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Pleosporales

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The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate it contains 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species.[3] The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water,[4] marine,[5] or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes.[1] The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus, causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Stagonospora nodorum) causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker (called blackleg) on cabbage crops (Brassica). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung[6] and a small number occur as lichens [7] and rock-inhabiting fungi.[8]

Taxonomy

The order was proposed in 1955 as Dothideomycetes with perithecioid ascomata with pseudoparaphyses amongst the asci, at which time there were seven families (Botryosphaeriaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Mesnieraceae, Pleosporaceae, and Venturiaceae). Three further families were added in 1973 (Dimeriaceae, Mycoporaceae, and Sporormiaceae). The order was only formally described in 1987 (Barr) with 21 families. Five families were added in 2009 (Aigialaceae, Amniculicolaceae, Lentitheciaceae,[9] Tetraplosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae).[1] The family Halojulellaceae was circumscribed in 2013,[10] Roussoellaceae was introduced by Liu et al. (2014),[11] and the family Tzeananaceae in 2018.[12]

Subdivision

Margaret E. Barr in 1979, originally accepted six suborders within which to arrange the families.[13] A suborder, Pleosporineae has been proposed, including four families (Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae).[1] Families Ascocylindricaceae, Coniothyriaceae, Cucurbitariaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Halojulellaceae, Neopyrenochaetaceae, Neophaeosphaeriaceae, Parapyrenochaetaceae, Pseudopyrenochaetaceae, Pyrenochaetopsidaceae, Shiraiaceae and Tzeananiaceae joined them later in 2015.[14]

Also suborder Massarineae with five families (Lentitheciaceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae). In 2015, with dna analysis, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are only moderately supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, were proposed in 2015.[15]

Phylogenetics

The Pleosporales form a well supported clade, with 17 subclades.[1] As a result of phylogenetic studies, the Pleosporales have undergone considerable reorganisation, particularly with reference to the very large genus Phoma and the family Didymellaceae. Consequently, a number of genera considered incertae sedis have now been placed within the latter family.[16]

Genera incertae sedis

These are genera of the Pleosporales of uncertain taxonomy that have not been placed in any family.

Although in 2009 when Lentitheciaceae was established it placed various genera such as Lentithecium and Tingoldiago, plus others.[9]

Evolution

The oldest members of Pleosporales are the fossil genera Margaretbarromyces, which was described from Eocene age strata on Vancouver Island, British Columbia,[17] and Cryptodidymosphaerites, described from the Ypresian Princeton chert in the British Columbian interior.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Zhang Y, Schoch CL, Fournier J, Crous PW, Gruyter J De, Woudenberg JHC, Hirayama K, Tanaka K, Pointing SB, Hyde KD. 2009. Multi-locus phylogeny of the Pleosporales: a taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary re-evaluation. Studies in Mycology 64: 85–102.[1]
  2. ^ "Pleosporales". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  3. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  4. ^ Shearer CA, Raja HA, Miller AN, Nelson P, Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Marvanová L, Hyde KD, Zhang Z. 2009. The molecular phylogeny of freshwater Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 145–153.[2] Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Suetrong S, Schoch CL, Spatafora JW, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Sakayaroj J, Phongpaichit S, Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Jones EBG. 2009. Molecular systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 155–173.[3] Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Kruys Å, Eriksson OE, Wedin M. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of coprophilous Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota), and the classification of some bitunicate taxa of unknown position. Mycological Research 110:527–536
  7. ^ Nelsen MP, Lücking R, Grube M, Mbatchou JS, Muggia L, Rivas Plata E, Lumbsch HT. 2009. Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships of lichenised fungi in Dothideomyceta. Studies in Mycology 64: 135–144.[4] Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Ruibal C, Gueidan C, Selbmann L, Gorbushina AA, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Muggia L, Grube M, Isola D, Schoch CL, Staley JT, Lutzoni F, Hoog GS De. 2009. Phylogeny of rock-inhabiting fungi related to Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 123–133.[5] Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b Zhang Y, Wang HK, Fournier J et al (2009b) Towards a phylogenetic clarification of Lophiostoma/Massarina and morphologically similar genera in the Pleosporales. Fungal Divers 38:225–251
  10. ^ Ariyawansa HA, Jones EB, Suetrong S, Alias SA, Kang JC, Hyde KD (2013). "Halojulellaceae a new family of the order Pleosporales" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 130 (1): 14–24. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.130.1.2.
  11. ^ Chethana, Thilini (20 September 2022). "Roussoellaceae - Facesoffungi number: FoF 08360". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  12. ^ Ariyawansa HA, Phillips A, Chuang WY, Tsai I (2018). "Tzeananiaceae, a new pleosporalean family associated with Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis fruiting bodies in Taiwan". MycoKeys. 37 (37): 1–17. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.37.27265. PMC 6072833. PMID 30100794.
  13. ^ Barr ME (1979a) A classification of Loculoascomycetes. Mycologia 71:935–957
  14. ^ Ariyawansa, H.A.; Hyde, K.D.; Jayasiri, S.C.; et al. (2015). "Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 75: 27–274. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5. S2CID 256069350.
  15. ^ Tanaka, K.; Hirayama, K.; Yonezawa, H.; Sato, G.; Toriyabe, A.; Kudo, H.; Hashimoto, A.; Matsumura, M.; Harada, Y.; Kurihara, Y.; Shirouzu, T.; Hosoya, T. (1 September 2015). "Revision of the Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes)". Studies in Mycology. 82 (1): 75–136. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.10.002. PMC 4774272. PMID 26955201.
  16. ^ Aveskamp, M.M.; de Gruyter, J.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Crous, P.W. (2010). "Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera". Studies in Mycology. 65: 1–60. doi:10.3114/sim.2010.65.01. PMC 2836210. PMID 20502538.
  17. ^ Mindell, R.A.; Stockey, R.A.; Beard, G.; Currah, R.S. (2007). "Margaretbarromyces dictyosporus gen. sp. nov.: a permineralized corticolous ascomycete from the Eocene of Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Mycological Research. 111 (6): 680–684. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.010. PMID 17601718.
  18. ^ Currah, R.S.; Stockey, R.A.; LePage, B.A. (1998). "An Eocene tar spot on a fossil palm and its fungal hyperparasite". Mycologia. 90 (4): 667–673. doi:10.1080/00275514.1998.12026955.
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Pleosporales: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate it contains 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marine, or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes. The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus, causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Stagonospora nodorum) causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker (called blackleg) on cabbage crops (Brassica). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung and a small number occur as lichens and rock-inhabiting fungi.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
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wikipedia EN