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Yellow Oleander

Cascabela thevetia (L.) H. Lippold

Distribution

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Native of tropical America; widely naturalised elsewhere in the tropics.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Elevation Range

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130-1000 m
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Derivation of specific name

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peruviana: Peruvian
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/cult/species.php?species_id=162430
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Description

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Shrub or small tree. Leaves evergreen, glossy, linear, ± sessile, dark green; margin revolute. Flowers 5-7.5 cm long. Fruit c. 2.5 cm across, becoming black when ripe.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/cult/species.php?species_id=162430
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Worldwide distribution

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Tropical America
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/cult/species.php?species_id=162430
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schumann, in
E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 42; 159. 1895.
Cerbera Thevetia L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 304. 1762.
Cerhera peruviana Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 267. 1805.
Thevetia neriifolia Juss.; Steud. Nom. Bot. Phan. 180. 1821.
Thevetia Thevetia Millsp. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 2: 83. 1900.
Erect or clambering shrub, frequently lianoid, glabrous throughout; leaves firmly membranaceous, linear to linear-lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, 0.6-1.3 cm. broad, narrowly acuminate, lustrous above, the secondary veins immersed and very obscure when dry, the petioles 2>~$ mm. long; inflorescence terminal or lateral, bearing several showy, orange or pinkish-yellow flowers; calyx-lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long; corolla salverform, the tube 10-15 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter at the base, the lobes broadly obovate-dolabriform, 35-45 mm. long, spreading; drupes bright-red, 4-4.5 cm. long.
Type locawty: Tropical America.
Distribution: Throughout Central America, where possibly native; frequently planted in the tropics of both hemispheres.
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bibliographic citation
Robert Everard Woodson, Jr. 1938. (ASCLEPIADALES); APOCYNACEAE. North American flora. vol 29(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) Schumann

Cerbera thevetia L., Sp. Pl. 1:209. 1753.

Cerbera peruviana Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1:267. 1805.

Thevetia nereifolia [neriifolia] Jussieu ex Steudel, Nom. Bot. 2nd ed. 2:680. 1841.—Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Is. 294. 1888.—Rechinger, Denies. Alcad. Wien 85:332. 1910; Denks. Akad. Wien 89:637. 1913.—F.B.H. Brown, Bish. Mus. Bull. 130:235. 1935.

Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) Schumann in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4 (2): 159. 1895.—Setchell, Univ. Cal. Pub. 12: 201. 1926.—Wilder, Bish. Mus. Bull. 86:89. 1931.—Christophersen, Bish. Mus. Bull. 128:186. 1935. [This combination, omitted from the Kew Index until the 8th Supplement (1933), was independently published by Merrill in 1914 and is usually attributed to him.]

DESCRIPTION.—Tree, 3–4 m high and 5 cm in diameter, glabrous. Leaves alternate, sessile, linear, 10–15 × 0.6–1 cm, cuneate at base, obtuse at tip, apparently 1-nerved, but microscopically reticulate. Cymes terminal, few-flowered. Pedicels 2–4 cm long. Calyx lobes triangular, 5 mm long, dark glandular within at base. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 6–7 cm long, bright yellow, tube broadly expanded above; lobes 3–4 cm long, dextrorsely contorted. Drupe triangular-obovate, black, poisonous, 2-celled, the stone falcate, broader than long, 2 × 3 cm.

RANGE.—Society Islands (cultivated): Tahiti: Setchell and Parks 179, Faaa, churchyard, 29 May 1922, flower and fruit (BISH, UC); Grant 4429, Arue, alt. 5 m, 3 November 1930, flower and fruit (BISH, MIN). Raiatea: Moore 348, south of Faaroa, alt. 1 m, 24 November 1926, flower and fruit (BISH, 2 sheets; MIN); Moore 749, 20 March 1926, flower (BISH).

Also cultivated in the Marquesas (!), Rarotonga, Samoa (!), and Hawaii (!). Reported as an escape in Samoa [and in Kauai, Hawaiian Islands].

LOCAL NAMES.—English: trumpet-flower, yellow oleander. Tahitian: Grant reported the name poupou (“land-shell,” i.e., Partula) in Huahine, apparently applied on account of the shape of the stone. Moore reports piti in Raiatea (as for Allamanda), the name applied by extension from Tecoma which has somewhat similar flowers. [Hawaii: “bestill tree.”]
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bibliographic citation
Grant, Martin Lawrence, Fosberg, F. Raymond, and Smith, Howard M. 1974. "Partial Flora of the Society Islands: Ericaceae to Apocynaceae." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 1-85. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.17

Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) K. Schumann

Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) K. Schumann in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4(2): 159, 1895.

Cerbera peruviana Persoon, Syn. Pl., 1:267, 1805.

Cerbera thevetia L., Sp. Pl., 209, 1753.

Thevetia neriifolia Jussieu ex Steudel, Nom. Bot., ed. 2, 2:680, 1841 [as nereifolia].—A. de Candolle, Prodr., 8:343, 1844.—F. Brown, Flora, 235, 1935 [as nereifolia].

Leaves linear, green on both sides, veins obscure; corolla bright yellow (or, in forma aurantiaca, salmon color), limb not strongly flaring.

The plant is considered poisonous and the seeds contain the powerful drug, thevetin.

SPECIMEN SEEN.—Nukuhiva I.: Brown 714 (BISH).

Hivaoa I.: Atuona, roadside near sea-level, PES (M & A) 335 (BISH, LeB), PES Ex 335 (BISH).
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bibliographic citation
Sachet, Marie-Hélène. 1975. "Flora of the Marquesas, 1: Ericaceae-Convolvulacae." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 1-38. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.23

Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) K. Schumann

Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) K. Schumann, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 4(2): 159, 1895.

Cerbera peruviana Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1:267, 1805.

This species has long been known in cultivation in Hawaii, but does not commonly become naturalized. It is present here in substantial numbers, apparently naturalized.

SPECIMENS SEEN.—Kauai I.: Lawai Valley (Pacific Tropical Botanic Garden), “Big Valley,” 3 Apr. 1971, Fosberg 53654 (US, Fo, PTG, BISH).

Heliotropium L.
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bibliographic citation
Fosberg, F. Raymond and Sachet, Marie-Hélène. 1975. "Polynesian Plant Studies 1-5." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.21

Cascabela thevetia

provided by wikipedia EN

Cascabela thevetia (syn: Thevetia peruviana) is a poisonous plant native throughout Mexico and in Central America, and cultivated widely as an ornamental. It is a relative of Nerium oleander, giving it a common name yellow oleander.

Etymology

'Cascabel', 'cascavel' or 'cascabela' is Spanish for a small bell, a snake's rattle or a rattlesnake itself.[3] The allusion may also be to the plant's toxicity comparable to the venom of a rattlesnake. The latin specific name thevetia commemorates André de Thevet (1516-1590), a French Franciscan priest and explorer, who explored Brazil and Guiana[4] (where the plant is known as chapéu-de-napoleão, ie, Napoleon's hat).

Description

Cascabela thevetia is an evergreen tropical shrub or small tree. Its leaves are willow-like, linear-lanceolate, and glossy green in color. They are covered in waxy coating to reduce water loss (typical of oleanders). Its stem is green turning silver/gray as it ages.[5] Flowers bloom from summer to fall. The long funnel-shaped sometimes-fragrant yellow (less commonly apricot, sometimes white) flowers are in few-flowered terminal clusters.[5] Its fruit is deep red-black in color encasing a large seed that bears some resemblance to a 'Chinese lucky nut.'

Leaves and buds of yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia) in Domjur, West Bengal, India.

Cascabela thevetia is commonly known as Kaneir or Kaner (कनेर) in Hindi language in India. It is effectively drought resistant and tolerant to high temperatures, hence found in various states of India like Andhra, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh , Odisha and Assam where semi arid climate is prevalent.

Religious importance

Its bright yellow flowers are used for religious purposes in India. The tree is native to Mexico and thus direct references to Hindu culture are new.

Toxicity

Ripe fruit.

All parts of the C. thevetia plant are toxic to most vertebrates as they contain cardiac glycosides. Many cases of intentional and accidental poisoning of humans are known.[6]

The main toxins are the cardenolides called thevetin A and thevetin B; others include peruvoside, neriifolin, thevetoxin and ruvoside.[7][8] These cardenolides are not destroyed by drying or heating and they are very similar to digoxin from Digitalis purpurea. They produce gastric and cardiotoxic effects. Antidotes for treatment include atropine and digoxin immune fabs (antibodies) and treatment may include oral administration of activated charcoal.[9][10][11] Ovine polyclonal anti-digitoxin Fab fragment antibody (DigiTAb; Therapeutic Antibodies Inc.) can be used to treat T. peruviana poisoning, but for many countries the cost is prohibitive.[12]

A few bird species are however known to feed on them without any ill effects. These include the sunbirds, Asian koel, red-whiskered bulbul, white-browed bulbul, red-vented bulbul, brahminy myna, common myna and common grey hornbill.[13][14][15][16][17][18]

In South India and in Sri Lanka swallowing the seeds of Thevetia peruviana[19] (Kaneru කණේරු (Sinhala), Manjal arali (Tamil)) is one of the preferred methods for suicides in villages where they are grown in abundance.[20]

Extracts from C. thevetia are reported to possess antispermatogenic activity in rats.[21]

Uses

Trunk.
Cultivation

Cascabela thevetia is cultivated as an ornamental plant, and planted as large flowering shrub or small ornamental tree standards in gardens and parks in temperate climates. In frost prone areas it is container plant, in the winter season brought inside a greenhouse or as a house plant. It tolerates most soils and is drought tolerant.[5]

Biological pest control

The plant's toxins have tested in experiments for uses in biological pest control. T. peruviana seed oil was used to make a 'paint' with antifungal, antibacterial and anti-termite properties.[22]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Cascabela thevetia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T146789945A146789947. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146789945A146789947.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  3. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849326738.
  4. ^ "Cascabela thevetia - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  5. ^ a b c "Thevetia peruvians". Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 2004-12-09. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
  6. ^ Shannon D. Langford & Paul J. Boor (1996). "Oleander toxicity: an examination of human and animal toxic exposures". Toxicology. 109 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/0300-483X(95)03296-R. PMID 8619248.
  7. ^ Bose TK, Basu RK, Biswas B, De JN, Majumdar BC, Datta S (1999). "Cardiovascular effects of yellow oleander ingestion". J Indian Med Assoc. 97 (10): 407–410. PMID 10638101.
  8. ^ Kohls S, Scholz-Böttcher BM, Teske J, Zark P, Rullkötter J (2012). "Cardiac glycosides from Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seeds". Phytochemistry. 75: 114–27. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.019. PMID 22196940.
  9. ^ Rajapakse S. (2009). "Management of yellow oleander poisoning". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (3): 206–212. doi:10.1080/15563650902824001. PMID 19306191. S2CID 37334350.
  10. ^ Roberts D.M.; Southcott E.; Potter J.M.; Roberts M.S.; Eddleston M.; Buckley N.A. (2006). "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin cross-reacting substances in patients with acute yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) poisoning, including the effect of activated charcoal". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 28 (6): 784–792. doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e31802bfd69. PMC 2296884. PMID 17164695.
  11. ^ Bandara V.; Weinstein S.A.; White J.; Eddleston M. (2010). "A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning". Toxicon. 56 (3): 273–281. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.026. PMID 20438743.
  12. ^ M. Eddleston; S. Rajapakse; Rajakanthan, S. Jayalath; L. Sjöström; W. Santharaj; et al. (2000). "Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 355 (9208): 967–972. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)90014-X. PMID 10768435. S2CID 2095538.
  13. ^ Kannan,R (1991). "Koels feeding on the yellow oleander". Blackbuck. 7 (2): 48.
  14. ^ Krishnan, M (1952). "Koels (Eudynamis scolopaceus) eating the poisonous fruit of the Yellow Oleander". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50 (4): 943–945.
  15. ^ Raj,PJ Sanjeeva (1963). "Additions to the list of birds eating the fruit of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia neriifolia )". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 60 (2): 457–458.
  16. ^ Raj, P J Sanjeeva (1959). "Birds eating poisonous fruit of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia neriifolia)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 56 (3): 639.
  17. ^ Neelakantan,KK (1953). "Common Grey Hornbill (Tockus birostris) eating fruits of the Yellow Oleander (Thevetia neriifolia)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51 (3): 738.
  18. ^ Rajasingh, Simon G; Rajasingh, Irene V (1970). "Birds and mammals eating the fruits of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 67 (3): 572–573.
  19. ^ Thevetia peruviana
  20. ^ M. Eddleston, D.A. Warrell (1999-09-01). "Management of acute yellow oleander poisoning". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  21. ^ Gupta R, Kachhawa JB, Gupta RS, Sharma AK, Sharma MC, Dobhal MP (March 2011). "Phytochemical evaluation and antispermatogenic activity of Thevetia peruviana methanol extract in male albino rats". Hum Fertil (Camb). 14 (1): 53–59. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.542230. PMID 21466267. S2CID 24757302.
  22. ^ Kareru P.G.; Keriko J.M.; Kenji G.M.; Gachanja A.N. (2010). "Anti-termite and antimicrobial properties of paint made from Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum. oil extract". African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 4 (2): 87–89.

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Cascabela thevetia: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Cascabela thevetia (syn: Thevetia peruviana) is a poisonous plant native throughout Mexico and in Central America, and cultivated widely as an ornamental. It is a relative of Nerium oleander, giving it a common name yellow oleander.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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