Comments
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Cabomba caroliniana , an important aquarium plant, is introduced in Oregon and probably in the northern part of its range where it is uncommon in several states. Formerly known from Kansas, it is thought to be extirpated there now. Although Delaware and West Virginia lie within the mapped area, I know of no collections from those states. In New England and parts of southeast United States, it is sometimes an aggressive weed. In parts of the southeastern United States, plants with purple-tinted flowers, possibly a response to some environmental factor, have been treated as Cabomba caroliniana var. pulcherrima . South American plants with yellow flowers have been called C . caroliniana var. flavida O/rgaard.
The submersed leaves of Cabomba caroliniana are similar in form to those of Limnophila (Scrophulariaceae; introduced in southeastern United States). The latter has whorled leaves in contrast to the opposite leaves of Cabomba .
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Description
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Submersed leaves: petiole to 4 cm; leaf blade 1-3.5 × 1.5-5.5 cm, terminal segments 3-200, linear to slightly spatulate, to 1.8 mm wide. Floating leaves: blade 0.6-3 cm × 1-4 mm, margins entire or notched to sagittate at base. Flowers 6-15 mm diam.; sepals white to purplish [yellow] or with purple-tinged margins, 5-12 × 2-7 mm; petals colored as sepals but with proximal, yellow, nectar-bearing auricles, 4-12 × 2-5 mm, apex broadly obtuse or notched; stamens 3-6, mostly 6; pistils 2-4, mostly 3, divergent at maturity; ovules 3. Fruits 4-7 mm. Seeds 1-3, 1.5-3 × 1-1.5 mm, tubercles in 4 longitudinal rows. 2 n = ca. 78, ca. 104.
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Description
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Stems to 1--2 m, basally rhizomatous and glabrescent, apically rust colored pubescent. Submersed leaves petiole 0.3--1.5 cm; blade palmately dissected, 2--5 × 2.5--7 cm in overall diam., ultimate segments linear to slightly spatulate, to 1.8 mm wide. Floating leaves petiole 1.5--2 cm; blade 1.4--2 × ca. 0.3 cm. Flowers 0.6--1.5 cm in diam. Sepals white, with margin tinged purple, or yellow, rarely purplish, 5--12 × 2--7 mm, apex obtuse. Petals colored as sepals, 4--12 × 2--5 mm, base clawed, apex broadly obtuse or emarginate; basal nectiferous auricles yellow. Stamens (3--)6, ca. 3.5 mm. Pistils (2--)3, 3.5--4 mm, short pubescent. Fruit 4--7 mm. Seeds 1--3, 1.5--3 × 1--1.5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer--autumn. 2n = 26, 78, 104.
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Distribution
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Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.; s South America.
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering late spring-early fall, earlier and later further south.
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Habitat
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Acidic to alkaline ponds, lakes, pools in marshes, rivers, streams, ditches, canals, and reservoirs; 0-300m.
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Habitat & Distribution
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In rivers. Jiangsu [native to SE North America and S South America].
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Synonym
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Cabomba caroliniana var. pulcherrima R. M. Harper; C. pulcherrima (R. M. Harper) Fassett
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Cabomba caroliniana
provided by wikipedia EN
Cabomba caroliniana is an aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to North and South America.
It is a weed of national significance in Australia and on the list of invasive alien species of union concern in the EU.[1][2] The latter implies that the species cannot be traded nor commercialised. The EU forbids trading and selling of the plant and requires people possessing it before the Regulation went into force to take appropriate measures to prevent it from spreading.[3]
Common names
Cabomba caroliniana is commonly called Carolina fanwort,[4] Carolina water shield,[5] green cabomba, fanwort, fish grass, and Washington grass.
Distribution
It is native to southeastern South America (southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina),[6] and the East and West Coasts of the United States.[4] It is eaten as a vegetable in some areas.
Ecological aspects
This species grows rooted in the mud of stagnant to slow-flowing water, including streams, smaller rivers, lakes, ponds, sloughs, and ditches. In some states in the United States, it is now regarded as a weed. Fanwort stems become brittle in late summer, which causes the plant to break apart, facilitating its distribution and invasion of new water bodies. It produces by seed, but vegetative reproduction seems to be its main vehicle for spreading to new waters. Growth of 50 mm (2.0 in) a day has been reported in Lake Macdonald in Queensland, Australia.[7]
Large numbers of plants are sent from Florida to the rest of the U.S. for commercial use. Fanwort is also grown commercially in Asia for export to Europe and other parts of the world. Small-scale, local cultivation occurs in some areas, and aquarists are probably responsible for some introductions.
Description
Fanwort is a submerged, sometimes floating, but often rooted, freshwater perennial plant with short, fragile rhizomes. The erect shoots are upturned extensions of the horizontal rhizomes. The shoots are grass-green to olive-green or sometimes reddish-brown. The leaves are of two types: submerged and floating. The submerged leaves are finely divided and arranged in pairs on the stem. The floating leaves, when present, are linear and inconspicuous, with an alternate arrangement. They are less than 1⁄2 in (13 mm) long and narrow (less than 1⁄4 in or 6.4 mm). The leaf blade attaches to the centre, where a slight constriction is seen. The flowers are white and small (less than 1⁄2 in (13 mm) in diameter) and are on stalks that arise from the tips of the stems.
Green and reddish-brown shoots
Straplike floating leaves with flowers
Finely-divided submerged leaves
Submerged leaves protruding above the surface
Infested area in flower (larger round leaves are another species)
References
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Cabomba caroliniana: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Cabomba caroliniana is an aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to North and South America.
It is a weed of national significance in Australia and on the list of invasive alien species of union concern in the EU. The latter implies that the species cannot be traded nor commercialised. The EU forbids trading and selling of the plant and requires people possessing it before the Regulation went into force to take appropriate measures to prevent it from spreading.
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