Comments
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Often planted as a shade tree in the southern United States, Ulmus alata is also cultivated outside North America.
The name Ulmus pumila was incorrectly applied to this species by Walter in 1788.
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Description
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Trees , 10-18 m; crowns open. Bark light brown to gray with shallow ridges and plates. Wood hard. Branches: young and old-growth branches with opposite, prominent, regular corky wings; twigs reddish brown, pubescent to glabrous. Buds: apex acute; scales brown to rusty, slightly pubescent. Leaves: petiole ca. 2.5 mm, pubescent. Leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, 3-6.9 × 0.6-3.2 cm, base somewhat cordate to oblique, margins doubly serrate, apex acute; surfaces abaxially with trichomes on veins, tufts of pubescence in axils of veins, adaxially glabrous to scabrous. Inflorescences short racemes, not pendulous, less than 2.5 cm; pedicel 2-7 mm, not fully expanded until fruiting stage. Flowers: calyx deeply lobed, symmetric, lobes 5; stamens 5; anthers red. Samaras gray-tan, often reddish tinged, lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, ca. 8 mm, narrowly winged, margins ciliate, cilia white, 1-2 mm. Seeds slightly thickened, not inflated. 2 n = 28.
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Distribution
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Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kans., Ky., La., Miss., Mo., N.C., Ohio, Okla., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering late winter-early spring.
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Habitat
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Alluvial woods and deciduous woodlands, especially dry, acidic woodlands and glades, along fencerows, waste areas; planted as street trees; 0-600m.
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Synonym
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Ulmus americana Linnaeus var. alata (Michaux) Spach
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Associated Forest Cover
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Winged elm generally grows only as scattered trees in mixture with
other hardwoods (14). It is not a major component of any forest
cover type in the Eastern United States, but it is found in
varying amounts in four major types (17): Post Oak-Blackjack Oak
Society of American Foresters Type 40), White Oak-Black
Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52), Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak
(Type 91), and Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash (Type 93).
In the southern part of the Central Forest Region, winged elm
occurs as a minor species in Post Oak-Blackjack Oak. From the
Central Forest Region southward through Tennessee, Arkansas,
Mississippi, and Alabama it is associated with White Oak-Black
Oak-Northern Red Oak. In the Southern Forest Region and within
flood plains of major rivers, winged elm is found in either Swamp
Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak or in Sugarberry-American Elm-Green
Ash. Here, associated understory trees are eastern hophornbeam
(Ostrya virginiana), American hornbeam (Carpinus
caroliniana), and American holly (Ilex opaca).
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Climate
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Within the natural range of winged elm, the climate varies from
warm in the South to moderately cold in the North (20). The
region is principally within the humid climatic province of the
southeastern United States. Annual precipitation averages 1020 to
1520 mm. (40 to 60 in); half or more of this occurs during the
growing season, April to September. Throughout the greater
portion of the tree's range, the growing season averages from 180
to 300 days, and average annual temperatures are from 13° to
21° C (55° to 70° F). Average annual snowfall is
from 38 cm (15 in) in the North to none in the South.
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Damaging Agents
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A large variety of insects and diseases
are reported for winged elm (2,7,8). This is not because the
species is generally more susceptible to pathogens than other
native hardwoods. The primary reason is that the species is
susceptible to Ceratocystis u1mi, which causes Dutch elm disease,
and to the mycoplasmalike organism which causes elm phloem
necrosis. Both have been devastating to the elms native to North
America and since these diseases are both transmitted by insects,
a large amount of research has been done on all insects and
diseases of elms in the United States. The Dutch elm disease is
most prevalent across the northern portion of the natural range
of winged elm. As of 1976, it had not been found in Louisiana and
Florida (21). Phloem necrosis was distributed throughout much of
the north and central range of winged elm by 1975 (6). Both
diseases have spread into the Southeastern States from the north;
whether or not the warmer climate or other factors in these
States will eventually stop the epidemics remains uncertain.
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Flowering and Fruiting
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The perfect flowers of winged elm
are borne on threadlike pedicels in short, few-flowered drooping
fascicles before the leaves appear in March and April (22). The
fruit is a reddish or greenish samara, ovate to oblong and 6 to 8
mm (0.25 to 0.33 in) long. Fruits ripen in April and seeds are
dispersed the same month (3). The seed is solitary and it and its
wing are flat and hairy, especially on the margin. The reddish
samaras give the tree a reddish appearance when fruiting.
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Genetics
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Winged elm has little commercial value. As a consequence, no
attempts to hybridize or improve the species have been reported.
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Growth and Yield
provided by Silvics of North America
Winged elm is a mediumsized tree,
usually 12 to 15 m (40 to 50 ft) in height but occasionally 24 to
30 m (80 to 100 ft), and is rarely more than 61 cm (24 in) in
d.b.h. This species develops a short bole with branches ascending
into a fairly open, round-topped crown. It has a lacy, or
somewhat drooping habit. One special characteristic is the corky,
persistent wings or projections often found on the branches.
Winged elm grows rapidly in the open. Under forest conditions its
growth rate is usually considered poor in relation to its
associates. Diameter growth in a natural stand averages 50 to 64
mm (2.0 to 2.5 in) in 10 years (12).
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Reaction to Competition
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Of all species of elms native to
the United States, winged elm is perhaps the least tolerant of
shade. It is, nevertheless, classed as a shade tolerant species
(15). Normally, winged elm is not associated with standing water
except in intermittent pools and shallow sheets of water after
heavy rains. Winged elm is classified as tolerant of flooding
(19).
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Rooting Habit
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No information available.
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Seed Dissemination
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Seeds are disseminated by wind and
water. They are eaten by a variety of birds and small animals
which likely serve as another means of dissemination.
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Seedling Development
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Germination is epigeal (3). The
cotyledons are oval with shallowly notched apexes and
heart-shaped bases (9). They are light green and smooth on both
surfaces and persist on the plant for 1 to 2 months. The first
leaves appear within 1 week after germination. They are small and
sharp-pointed and have typical elm venation. The stem is
circular, zig-zag, and slightly hairy to smooth. Two corky wings
develop opposite each other on the stem late in the first year.
The buds are slender and sharp-pointed, chestnut brown, slightly
hairy, and 1.6 mm (0.06 in) long.
Winged elm is a light-demanding species and reproduction is often
sparse in an understory (1). It is an invader of forest openings,
old fields, and rangelands. It survives grazing as bushes and
sprouts prolifically (15). Winged elm is difficult to kill with
herbicides and its eradication has been the subject of several
rangeland studies during the past decade (18).
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Special Uses
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For commercial purposes the wood of winged elm is classed as hard
elm or rock elm (5,13). Elm wood is used principally for
furniture, hardwood dimension and flooring, boxes, and crates.
Elm's excellent resistance to splitting has made it a choice wood
for the manufacture of high quality hockey sticks. The
manufacture of furniture continues to increase the demand for elm
for bent parts of chairs such as rockers and arms.
The mast from winged elm is eaten by birds and animals, and the
twigs and leaves are important for white-tailed deer (16). Both
twigs and leaves are most succulent, nutritious, and digestible
during spring and are less useful as food the rest of the year
because after abscission, the leaves lose most of their quality
and digestibility.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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No information is currently
available on the sprouting and rooting habits of winged elm.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Ulmaceae -- Elm family
G. A. Snow
Winged elm (Ulmus alata) is a very hardy, small-to
medium-sized tree in a wide range of habitats throughout much of
the southern Midwest and Southeastern United States. Other common
names are cork elm and wahoo.
On fertile soils with adequate moisture and drainage, winged elm
grows well and is a useful component of several forest types. On
poor dry sites it is stunted and gnarled and can be an
undesirable invader of grazing land. Winged elm lumber is mixed
with other elm. This tree is occasionally planted in southern
landscapes.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
Winged elm extends from southern Virginia west to Kentucky,
southern Indiana and Illinois, and central Missouri; south to
central Oklahoma and southeastern Texas; and east to central
Florida. It is also found locally in Maryland (10,14).
-The native range of winged elm.
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Ulmus alata
provided by wikipedia EN
Ulmus alata, the winged elm or wahoo, is a small- to medium-sized deciduous tree endemic to the woodlands of the southeastern and south-central United States. The species is tolerant of a wide range of soils, and of ponding, but is the least shade-tolerant of the North American elms. Its growth rate is often very slow, the trunk increasing in diameter by less than 5 mm (3⁄16 in) per year. The tree is occasionally considered a nuisance as it readily invades old fields, forest clearings, and rangelands, proving particularly difficult to eradicate with herbicides.[2]
Description
As its common and scientific[3] names imply, winged elm is most easily recognized by the very broad, thin pair of corky wings that form along the branchlets after a couple of years. The tree generally grows to a maximum height and breadth of about 13 m × 13 m (43 ft × 43 ft), although on fertile alluvial soils such as those of the Mississippi River Delta, some specimens have reached double this height (see 'Notable trees' below). The crown can be either rounded or pyramidal; the branches are pendulous.[4] The leaves are comparatively small for the genus, less than 6.5 cm (2+1⁄2 in) long and less than 2.0 cm (3⁄4 in) broad, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, thin in texture, and smooth above with serrate or doubly serrate margins. The leaves turn bright yellow in Autumn. The wind-pollinated perfect apetalous flowers are borne on long pedicels in March and April before the leaves appear. The reddish samaras are also relatively small, less than 8 mm (5⁄16 in) long, narrowly elliptic with two long incurving stigmas at the tip,[5] and usually disperse before the end of April.[6][7]
Young Ulmus alata, showing corky bark-ridges
Pests and diseases
Like the other North American species of elm, U. alata is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease and Elm Yellows (Elm phloem necrosis).[8]
Cultivation
Ulmus alata is rarely cultivated beyond its natural range. It remains in commercial production in the US, and is occasionally available in Europe. At the beginning of the 19th century, the tree was one of the three American elm species cultivated in ornamental plantations in Britain,[9] but is now rare there. Several specimens are grown in New Zealand.[10]
Notable trees
On the silty uplands of the Mississippi Delta, Ulmus alata can attain 27 m (89 ft) in height, although the trunk diameter rarely exceeds 60 cm (24 in) d.b.h. In the old growth Fernbank Forest in Atlanta, Georgia, the species attains heights up to 39 metres (128 ft). A tree measuring 40 metres (130 ft) high has been reported from the Congaree National Park in South Carolina.[11] However, the USA National Champion, measuring 27 metres (89 ft) high in 2009, grows in Hopewell, Virginia.[12][3]
Cultivars
Other uses
Ulmus alata is of minimal commercial significance, its hard timber considered no more remarkable than that of other American elms, and of limited use because of the commonly small size of the trees. However, owing to its resistance to splitting, it is used to make high-quality hockey sticks.[13]
Accessions
- North America
-
Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 404-95, wild collected.
- Bartlett Tree Experts,[14] US. Acc. no. 1438, unrecorded provenance.
-
Brooklyn Botanic Garden,[15] New York City, US. Acc. nos. 730275, X00886
-
Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest - Connecting People with Nature, Clermont, Kentucky, US. No details available.
-
Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 116-96, wild collected Papoose Lake, Illinois.
- Europe
- Australasia
- Manukau Cemetery & Crematorium, Auckland, New Zealand. No details available.
Nurseries
- North America
Widely available.
- Europe
Seed suppliers
References
-
^ Stritch, L. (2019) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Ulmus alata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61966604A180056609. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
-
^ University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture Department (1994). Fact Sheet ST-648. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
-
^ Alata is Latin for "winged".
-
^ "Trees: Ulmus alata". www.ces.ncsu.edu. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004.
-
^ Photo of U. alata samarae, jimbotany.com/16-Catalog_Ra_through_Z-Ackn-LitCitd.htm, [1]
-
^ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2014 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-06938-0
-
^ Schnelle, M. (1999). Field Notes: Ulmus alata. American Nurseryman, page 1998, 1 March 1999. p. 98. Chicago
-
^ "Elm Phloem Necrosis".
-
^ Main, James (1839). The Forest Planter and Pruner's Assistant. London: Ridgway. p. 113.
-
^ Wilcox, Mike; Inglis, Chris (2003). "Auckland's elms" (PDF). Auckland Botanical Society Journal. Auckland Botanical Society. 58 (1): 38–45.
-
^ http://www.nativetreesociety.org/events/congaree2009/NewCongMaxList.xls
-
^ American Forests. (2012). The 2012 National Register of Big Trees.
-
^ Snow, G. A. "Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm". United States Department of Agriculture. Southern Research Station. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
-
^ "Bartlett Tree Experts: Tree Services". www.bartlett.com.
-
^ "BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN>> Plant Records". www.bbg.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2003.
-
^ "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
-
^ Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5.
-
^ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. (2017). List of Living Accessions: Ulmus [2]
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Ulmus alata: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Ulmus alata, the winged elm or wahoo, is a small- to medium-sized deciduous tree endemic to the woodlands of the southeastern and south-central United States. The species is tolerant of a wide range of soils, and of ponding, but is the least shade-tolerant of the North American elms. Its growth rate is often very slow, the trunk increasing in diameter by less than 5 mm (3⁄16 in) per year. The tree is occasionally considered a nuisance as it readily invades old fields, forest clearings, and rangelands, proving particularly difficult to eradicate with herbicides.
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