Hyporthodus quernus (Seale 1901)

Epinephelus quernus és una espècie de peix de la família dels serrànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

Morfologia

Els mascles poden assolir els 122 cm de longitud total.^[3]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a les Hawaii.^[3]

Referències

Bibliografia

• Heemstra, P.C. i Randall, J.E., 1993, Groupers of the World (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 16., FAO Fish. Synop. Núm. 125, 125:I-viii, 1-382.
• Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
• Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall (2000).
• Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
• Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.

Enllaços externs

Hapu'upu'u or Hawaiian Grouper, 37 lbs. caught by Capt. Anthony Ballam in Northeastern Hawaii Island on November 8, 2019. This particular specimen was black with small white spots and had a bluish tinted belly.

The Hawaiian grouper (Hyporthodus quernus), also known as the Hawaiian black grouper, Seale's grouper or Hapuʻupuʻu, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is endemic to Hawaii.

Taxonomy

The Hawaiian grouper was first formally described in 1901 as Epinephelus quernus by the American ichthyologist Alvin Seale (1871-1958) with the type locality given as Honolulu.^[3] It was formerly considered to be in the genus Epinephelus but is now considered to belong to the genus Hyporthodus.^[4] The specific name quernus means "oaken", presumably a reference to its reddish colour as an adult.^[5]

Description

The Hawaiian grouper has a body which has a standard length that is 2.3 to 2.7 times its depth. It has an angular preopercle which has 3-4 enlarged serrations at its angle, with the lowest pointing downwards. The upper margin of the gill cover is convex.^[6] The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 14-15 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 9 soft rays.^[2] The membranes between the dorsal fin spines are deeply notched. The caudal fin is rounded. The adults are dark brown in overall colour and are marked with 8 vertical series of faint white spots which are obscured by many extra pale spots and blotches which vary in size. The fins of adults are largely plain and have a similar colour to the body apart from a small number of pale spots along the base part of the dorsal fin. Depending on habitat and where geographically found, some have a slight blue tint to their belly in the mature older adults, whereas in other areas they can have a slight reddish tint possibly for camouflage from predators. Juveniles are more variable in colour and may be pale greyish and the series of pale spots are more distinct and unobscured.^[6] This species has a maximum published total length of 122 centimetres (48 in) and a maximum weight of 22.7 kilograms (50 lb).^[2] The largest recorded specimen caught was 31.75 kilograms (70 lbs) off of Puako, Northwest Hawaii Island.

Distribution

The Hawaiian grouper is endemic to Hawaii and its range includes the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and the Johnston Atoll.^[1]

Habitat and biology

The Hawaiian grouper is a demersal species which is found on coral and rocky reefs at depths between 20 and 380 metres (66 and 1,247 ft). It is a protogynous hermaphrodite and 50% of the females are sexually mature at 58 centimetres (23 in), when they are around 6 years old, although it has been recorded in fish at 32.8 centimetres (12.9 in). At a total length of 89.5 centimetres (35.2 in) 50% of the females change sex to become males, although this can occur at 75.3 centimetres (29.6 in). The spawning season runs from February to June, peaking in March.^[1] This predatory species prefers to prey on other fishes with crustaceans, especially shrimp, as a second preference.^[6]

Utilisation

The Hawaiian grouper is valued for having clear white flesh which has a delicate flavour.^[7] It is regarded as a member of the "Deep 7" group of fish species which live in deep water, near the bottom, and are a valuable resource for fisheries in Hawaii, these species accounting for 50% of the total commercial catch in the State.^[8]

References

• Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report H-08-06, 19 p, http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov
• Gillgren, Jerry G.; Ballam, Anthony: Malama Charters Hilo LLC, Commercial fishing vessel "Jovan Lee" field work, Northeastern coast of Hawaii Island (12/2019-3/2020)

Epinephelus quernus es una especie de peces de la familia Serranidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología

• Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 122 cm de longitud total.^[1]​

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en las Hawái.

Referencias

Bibliografía

• Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
• Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
• Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
• Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
• Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
• Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
• Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

Hyporthodus quernus Hyporthodus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serranidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

• FishBase.org

Ikus, gainera

• Hyporthodus
• Serranidae

Hyporthodus quernus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de zaag- of zeebaarzen (Serranidae).^[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1901 door Seale.

Hyporthodus quernus é uma espécie de peixe da família Serranidae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Estados Unidos da América e Ilhas Menores Distantes dos Estados Unidos.

Os seus habitats naturais são: mar aberto, mar costeiro, pradarias aquáticas subtidais e recifes de coral.

Referências

Epinephelus quernus là một loài cá thuộc họ Serranidae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Hoa Kỳ và Các tiểu đảo xa của Hoa Kỳ. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là open seas, shallow seas, subtidal aquatic beds, and coral reefs.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Epinephelus quernus tại Wikispecies
• Cornish, A. 2004. Epinephelus quernus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 8 năm 2007.

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白雨斑下美鮨，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鮨科的其中一種，分布於中東太平洋的夏威夷群島及強斯頓環礁海域，棲息深度可達20-380公尺，體長可達122公分，為底棲性魚類，屬肉食性，以魚類、甲殼類等為食，可做為食用魚、遊釣魚及觀賞魚。

參考文獻

• Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Hyporthodus quernus in FishBase. 2012年9月版本