dcsimg

Description

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Head (Fig. 8): 1.8–1.9 mm wide (including eyes). Frons, clypeus cream to red, with anterior clypeal margin dark red; gena red to reddish brown; maxillary, labial palp yellowish to cream-colored. Vertex with central area raised, yellowish to cream-colored, with prominent, dark red-wine-colored, V-shaped mark along anterior margin; lateral margin, midline sometimes also with red-wine-colored marks. Antenna: dorsum of scape lightly to darkly tinged with red-wine color; pedicel dark red to ivory-colored, with inner margin darkened; flagellum cream-colored, with amber bristles; inner margin of basal ca 3 flagellomeres tinged with red to black; antennal fossa marked with red laterally. Thorax (Fig. 8): Cervix lightly tinged with red laterally. Pronotum 1.2–1.5 mm long, 1.2–1.5 mm wide, yellowish to greenish, unmarked except for small posteromesal red to black mark. Mesonotum, metanotum mostly dark, variable, with four types of color morphs (black entire, black open, red entire, red open) [see Fig. 8 and Mantoanelli et al. 2006]. Wings (Fig. 9A–B): Forewing 17.3–20.5 mm long, 6.5–7.8 mm wide (at widest point); ratio of length: maximum width = 2.6–2.7:1. Costal area moderately broad; tallest costal cell (#9–10) 1.5–1.9 mm tall, 2.6–3.3 times width, 0.3 times width of wing (midwing). First intramedian (im1) cell quadrangular, width (anterior margin) 1.4–1.6 times width (anterior margin) of third median cell (m3), 2.3–3.2 times length of posterior margin of m3, length of basal vein (= ma, median arculus) 1.0–1.1 times greater than length of distal vein. First radial crossvein distal to origin of radial sector (Rs); radial area (between R and Rs) with single row of 16–18 closed cells; tallest cell (#6–8) 2.16–2.58 times taller than wide. No crassate veins; 5–7 b cells (= cells beneath Rs, not including an inner gradate vein). Two series of gradate veins; 6–11 inner gradates, 7–9 outer gradates. Height of fourth gradate cell 3.6–5.4 times width. Eight to nine b’ cells (cells beneath Pseudomedia after im2). Three intracubital cells (two closed). Membrane mostly clear except basal area with small, reddish brown patch, stigma opaque to light brown, with large very dark brown mark basally, small, light brown clouding around second m-cu crossvein and around distal Psm–Psc crossveins, sometimes with clouding around distal leg of im1 and around crossveins between distal b’ cells. Veins mostly green, except anterior tips of most costal crossveins, base of Radius, bases of ca three to five radial crossveins, distal three to four Psm–Psc crossveins, outer gradates, and forks of posterior marginal veins darkened to black; inner gradates, posterior veins of distal three to four b’ cells slightly darkened. Hindwing 16.2–18.3 mm long, 5.3–6.0 mm wide. Two series of gradate veins; 6–10 inner, 6–8 outer; 14–17 radial cells (counted from origin of R, not false origin). Four to six b cells (including small b1 cell); six to eight b’ cells beyond im2; two intracubital cells (one closed). Membrane clear; stigma with pronounced dark brown mark basally. Veins mostly light green; middle costal crossveins, outer gradates, bases of marginal forks, black. Abdomen (Figs 1, 10–14): Sternites, tergites with long, slender setae throughout, microsetae moderately dense; pleural region with setae small, very sparse, microsetae very small. Rim around each sternite heavily sclerotized, especially anteriorly, fading posteriorly. Tergites narrow, roughly rectangular, with rounded margins. Spiracles oval externally; atria not enlarged. Sternites S2–3 longer than tall; S5–7 more square-shaped; distal segments (beyond A4) expanded, height of pleural region greater than height of sternites. Coloration: mostly green, with yellow mesally. Tergites T5, T6 with large black spots, bordered by red; callus cerci white; setae, trichobothria golden. Male: S6 height and length approximately equal, S7 height ca 1.1–1.2 times length (lateral view); S4–S8 with dense microtholi, S3 with microtholi laterally, sometimes also across entire posterior region, absent or sparse anteriorly, mesally; S1–2, S9 without microtholi. Callus cerci round to slightly oval (ca 1.1–1.2× taller than wide), diameter ca 0.16–0.28 mm, with ca 30–35 trichobothria of variable length. T9+ectoproct rounded posterodorsally, truncate to rounded distally, broadly fused mesally, midline with small distal cleft, with long setae; ventral section tapering, rounded proximally, extending above S8+9 only to suture between S8 and S9; dorsal apodeme substantial, but not thick, straight basally, forking midway on anterior margin of callus cerci; dorsal branch extending around dorsal margin of callus cerci to midway on posterior margin, ventral branch curving ventrally well below callus cerci, then bending posteriorly, extending along ventral margin of ectoproct. S8+9 fused, with trace of suture dorsally, with clear intersegmental demarcation throughout; S8 tall (1.5–2.0× taller than long), ca one-half (0.44–0.47×) length of S8+9 along ventral margin; S8+9 (lateral view) with proximal margin slightly convex, dorsal surface of S8 rounded, of S9 curved distally, steeply sloped at terminus; terminus without knob or gonocristae; membranous region above terminus of S9 with pair of large, eversible, lateral pouches. Gonarcus well sclerotized, widely arcuate (total span, 0.67–0.84 mm); bridge broad (0.38–0.62 mm long), dorsoventrally flattened, gently curved throughout; lateral apodeme rounded dorsally, more acute ventrally (0.21–0.24 mm wide; 0.29–0.33 mm tall); gonocornua extending forward from anterior edge of gonarcal bridge, basally stout, with ventral, straight projection, tapering to narrow, rounded apex (length, 0.09–0.15 mm); distance between inner bases of gonocornua 0.15–0.25 mm, distance between tips 0.20–0.26 mm. Mediuncus located beneath, and well separated from gonarcus, with mesal, recurved beak, lateral, well-sclerotized, stiff membranous, curved arms; mediuncus attached to gonarcal bridge via robust membrane that extends along width of gonarcal bridge between outside margins of gonocornua, folds beneath gonarcal bridge and beneath mediuncal beak to form deep gonosaccus; gonosaccus with two fields of five to seven short gonosetae on chalazae. Hypandrium internum: arm 0.25–0.37 mm long, distal span between arms 0.24–0.32 mm. Female. Height of S6 ca 0.75 times length, S7 height ca 0.60 times length. Callus cerci round, diameter 0.17–18 mm, with 30–35 trichobothria. T8 roughly quadrate (lateral view) with rounded corners, similar in depth to T6. T9+ectoproct elongate, slanting anteriorly; ventral margin slightly convex, extending slightly below level of gonapophyses laterales. Dorsal margin of S7 with slight taper basally, becoming more pronounced distally; terminus unmodified, with terminal (posteroventral) setae slightly more dense than in other areas. Gonapophysis lateralis rounded to slightly acute dorsally, rounded distally, ventrally, ca 0.53–0.60 height of T9+ectoproct; inner membranous surface not expandable, with ca two vertical rows of short setae. Colleterial complex consisting of membranous gland connected to colleterial reservoir via broad duct, and elongate ribbon-like accessory gland; colleterial gland elongate, delicate, transparent; colleterial reservoir smaller, delicate, transparent, tapering to narrow, granulose, spiny duct; accessory gland narrow, elongate, forked distally, with spiny surface; accessory gland and colleterial duct connected to lightly sclerotized, widened, flattened platform extending from below transverse sclerite; transverse sclerite curved, lightly sclerotized, slender throughout, with long teeth (setae?). Spermatheca with initial (posterior) section scoop-shaped, broad, thick, tapering slightly at base (ca 0.25 mm wide along distal margin x ca 0.20 mm height from tip of distal margin to base of scoop), with elongate, broad, smooth, convoluted tube extending down one side, looping in U-shaped turn, then twisting through several loops before joining bursal duct [tube ca 1.1 mm in total length, ca 0.05 mm in width throughout]; spermathecal invagination not specifically identified. Spermathecal duct extremely long, well sclerotized throughout, densely, tightly coiled, arising from side of scoop-shaped section of spermatheca; coiled length ca 3–5 mm, including membranous, brushy, less coiled distal section, uncoiled length much greater. Bursal duct extending from tip of tubular spermathecal velum, basal section membranous, broad, curved, fluted; surface with striated folds, lateral margins of major folds heavily granulose. Bursa copulatrix small, saccular, extended over spermatheca, slightly into section of S7; ventral surface with small striated folds; dorsal surface smooth; pair of clear, elongate, tubular bursal glands attached dorsally to base of bursa via clear, pipe-fitting-like bases; bursal glands very long, unbranched; surface lightly granulose. Subgenitale with smooth (unfolded), rounded surface, broad, rectangular, robust, bilobed projection extending distally at ca 90° angle to subgenitale surface, lobes large, with minute setae on surface, region between lobes extending distally as smaller, acute lobe; base of bilobed projection with dense transverse folding, with sclerotized, knob-like mesal lobe projecting from pair of scalloped, sclerotized arms.
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Catherine A. Tauber, Francisco Sosa, Gilberto S. Albuquerque
bibliographic citation
Tauber C, Sosa F, Albuquerque G (2013) Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies ZooKeys 310: 57–101
author
Catherine A. Tauber
author
Francisco Sosa
author
Gilberto S. Albuquerque
original
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Distribution

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Our findings [based on confirmed published records and specimens examined] indicate that Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia occurs from the western, lowland regions of the Amazonian drainage basin of Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, throughout much of forested Brazil (coastal and inland), and in northeastern, mid-elevation regions of Argentina. The specific areas that we have confirmed include: Argentina: Province of Salta. Brazil: States of Bahia, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia,São Paulo. Ecuador: Provinces of Napo, Orellana. Peru: District ofMadre de Dios.Confirmed published records include: Freitas and Penny (2001: 280, as Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla), and Mantoanelli et al. (2006: 8). Unconfirmed, published records from South America include --- Brazil: EspíritoSanto (Navás 1922b: 89), Mato Grosso (Navás 1932: 57); Pará (Navás 1912-1913: 314), Rio de Janeiro (Navás 1922a: 392; Navás 1926: 12; Navás 1929a: 862), Paraguay: San Bernardino [Cordillera] (Navás 1913: 157), and Bolivia: Buenavista [Santa Cruz] (Navás 1928b: 111). The Brazilian records of Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina by Freitas and Penny (2001: 282) were based on misidentified specimens; thus, only their records for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla [= Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia] are included here. Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia was reported from British Guiana, Suriname, Central America, and Mexico; however we have not confirmed any of these records. Banks (1945: 168) questioned the Navás (1928a: 131) record for Central America (Guatemala). Based on our study here, we also question this record. We confirmed that the Banks (1944: 31) record for British Guiana was in error; a specimen in the AMNH with the data he reported is probably an undescribed species; its abdomen is missing. The specimen(s) that he identified as Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia from Suriname (Banks 1944: 31) were not found in the MCZ (P. Perkins, personal communication), nor in the AMNH. This record probably applies to Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa or another, undescribed species. In summary, we have not seen specimens of Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia from northern South America, the Caribbean region, Central America, or Mexico.
license
cc-by-3.0
copyright
Catherine A. Tauber, Francisco Sosa, Gilberto S. Albuquerque
bibliographic citation
Tauber C, Sosa F, Albuquerque G (2013) Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies ZooKeys 310: 57–101
author
Catherine A. Tauber
author
Francisco Sosa
author
Gilberto S. Albuquerque
original
visit source
partner site
Zookeys