Amphioctopus fangsiao, called webfoot octopus,[2] is a species of octopus, a cephalopod belonging to the genus Amphioctopus.[3] It is found in the Pacific Ocean, including off the coasts of New Zealand[4] as well as in the Yellow Sea and surrounding Chinese shores. It is also commercially fished.[5][6]
Individuals of A. fangsiao that share genetic similarities by region are distributed throughout the Yellow Sea by size.[7][8] They can also be infected by parasites in genus Aggregata and Octopicola.[9]
This species occurs in the Philippine Sea, the northwest Pacific and off the coast of Japan (Osaka Bay).
The lifespan of this species is approximately a year, typically spawning in the spring and growing linearly after spawning.[10] In Haizhou Bay in the Yellow Sea, smaller individuals of A. fangsiao tend to be found closer to the shore in the spring and even closer during the summer, while larger individuals tend to be distributed further away from the shore.[10]
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Closeup of suckers
Hiding in shell
A. fangsiao holds an embryonic temperature threshold in which growth accelerates at 21–24 °C (70–75 °F). In three days after gestation the octopus is typically still gastrulating. On day 5, the embryo completes their first inversion and between days 15–21 after gestation, the octopus embryo exhibit chromatophores and black eyes.[5] The embryos complete their second inversion between days 25–31.[5] Octopus embryos develop logarithmically faster with increase in temperature; those embryos who develop at a temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) go through 0.83 embryonic stages per day on average while embryos that develop at a temperature between 18 and 21 °C (64 and 70 °F) go through 0.67 embryonic stages per day on average.[5] The octopuses that had a smaller embryo but larger yolk volume tended to hatch at 24 °C (75 °F).[5]
The embryos that grew at 27 °C (81 °F) were not able to hatch due to accelerated growth which caused eggs to be more swollen than eggs developing at lower temperatures; this accelerated growth caused the chorion to break and the embryo to hatch prematurely.[5] While the eggs grown at 21 °C (70 °F) were ovular in shape as normal, the eggs grown at 24 °C (75 °F) were malformed.[5] The embryos grown in 24 °C (75 °F) conditions also exhibited red eyes at 2 days after gestation.[5]
Like many other species of cephalopods, A. fangsiao is not safe from infection. As of 2021, there is not much information on the protozoan parasites that infect this species among other species of cephalopods native to the Pacific Ocean. It is known that is that these parasites belong to the genus Aggregata and are responsible for the infections that have led to the death of many A. fangsiao in a culture facility in China.[11] Infection in A. fangsiao was also found from the genus Octopicola.[11]
Evidence of the parasite's infection on the A. fangsiao specimens include numerous white cysts scattered throughout the body of each octopus.[11] These cysts, called sporocysts, are smooth to the touch, measuring 17.69–20.72 μm by 15.97–20.00 μm. While the oocysts themselves are circular in shape measuring 249.75–501.75 μm and 116.84–350.87 μm in size.[11] Oocysts represent one of the stages in their lifecycle.[11] When histological surveys were done, the cysts had severely affected the integrity of the internal organs, and often the intestinal issue was greatly affected by oocysts filled with sporocysts.[11] Out of the 220 octopuses collected at the site, 95 of them were infected with Aggregata—representing 43% of the investigated specimens in the facility.[11]
Recently discovered, the species Octopicola huanghaiensis is the first of its genus to infect A. fangsiao.[12] However, its genus, Octopicola, is known to commonly infect octopuses.[12]
Another experiment looked at the rate of infection of females versus males.[11] The results were not as expected, 64% of the fatalities were female while the remaining 36% were males.[11] The sample of the collected deceased A. fangsiao was 1,303; these data were collected between March 16 to April 2, 2017, in the Yellow Sea.[11] These data showed that the death rate of females was higher than males during their breeding season.[11] Upon further examination of the dead female specimens the researchers found that 16% had edema, 37% had broken skin, and 4% had broken arms.[11]
These octopuses are generally found along the shores of China, and are relatively highly genetic diverse in haplotype diversity, especially in the Zhanjiang province while the lowest haplotype diversity is seen in the Qingdao province. They also have low nucleotide diversity.[7] There is more genetic variation among the population of A. fansgsiao than there are within the population of A. fangsiao.[7]
Two groups were defined by their genetic similarities and by region: A. fangsiao in the northern shore, including Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, and Nantong provinces, were more similar among each other while the A. fangsiao in the southern shore, including Wenzhou, Xiamen, Dongshan, and Huizhou provinces, were more genetically similar each other.[7] A haplotype network analysis showed that all the octopuses in the northern provinces shared a haplotype with each other using several mitochondrial gene markers (ATPase 6, ND2, and ND5), while the octopuses in the southern provinces shared different haplotypes with each gene marker; in all gene markers, the northern and southern province octopuses did not share any haplotypes with each other.[7]
In Korea, Amphioctopus fangsiao is called jukkumi (주꾸미) or jjukkumi (쭈꾸미) and is often stir-fried in spicy gochujang-based sauce.[13][14]
Jukkumi-bokkeum (stir-fried)
Jukkumi-gui (grilled)
Seafood skewers sold in South Korea, including jju-kkochi (webfoot octopus skewers)
Amphioctopus fangsiao, called webfoot octopus, is a species of octopus, a cephalopod belonging to the genus Amphioctopus. It is found in the Pacific Ocean, including off the coasts of New Zealand as well as in the Yellow Sea and surrounding Chinese shores. It is also commercially fished.
Individuals of A. fangsiao that share genetic similarities by region are distributed throughout the Yellow Sea by size. They can also be infected by parasites in genus Aggregata and Octopicola.
Amphioctopus fangsiao is een inktvissensoort uit de familie van de Octopodidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1839 door d'Orbigny.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
飯蛸（学名：Amphioctopus fangsiao），又名短蛸，为章魚科雙章魚屬下的一个种。
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这是一篇與动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
주꾸미(영어: webfoot octopus, 문화어: 직검발)는 문어과 연체동물의 하나이다. 몸길이는 다리끝까지가 24cm 정도이다. 몸에 둥근 혹 모양의 돌기가 빽빽이 나 있고 눈 주위에 살가시가 몇 개 있다. 여덟 개의 다리에는 2~4줄로 빨판이 있으며 다리 길이는 모두 유사하고 몸통의 두 배 정도이다.
거의 대부분 지느러미를 새처럼 날개짓하여 헤엄친다. 물고기를 잡아먹으며 적이 가까이 오면 수관(水管)으로 땅을 파서 숨거나 먹물을 뿌리고 도망간다.
우리나라 전 연안에 분포하며 수심 5~50m 정도의 모래~자갈 바닥에서 비교적 흔히 발견되는, 다리를 포함한 몸통길이 12cm 전후의 중형 문어류이다. 살아있을 때에 몸통은 전체적으로 옅은 회갈색의 개체가 흔하며 다리와 눈 사이의 좌우에 황금빛의 동그라미 무늬가 나타난다. 우리나라 바다 가운데 서해에서 상대적 서식밀도가 높으며 지역에 따라 피뿔고둥(Rapana venosa)의 빈 패각을 이용하여 어획하기도 한다.[1]
한국에서는 주꾸미를 매운 고추장 양념에 볶는 경우가 많다.
주꾸미 볶음
주꾸미 구이
산란기는 3월이며 성숙기에는 난소가 밥알 모양으로 된다. 교미는 수컷의 생식완(다리)을 암컷의 외투강 속에 집어 넣어 한다. 한국·일본 등지의 얕은 모래땅에서 산다.[2]
주꾸미 미끼
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한국에서 주꾸미가 가장 맛있는 시기는 3월부터 5월 사이이다.
2007년 5월 18일 충청남도 태안군 대섬 앞바다에서 비색(翡色)이 감도는 접시를 단단히 감고 있는 주꾸미 한 마리가 어획되어 태안 보물선 발굴이 시작된다.[3]
