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Behavior

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No specific studies have been conducted for Idiosepius paradoxus, but in general, Decapodiformes can change color, body patterns, and texture. These changes can possibly be used to communicate with each other and are used in mating, camouflage, and eluding predators. To see color changes they need to have a well-developed eye and rely on visual sense to locate food. A highly advanced olfactory sense aids them in their benthic lifestyles in the sea grass.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Kaycee Coleman, Rutgers University
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Conservation Status

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They are present in large quantities, and will breed in captivity.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Life Cycle

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Idiosepius paradoxus does not have a larval stage. Instead their development is direct. Having a toothed beak is a sign of pedomorphosis compared to other cephalopods that have toothed beaks in their para-larval forms.

Development - Life Cycle: neotenic/paedomorphic

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of Idiosepius paradoxus on humans.

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Benefits

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Idiosepius paradoxus are easily harvested. The Idiosepiidae are good experimental animals because they have short life spans, are easily maintained, and readily reproduce in the lab. These animals are currently used to study reproduction and nervous systems but also have the potential for studies on age-related and/or hereditary problems.

Positive Impacts: research and education

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Associations

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Idiosepius paradoxus plays a role in being part of the food chain by being eaten and eating crustaceans and fish.

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Idiosepius paradoxus prefers to feed on crustaceans, gammarids, grass shrimp, and mysids. Although an initial study concluded I. paradoxus does not attack fish, a later study showed the contrary. When attacking fish the pygmy squid usually only eats the muscle mass and leaves the bones intact, usually as complete skeletons. Idiosepius paradoxus cannot completely paralyze larger fish and ingests only part of the fish.

The feeding habits have been described in detail in the literature, with two phases: 1) attacking, which includes attention, positioning, and seizure, and 2) eating.

Once I. paradoxus sees its prey it approaches with arms facing the hard shell of the crustacean until it gets to an attacking distance of less than 1 cm. The Japanese pygmy squid attacks very fast, and captures the prey with tentacles grabbing at the junction between the crustacean's shell and its first abdominal segment pulling the crustacean into its arm crown.

Idiosepius paradoxus will attack prey up to twice its size. The pygmy squid paralyzes shrimp within one minute, using a cephalotoxin. The prey must be held in the right position otherwise it will not be paralyzed, and I. paradoxus must shift where it is grasping the prey. On occasion more than one pygmy squid will attack the same prey. Usually the first attacker will get the meal. After capturing the prey, I. paradoxus swims back to sea grass to attach while it eats.

After capturing a crustacean, I. paradoxus inserts its buccal mass into the exoskeleton. The squid elongates the buccal mass to about the same length of its arm, and wiggles the mass around in all directions inside the crustacean's exoskeleton. While doing this, I. paradoxus ingests the flesh of the crustacean, and then discards it, leaving the exoskeleton completely empty yet intact. The crustacean’s perfectly intact exoskeleton looks like the organism has simply molted. The exoskeleton is usually emptied in 15 minutes for mysids, while the larger prey are sometimes not finished, leaving flesh attached to the exoskeleton.

Idiosepius paradox may externally digest its food first. External digestion makes it easier for the toothed beak to assist in shredding the flesh of a crustacean, which is removed using the buccal mass and enzymatic action. This enzyme is injected into the flesh allowing I. paradoxus to suck up semi-digested flesh. The specialized outer lip seems to be the organ assisting in external digestion. The lip contains goblet glandular cells in the lip gland that produces a mucous secretion. While eating the beak is moving in the buccal mass but it never passes the lips so it does not bite into the flesh.

Animal Foods: mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Distribution

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Idiosepius paradoxus, the Japanese pygmy squid, is native to the western Pacific Ocean, near the waters of Japan, northern Australia, and South Korea. It can be found in the whole Indonesian Pacific region ranging from South Africa to Japan to Southern Australia.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Habitat

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Idiosepius paradoxus is a benthic species living in shallow, inshore waters.

Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal

Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Life Expectancy

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Idiosepius paradoxus has a life span of 150 days, likely the longest living Idiosepius species. The longer life span is possibly due to Idiosepius paradoxus having a slower growth rate in lower temperatures. They have two generations with differing sizes. In the warm season they become sexually mature faster but are smaller and in the cool season they grow larger over the winter, but take a longer time to become sexually mature.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
150 days.

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Morphology

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Idiosepius paradoxus can grow up to 16 mm in mantle length. In one study off Japan, female size ranged from 4.2 mm to 18.8 mm in mantle length and 15 mg to 796 mg in wet body weight. The males ranged from 4.2 mm to 13.8 mm in mantle length and wet body weight ranged from 10 mg and 280 mg.

The smallest of the cephalopods, I. paradoxus varies in colors and size. Size and maturation varies with season as they produce two generations a year. They are sexually dimorphic, with the females larger than the males.

Range mass: 0.010 to 0.796 g.

Range length: 4.2 to 18.8 mm.

Average length: 16 mm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Associations

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Idiosepius paradoxus can be eaten by fish, birds, marine mammals, and other cephalopods.

Known Predators:

  • fish, Pisces
  • marine mammals
  • birds, Aves
  • cephalopods Cephalopoda
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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Sirisha Bupathi, Rutgers University
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Reproduction

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Sexes are separate and fertilization is internal. One of the male’s arms is differentiated and contains a hectocotylus at the tip. This arm is then jammed into the female’s body cavity. Courting can occur and this is done in this species by means of changing color, body movements or the combinations of both. Male Idiosepius paradoxus mature faster than females in both the cool and warm seasons.

Mating System: polyandrous

Males tend to copulate with females while they are laying eggs. Males choose copulation over courtship with females whenever the occasion arises. Since they are quick to act, a male sometimes mistakes other males as females and implants his spermatangia into a male. These pygmy squid become sexually mature after 1.5-2 months. For over a month the female lays 30-80 eggs every 2-7 days when kept in a lab setting. Spawning occurs late February to mid-May and from June to late September. In a natural setting, eggs are laid in a flat mass onto substrates.

Breeding interval: twice every year

Breeding season: late February to mid-May and from June to late September

Range number of offspring: 30 to 80.

Range gestation period: 2 days to 7 days days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.5 - 2 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1.5 - 2 months.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning)

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Bupathi, S. and K. Coleman 2011. "Idiosepius paradoxus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Idiosepius_paradoxus.html
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Idiosepius paradoxus

provided by wikipedia EN

Idiosepius paradoxus, also known as the northern pygmy squid, is a species of bobtail squid native to the western Pacific Ocean. This species can be found inhabiting shallow, inshore waters around central China, South Korea, and Japan.[2][3]

Appearance

This species is part of the smallest known squid genus, growing only to 16 mm (0.63 in) in mantle length.[3][4] Females tend to be larger than males, and the presence of nidamental glands for secretion of egg jelly differentiates them from males.[5] Males can be identified by the presence of a singular white testis found posteriorly in the body.[4] Both sexes have a unique organ found on their dorsal mantle for binding themselves to a substrate, such as seagrass.[6] The type specimen was collected off Kadsiyama in Tokyo Bay and is conserved at the Musee Zoologique in Strasbourg.[7]

Distribution and Habitat

I. paradoxus is found farthest North of all the species in genus Idiosepius.[2] The distribution of this species includes the waters off South Korea and northern Australia, as well as the Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu, and southern Hokkaido. In these locations, this squid can be found in the demersal zone of the ocean in subtropical climates. It resides in algae, seagrass, and seaweed.[3] Based on season within its distribution, there are two recorded life histories. Small type squid hatch between March and July and spawn between June and September, while large type squid hatch in the summer and spawn during the next spring, and have longer reproductive seasons.[8][9]

Diet

This species feeds mainly on small fish, shrimp, and other organisms. They can prey on larger fish, but may not be able to fully digest all of the flesh.[10] Just as they utilize external fertilization, these squid can externally digest their food as well. Anatomically, they possess both a beak and a buccal mass. The buccal mass is used to break through hard exoskeletons, secrete digestive fluids, and then remove the softened flesh of prey.[10] With small prey, the beak is not needed for biting or severing any body parts.[10] There is also evidence of a sex-specific cognitive bias in I. paradoxus, such that females more often than males overestimate the size of prey they will be able to successfully attack.[11]

Reproduction and Sexual Selection

Copulation and Spawning

I. paradoxus mates through a polyandrous system, in which females copulate with numerous males.[6] The focus of existing research seems to be on female promiscuity, with little information on how many partners are acquired per male. Males do not exhibit precopulatory behaviors, such as male-male competition, so a male and female will mate upon finding one another.[6] The male grasps the female in a head-to-head position using his right hectocotylus, which he also uses to point towards her arm crown externally. He then uses his left hectocotylus to grasp spermatophores containing sperm from his funnel, post ejaculation.[4] The spermatophores become spermatangia through an eversion reaction involving the ejaculatory apparatus and cement body, and are then placed on the female's body directed by the groove on the right hectocotylus.[4][12] The sperm become activated by seawater, and will swim to the seminal receptacle around the female's buccal mass on the ventral mantle, where they will be stored until spawning and fertilization.[12][13] In this species, sperm form swarms when swimming from spermatangia to the seminal receptacle.[14] The receptacle does not become full until about 8 copulations, after which no more sperm can be held until spawning has occurred.[13]

The female can mate with multiple males and retain sperm from each before adhering to a substrate such as seagrass to spawn.[5] Once ready, the female releases egg jelly from her nidamental gland, out her funnel, and into her arms, followed by a single egg that she attaches to the substrate.[5] During attachment, she covers the egg with her buccal membrane so that sperm can be passed from the seminal receptacle to the egg through individualized external fertilization.[5] This process is repeated for multiple rows of eggs.[5] Each egg is wrapped in 8-10 gelatinous layers, and these may function in protection against small microorganisms.[15] Females may spawn several times in this fashion from a full seminal receptacle.[13]

Cryptic Female Choice

I. paradoxus has been used in the study of cryptic female choice due to male sperm transfer to an external location on the female's body, making this process more easily observable than in other species.[6] Once the female has mated, either with one male or several, she can use her buccal mass to pull spermatangia off her body individually to get rid of as many as she chooses.[16] By removing spermatangia, she is choosing which male(s) will have greater opportunity to sire her offspring. In this way, postcopulatory mechanisms in this species can act as sexual selection for certain traits in males.[6]

There is evidence from multiple studies that smaller males are preferred by females, meaning females remove more spermatangia from larger males.[6][17] However, whether females prefer longer or shorter copulations is debated. Some evidence points towards preference for longer copulating males, while other evidence shows preference for decreased copulation times.[6][17] A possible explanation for female preference of small and fast copulating males could be that predation risk is decreased with shorter time spent in copula and less attention drawn with smaller body size.[17] Predation could actually act as a selection pressure for increased postcopulatory versus precopulatory behaviors in I. paradoxus, as postcopulatory behaviors like cryptic female choice may draw less attention and be easier to exhibit when also under threat of predation.[18] In addition, there is evidence that cryptic female choice could be adaptive when comparing populations experiencing high versus low predation: the population more often exposed to predation may be able to carry out cryptic female choice as usual without decreasing the behavior, unlike in populations which are not used to predation.[18]

While females are able to exhibit choice, males engage in behaviors to give their sperm the best chance of making it to the female's seminal receptacle. During copulation, males have been observed directing their spermatangia by the right hectocotylus to different locations on the female's body (such as different arm crown bases) per spermatophore ejaculation.[4] This is thought to reduce the number of spermatangia removed by the female from a particular male, as their spermatangia are spread to multiple locations that the female may be unaware of.[4]

References

  1. ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2012). "Idiosepius paradoxus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T162657A937941. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T162657A937941.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Kasugai, Takashi; Segawa, Susumu (2005). "Life cycle of the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) in the Zostera beds of the temperate coast of central Honshu, Japan" (PDF). Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 66: 249–258.
  3. ^ a b c Reid, A. 2005. Family Idiosepiidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 1. Rome, FAO. pp. 208–210.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Sato, Noriyosi; Yoshida, Masa-Aki; Fujiwara, Eiji; Kasugai, Takashi (2013). "High-speed camera observations of copulatory behaviour in Idiosepius paradoxus: function of the dimorphic hectocotyli". academic.oup.com. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyt005. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  5. ^ a b c d e Iwata, Yoko; Sato, Noriyosi; Hirohashi, Noritaka; Kasugai, Takashi; Watanabe, Yoshiro; Fujiwara, Eiji (2019-01-21). "How female squid inseminate their eggs with stored sperm". Current Biology. 29 (2): R48–R49. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.010. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 30668945.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Sato, Noriyosi; Yoshida, Masa-aki; Kasugai, Takashi (2016-11-17). "Impact of cryptic female choice on insemination success: Larger sized and longer copulating male squid ejaculate more, but females influence insemination success by removing spermatangia". Evolution. 71 (1): 111–120. doi:10.1111/evo.13108. ISSN 0014-3820.
  7. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda
  8. ^ Sato, Noriyosi; Awata, Satoshi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2009-06-01). "Seasonal occurrence and sexual maturation of Japanese pygmy squid (Idiosepius paradoxus) at the northern limits of their distribution". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 66 (5): 811–815. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsp145. ISSN 1095-9289.
  9. ^ Sato, Noriyosi (2017-11-06). "Seasonal changes in reproductive traits and paternity in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 582: 121–131. doi:10.3354/meps12338. ISSN 0171-8630.
  10. ^ a b c KASUGAI, T. (2004-08-01). "FEEDING AND EXTERNAL DIGESTION IN THE JAPANESE PYGMY SQUID IDIOSEPIUS PARADOXUS (CEPHALOPODA: IDIOSEPIIDAE)". Journal Molluscan Studies. 70 (3): 231–236. doi:10.1093/mollus/70.3.231. ISSN 1464-3766.
  11. ^ Takeshita, Fumio; Sato, Noriyosi (2016). Herberstein, M. (ed.). "Adaptive Sex-Specific Cognitive Bias in Predation Behaviours of Japanese Pygmy Squid". Ethology. 122 (3): 236–244. doi:10.1111/eth.12464.
  12. ^ a b Sato, Noriyosi; Kasugai, Takashi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2014-06-01). "Spermatangium formation and sperm discharge in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus". Zoology. 117 (3): 192–199. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2014.02.001. ISSN 0944-2006.
  13. ^ a b c Sato, N.; Kasugai, T.; Ikeda, Y.; Munehara, H. (2010). "Structure of the seminal receptacle and sperm storage in the Japanese pygmy squid". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00733.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  14. ^ Hirohashi, Noritaka; Iida, Tomohiro; Sato, Noriyosi; Warwick, Sauer H. H.; Iwata, Yoko (2016-09-01). "Complex adaptive traits between mating behaviour and post-copulatory sperm behaviour in squids". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 26 (3): 601–607. doi:10.1007/s11160-016-9434-1. ISSN 1573-5184.
  15. ^ Kasugai, Takashi; Ikeda, Yuzuru (2003). "Description of the Egg Mass of Pygmy Cuttlefish, Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae), with Special Reference to its Multiple Gelatinous Layers" (PDF). The Veliger. 46 (2): 105–110.
  16. ^ Sato, Noriyosi; Kasugai, Takashi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2013-03-01). "Sperm transfer or spermatangia removal: postcopulatory behaviour of picking up spermatangium by female Japanese pygmy squid". Marine Biology. 160 (3): 553–561. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2112-5. ISSN 1432-1793.
  17. ^ a b c Sato, Noriyosi; Kasugai, Takashi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2014-06-01). "Female Pygmy Squid Cryptically Favour Small Males and Fast Copulation as Observed by Removal of Spermatangia". Evolutionary Biology. 41 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1007/s11692-013-9261-4. ISSN 1934-2845.
  18. ^ a b Sato, Noriyosi; Uchida, Yu; Takegaki, Takeshi (2018-07-12). "The effect of predation risk on post-copulatory sexual selection in the Japanese pygmy squid". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 72 (8): 129. doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2540-4. ISSN 1432-0762.
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Idiosepius paradoxus: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Idiosepius paradoxus, also known as the northern pygmy squid, is a species of bobtail squid native to the western Pacific Ocean. This species can be found inhabiting shallow, inshore waters around central China, South Korea, and Japan.

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Habitat

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Shallow, inshore waters.

Reference

Jereb, P.; Roper, C.F.E. (Eds)(2005). An annotated an illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 1: Chambered nautilusses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes 4(1). FAO, Rome. 262p., 9 colour plates.

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