Caraboidea

Figure 1.Adults of subgenera Antiperyphanes and Chilioperyphus. A Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) rufoplagiatum. Argentina: Neuquén: Arroyo Queñi at Lago Queñi, DRM voucher V100796 B Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) hirtipes, Argentina: Mendoza: Pampa Palauco, DRM voucher V100792 C Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) spinolai, Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100788 D Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) zanettii, Ecuador: Napo: Rio Quijos W of Baeza, DRM voucher V100791 E Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) mandibulare. Chile: Reg. X, Chiloé: Cucao, DRM voucher V100789 F Bembidion (Chilioperyphus) orregoi, Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100674. Scale bar 1 mm.

Figure 49–52.Digital Photo-illustrations, habitus, dorsal aspect of holotypes. 49 Asklepia paraguayensis Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n. ADP130038, San Lorenzo, Río Paraguay, Paraguay 50 Asklepia pulchripennis (Bates, 1871), comb. n., ADP132531, Santarém, Río Tapajos, Brazil 51 Asklepia samiriaensis Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n. ADP051663, Boca del Río Samiria, Perú 52 Asklepia stalametlitos Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n. ADP132535, Guayamerín, Río Mamoré, Bolivia. Scale line = 1 mm.

Figure 3.Adults of subgenus Ecuadion. A Bembidion chimborazonum, ECUADOR: Pichincha: Paso de la Virgen, DRM voucher V100793 B Bembidion sanctaemarthae, ECUADOR: Napo: Rio Chalpi Grande, DRM voucher V100798 C Bembidion andersoni, ECUADOR: Pichincha: Reserva Yanacocha, start Andean Snipe Trail, DRM voucher V100655 D Bembidion walterrossi, ECUADOR: Napo: Vinillos, 4.1 km S Cosanga, DRM voucher V100794 E Bembidion cotopaxi, ECUADOR: Pichincha: km 17 on route 28 W of Papallacta DRM voucher V100797 F Bembidion ricei, ECUADOR: Napo: Rio Chalpi Grande, DRM voucher V100622. Scale bar 1 mm.

Figure 56.Image of elytron with diagram of quadrants used in the descriptions.

Figure 5.Adults of subgenus Nothonepha. A Bembidion tetrapholeon (black form), Argentina: Neuquén: Arroyo Queñi at Lago Queñi, DRM voucher V100781 B Bembidion tetrapholeon (orange form), Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100780 C Bembidion germainianum, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Salado at route 40, DRM voucher V100782 D Bembidion lonae, Argentina: Mendoza: Salinas del Diamante, DRM voucher V100786 E Bembidion eburneonigrum, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Neuquén at Chos Malal, DRM voucher V100785 F Bembidion tucumanum, Argentina: Mendoza: Salinas del Diamante, DRM voucher V100783 G Bembidion engelhardti engelhardti, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Salado at route 40, DRM voucher V100784. Scale bar 1 mm.

Figure 19–22.19 Pseudophorticus sp. (all species in South America are either undescribed or placed in Euphorticus G. Horn). Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132538 from Pakitza, Perú 20 Selina westermanni Motschulsky. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132536 from China Bay, Sri Lanka 21 Stenocheila lacordairei Laporte de Castelnau. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP133801 from Chapada dos Guimãres, Brazil 22 Quammenis spectabilis Erwin. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP100513 from Estacíon Zurqui, Costa Rica.

Figure 8.Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree showing only those clades appearing in 90% of the bootstrap replicates; taxa outside of the Antiperyphanes Complex not shown. Numbers below branches indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage / parsimony bootstrap percentage. Circled letters on branches correspond to groups documented in Table 3.

Figure 7–10.7 Calybe sp. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132561 from Pakitza, Perú 8 Diplacanthogaster bicolor Liebke. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP133817 from Ouro Preto, Brazil 9 Ega sp. (no described species of this genus is known from Perú). Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132560 from Pakitza, Perú 10 Eucaerus sp. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132552 from Pakitza, Perú.

Figure 8.Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree showing only those clades appearing in 90% of the bootstrap replicates; taxa outside of the Antiperyphanes Complex not shown. Numbers below branches indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage / parsimony bootstrap percentage. Circled letters on branches correspond to groups documented in Table 3.

Figure 3–6.3 Aeolodermus emarginatus Chaudoir. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP133799 from Mabatobato, Luzon, Philippines 4 Amphithasus sp. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP023719 from Rio Sucusari, Perú 5 Anchonoderus apicalis Reiche. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132554 from nr. Atalaya, Perú 6 Aporesthus sp. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132542 from Tena, Ecuador.

Figure 1.Adults of subgenera Antiperyphanes and Chilioperyphus. A Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) rufoplagiatum. Argentina: Neuquén: Arroyo Queñi at Lago Queñi, DRM voucher V100796 B Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) hirtipes, Argentina: Mendoza: Pampa Palauco, DRM voucher V100792 C Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) spinolai, Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100788 D Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) zanettii, Ecuador: Napo: Rio Quijos W of Baeza, DRM voucher V100791 E Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) mandibulare. Chile: Reg. X, Chiloé: Cucao, DRM voucher V100789 F Bembidion (Chilioperyphus) orregoi, Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100674. Scale bar 1 mm.

Figures 29–32.Digital Photo-illustrations, habitus, dorsal aspect of holotypes. 29 Asklepia geminata (Bates, 1871) ADP132513, Santarém, Río Tapajos, Brazil 30 Asklepia campbellorum Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n. ADP133032, 20 km SW Manaus, Brazil 31 Asklepia demiti Erwin & Zamorano, sp. n. ADP132539, Río Demiti, Brazil. Note that the holotype has feebly infuscated antennomeres 3-7, others in the series have more normal infuscation, as in other species with this attribute 32 Asklepia duofos Zamorano & Erwin, sp. n. ADP133147, 20 km SW Manaus, Brazil. Scale line = 1 mm.

Figure 1.Adults of subgenera Antiperyphanes and Chilioperyphus. A Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) rufoplagiatum. Argentina: Neuquén: Arroyo Queñi at Lago Queñi, DRM voucher V100796 B Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) hirtipes, Argentina: Mendoza: Pampa Palauco, DRM voucher V100792 C Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) spinolai, Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100788 D Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) zanettii, Ecuador: Napo: Rio Quijos W of Baeza, DRM voucher V100791 E Bembidion (Antiperyphanes) mandibulare. Chile: Reg. X, Chiloé: Cucao, DRM voucher V100789 F Bembidion (Chilioperyphus) orregoi, Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100674. Scale bar 1 mm.

Figure 15–18.15 Lachnophorus sp. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132570 from Pakitza, Perú 16 Peruphorticus gulliveri sp. n. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect (specimen slightly teneral) based on specimen BIOLAT #10190 from Pakitza, Perú 17 Peruphorticus gulliveri sp. n. Illustrations, male aedeagus, dorsal, ventral, left lateral aspects, and details of armature of endophallus. BIOLAT/COLE13107, Pakitza, Perú. See Fig. 61 for labeled attributes 18 Peruphorticus gulliveri sp. n. Digital Photo-illustration, female genitalia, based on specimen BIOLAT/COLE16860 from Pakitza, Perú. A Ventral aspect. Legend, bc bursa copulatrix; co common oviduct; sg spermathecal gland; sgd spermathecal gland duct; sp spermatheca. dorsal aspect; vc villous canal; lt laterotergite; gc1 gonocoxite 1; gc2 gonocoxite 2. B Dorsal aspect. Legend, b base of gonocoxite 2; bl blade of gonocoxite 2; des dorsal ensiform seta.

Figure 8.Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree showing only those clades appearing in 90% of the bootstrap replicates; taxa outside of the Antiperyphanes Complex not shown. Numbers below branches indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage / parsimony bootstrap percentage. Circled letters on branches correspond to groups documented in Table 3.

Figures 23–28.Mouthparts of adults. 23 Eucaerus sp. Mouthparts, ventral aspect, based on specimen ADP132552 from Pakitza, Perú 24 Euphorticus sp. Mouthparts, ventral aspect, based on specimen ADP132558 from Tapilula, México 25 Guatemalteca virgen Erwin. Mouthparts, ventral aspect, based on specimen ADP132546 from nr. La Virgen, Costa Rica 26 Lachnaces sp. Mouthparts, ventral aspect, based on specimen ADP132578 from Tambopata Reserved Zone, Explorer’s Inn, Perú 27 Lachnophorus sp. Mouthparts, ventral aspect, based on specimen ADP132570 from Pakitza, Perú 28 Pseudophorticus sp. Mouthparts, ventral aspect, based on specimen ADP132538 from Pakitza, Perú. Legend: a3 Antennomere 3; mt Mentum tooth; m Mentum; lp3 Labial palpomere 3; mp4 Maxillary palpomere 4.

Figure 2.Adults of subgenera Antiperyphus and Notholopha. A Bembidion (Antiperyphus) philippii, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Collón Curá ca 13 km S La Rinconada, DRM voucher V100787 B Bembidion (Notholopha) scitulum, CHILE: Reg. VII: Los Niches E of Curicó, DRM voucher V100790 C Bembidion (Notholopha) sexfoveolatum, CHILE: Reg. IX: 16.3 km E Malalcahuello, Cuesta Las Raices, DRM voucher V100598. Scale bar 1 mm.

Figure 11–14.11 Euphorticus sp. (only Euphorticus pubescens (Dejean) is known from México and this is not that species). Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132558 from Tapilulu, México 12 Guatemalteca virgen Erwin. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132546 from nr. La Virgen, Costa Rica 13 Homethes sp. Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP133797 from Australia 14 Lachnaces sp. (at present this genus has three described species, all from the upper Amazon Basin). Digital Photo-illustration. Habitus, dorsal aspect, based on specimen ADP132578 from Tambopata Reserved Zone, Explorer’s Inn, Perú.

Figure 2.Adults of subgenera Antiperyphus and Notholopha. A Bembidion (Antiperyphus) philippii, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Collón Curá ca 13 km S La Rinconada, DRM voucher V100787 B Bembidion (Notholopha) scitulum, CHILE: Reg. VII: Los Niches E of Curicó, DRM voucher V100790 C Bembidion (Notholopha) sexfoveolatum, CHILE: Reg. IX: 16.3 km E Malalcahuello, Cuesta Las Raices, DRM voucher V100598. Scale bar 1 mm.

Figure 7.Tree of highest likelihood found for the combined, seven-gene matrix with partitioning scheme chosen by PartitionFinder. Only members of the Bembidion Series shown; more distant outgroups not depicted. Scale bar: 0.01, branch lengths as reconstructed by RAxML.

Figure 8.Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree showing only those clades appearing in 90% of the bootstrap replicates; taxa outside of the Antiperyphanes Complex not shown. Numbers below branches indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage / parsimony bootstrap percentage. Circled letters on branches correspond to groups documented in Table 3.

Figure 3.Adults of subgenus Ecuadion. A Bembidion chimborazonum, ECUADOR: Pichincha: Paso de la Virgen, DRM voucher V100793 B Bembidion sanctaemarthae, ECUADOR: Napo: Rio Chalpi Grande, DRM voucher V100798 C Bembidion andersoni, ECUADOR: Pichincha: Reserva Yanacocha, start Andean Snipe Trail, DRM voucher V100655 D Bembidion walterrossi, ECUADOR: Napo: Vinillos, 4.1 km S Cosanga, DRM voucher V100794 E Bembidion cotopaxi, ECUADOR: Pichincha: km 17 on route 28 W of Papallacta DRM voucher V100797 F Bembidion ricei, ECUADOR: Napo: Rio Chalpi Grande, DRM voucher V100622. Scale bar 1 mm.

Figure 4.Habitats of the Antiperyphanes Complex. A River shore, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Collón Curá, about 13 km S La Rinconada, 625m. On the sandy bank in the foreground Bembidion philippii is abundant, as is Bembidion (Nothonepha) sp. nr. lonae. Also occurring on the sand banks are Bembidium orregoi and Bembidion (Nothonepha) eburneonigrum. On the upper sand banks across the river are Bembidium mandibulare, and in the gravel are Bembidium spinolai B Edges of snowfields at Chile: Reg. IX: Volcán Lonquimay, 1910m. Habitat of Bembidion (Notholopha) sexfoveolatum C Open high-elevation grassland at Ecuador: Pichincha: Paso de la Virgen, 4060m, habitat of three species of subgenus Ecuadion: Bembidion chimborazonum, Bembidion guamani, and Bembidion humboldti D Leaf litter in cloud forest, Ecuador: Pichincha: Reserva Yanacocha, 0.1152°S, 78.5837°W, 3540m, habitat of Bembidion andersoni, Bembidion georgeballi, and Bembidion onorei.

Figure 5.Adults of subgenus Nothonepha. A Bembidion tetrapholeon (black form), Argentina: Neuquén: Arroyo Queñi at Lago Queñi, DRM voucher V100781 B Bembidion tetrapholeon (orange form), Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100780 C Bembidion germainianum, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Salado at route 40, DRM voucher V100782 D Bembidion lonae, Argentina: Mendoza: Salinas del Diamante, DRM voucher V100786 E Bembidion eburneonigrum, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Neuquén at Chos Malal, DRM voucher V100785 F Bembidion tucumanum, Argentina: Mendoza: Salinas del Diamante, DRM voucher V100783 G Bembidion engelhardti engelhardti, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Salado at route 40, DRM voucher V100784. Scale bar 1 mm.