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Gracilaria (Rhodophyta) farming in Panay, Western Visayas, Philippines

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Interviews were conducted among eight Gracilaria growers in Panay, Western Visayas, Philippines from March to July (1990) using a structured questionnaire. The "rice planting" method was employed by farmers growing seaweeds in natural drainage canals and ponds. Initial harvests are made 15–60 days after planting. Higher production [ 7–14 t (dry) ha−1year−1] are obtained from cultures in canals than in ponds [3–4 t (dry) ha−1year−1]. The net income derived from culture in ponds is estimated at P698/crop or P6313/year (US$234/year). A higher net income of P4936/crop or P41766/year (US$1547/year) was generated from Gracilaria farming in canals. Returns on investment (ROI) from farming in ponds and canals are 39% and 908%, respectively. Payback period is 2 months in canal farming and 1.8 years in pond farming.

Reference

https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/1383

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Gracilaria

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Gracilaria is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) notable for its economic importance as an agarophyte, as well as its use as a food for humans and various species of shellfish. Various species in the genus are cultivated among Asia, South America, Africa and Oceania.

Taxonomy

Gracilaria contains the following subtaxa:[1]

Distribution

Gracilaria are found in warm waters throughout the world, though they also occur seasonally in temperate waters. It can not tolerate temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F). Gracilaria are found in all oceans except the Arctic. Their center of diversity is the Western Pacific, where they have been traditionally cultivated as a source of agar.[2][3]

Use

Ogonori
Kkosiraegi-muchim (seasoned gracilaria)

Gracilaria is used as a food in Filipino, Hawaiian, Japanese, and Korean cuisines.[4] In Japanese cuisine, it is called ogonori or ogo. In the Philippines, it is called gulaman and used to make a gelatin substitute.[5] In Jamaica, it is known as Irish moss.[6] In Korea, it is known as kkosiraegi.

Gracilaria oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization 6 prepared by agarase digestion from agar-bearing Gracilaria sp. polysaccharides have been shown to be an effective prophylactic agent during in vitro and in vivo experiments against Japanese encephalitis viral infection. The sulfated oligosaccharides from Gracilaria sp. seem to be promising candidates for further development as antiviral agents.[7]

In Japan, Gracilaria has been used to produce funori (府海苔), an agar-based glue, since the 17th century.[8]

Aquarium trade

Gracilaria commonly appears as a macroalgae for sale in the aquarium trade. It is highly palatable to tangs[9] and many other herbivorous fish, and its nutrient uptake ability makes it a suitable choice for a refugium.

Ecology

Gracilaria are susceptible to infection by the parasitic oomycete Pythium porphyrae.[10] Reproduction by Gracilaria gracilis is supported by Idotea balthica – the first known case of an animal helping algae reproduce.[11][12]

References

  1. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 17 September 2021. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=14 ; searched on 03 August 2022
  2. ^ McLachlan, J.; Bird, C.J. (1984). "Geographical and experimental assessment of the distribution of Gracilaria species (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in relation to temperature" (PDF). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen. 38 (3–4): 319–334. Bibcode:1984HM.....38..319M. doi:10.1007/BF02027684. S2CID 20852797.
  3. ^ Oliveira, E.C., de; Plastino, E.M. (1994). "Gracilariaceae". In Akatsuka, Isamu (ed.). Biology of Economic Algae. SPB Academic Publishing. ISBN 9789051030938.
  4. ^ Kyaw, Aye, The Production of Gracilaria eduli in Burma, Report of the Training Course on Gracilaria Algae, Manila, Philippines, 1–30 April 1981, accessed 27 April 2013
  5. ^ Davidson, Alan (2004). Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes. Ten Speed Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-58008-452-9.
  6. ^ Thomas J. Goreau; Robert Kent Trench (2013). Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration. CRC Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-1-4665-5773-4. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  7. ^ Kazłowski B, Chiu YH, Kazłowska K, Pan CL, Wu CJ (August 2012). "Prevention of Japanese encephalitis virus infections by low-degree-polymerisation sulfated saccharides from Gracilaria sp. and Monostroma nitidum". Food Chem. 133 (3): 866–74. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.106.
  8. ^ Swider, Joseph R.; Smith, Martha (2005). "Funori: Overview of a 300-Year-Old Consolidant". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. 44 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1179/019713605806082329. S2CID 191358224. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  9. ^ Volynkin, Alex (2013-09-28). "Growing Gracilaria Parvispora". Salt Water Reefing. Retrieved 2016-12-18. This brings me back to Achilles's diet. The guy apparently really likes Gracilaria macro algae. No wonder, especially considering that the grass is indigenous to Hawaii as well, and is considered the favorite food for tangs.
  10. ^ Spencer, M. A. (2004). "Pythium porphyrae. (Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria)". IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. 162 (Sheet 1617). Retrieved 10 October 2017. A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn
  11. ^ Roth, Annie (28 July 2022). "Like Bees of the Seas, These Crustaceans Pollinate Seaweed". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  12. ^ Lavaut, E.; Guillemin, M.-L.; Colin, S.; Faure, A.; Coudret, J.; Destombe, C.; Valero, M. (29 July 2022). "Pollinators of the sea: A discovery of animal-mediated fertilization in seaweed". Science. 377 (6605): 528–530. Bibcode:2022Sci...377..528L. doi:10.1126/science.abo6661. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 35901149. S2CID 251159505.
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Gracilaria: Brief Summary

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Gracilaria is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) notable for its economic importance as an agarophyte, as well as its use as a food for humans and various species of shellfish. Various species in the genus are cultivated among Asia, South America, Africa and Oceania.

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