sites. Within ORFs (white rectangles), colored patterns highlight domains identified in: all nidoviruses [TM2, TM3, 3CLpro, RdRp, and Zn-cluster binding domain fused with HEL1 (ZmHEL1) [114] - light and dark blue], large nidoviruses (ExoN, OMT - orange), certain clades (NMT, NendoU - red; ronivirus-specific domain (RsD) - light green; arterivirus-specific domain (AsD) - dark green). Genomic organizations are shown for Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 (corona), gill-associated virus (roni), Nam Dinh virus (mesoni), and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus North American type (arteri). Date: 18 July 2013. Source: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003500. Author: Chris Lauber, Jelle J. Goeman, Maria del Carmen Parquet, Phan Thi Nga, Eric J. Snijder, Kouichi Morita, and Alexander E. Gorbalenya.

Description: English: Genome organisation of Bellinger River virus. Diagrammatic representation of Bellinger River virus genome organisation and expression based on a comparison with the genome organisation for other viruses in the proposed barnivirus genus. ORFs are represented by boxes with the number above. The putative encoded protein acronyms are included within the boxes. pp1a, polyprotein 1a; pp1b, polyprotein 1b; S, spike protein; mM1, minor membrane protein 1; M, membrane protein; N, nucleoprotein; mM2, minor membrane protein 2; gP, glycoprotein; Hel, helicase; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and Mpro, main proteinase. Date: 24 October 2018. Source: Zhang J, Finlaison DS, Frost MJ, Gestier S, Gu X, Hall J, et al. (2018) Identification of a novel nidovirus as a potential cause of large scale mortalities in the endangered Bellinger River snapping turtle (Myuchelys georgesi). PLoS ONE 13(10): e0205209. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205209. Author: Jing Zhang, Deborah S. Finlaison, Melinda J. Frost, Sarah Gestier, Xingnian Gu, Jane Hall, Cheryl Jenkins, Kate Parrish, Andrew J. Read, Mukesh Srivastava, Karrie Rose, Peter D. Kirkland.

Description: English: Adult rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with jaundice. Yellowing of the mucous membranes and sclera is visible. Date: 14 August 2019, 15:27:27. Source: Own work. Author: Rabbit Vet.

S39 Road North of Satara, Kruger NP, Mpumalanga, SOUTH AFRICA

S39 Road North of Satara, Kruger NP, Mpumalanga, SOUTH AFRICA