Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
This species is distinguished by the following characters: body moderately deep, its depth 2.5-2.9 times in standard length; head length 0.9-1 times in body depth, 2.6-3.1 times in SL, dorsal profile near eye nearly straight, or in large individuals, distinctly concave; snout moderately long, its length about 1.8-2.4 times in HL, measured without the lip the snout is 0.8-1 times in cheek height, its dorsal profile nearly straight or concave, snout angle relative to upper jaw between 50° and 68°; interorbital space usually convex; posterior nostril an oblong longitudinal opening, closer to orbit than anterior nostril or, about halfway between orbit and anterior nostril eye not close to dorsal profile except in small individuals, its length 3.6-5.9 times in HL; cheek moderately high, its height 2.4-3 times in HL; lateral teeth in jaws rounded with points or molars that often have tubercles; outer surface of maxilla smooth or with a longitudinal ridge; D X, 9 with the 4th or 5th dorsal-fin spine usually the longest, its length 2.7-3.6 times in body depth; A III,8 with the first soft ray usually the longest, its length almost equal to or slightly shorter than length of base of soft-rayed portion of anal fin and 1.3-1.6 times in length of entire anal-fin base; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin membranes between rays closest to body usually with dense melanophores; cheek without scales; 46-48 lateral-line scales; 5 ½ scale rows between lateral line and base of middle dorsal-fin spines; 16-17 scale rows in transverse series between origin of anal fin and lateral line; usually 15 rows in lower series of scales around caudal peduncle; 5-9 scales in supratemporal patch; inner surface of pectoral-fin base densely covered with scales; posterior angle of operculum fully scaly. Colour of body yellowish or bronze, lighter below, centers of many scales with a white or light blue spot, sometimes irregular dark indistinct bars on sides and a square black blotch above pectoral fins bordering below lateral line; 3 blue streaks or series of blue spots radiating forward and ventrally from eye; fins whitish or yellowish, pelvic fins dusky, edge of dorsal fin reddish. Juveniles variable with blotches or stripe and changes with habitat (Ref. 114226).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Encotyllabe Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Life Cycle
provided by Fishbase
The reproductive nature of spangled emperors is uncertain,. Though they also may be protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 27260), a study on the Great Barrier Reef (Ref. 27264) found no clear evidence of sex change in spangled emperors within the size range 17-54 cm (Ref. 6390). Gonochorism is inferred for this species as sizes of males and females overlapped and male gonad morphology is typical of secondarily derived testes (Ref. 103751). Recent study classified juvenile hermaphroditism for this species wherein transition from ovary to testis occurs before ovarian maturation, hence, no true sex-reversal is observed (Ref. 107020).In the aquarium, pursuit of a female with a slightly swollen abdomen by a male signifies the start of mating. The male uses its mouth to bump and push the female's abdomen. Then eggs and sperm are released at the water surface (Ref. 58706).
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 10; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Adults occur alone or in small schools; juveniles form large schools in shallow, sheltered sandy areas. Juveniles appear to live in shallow, inshore waters such as seagrass (Ref. 41878) and mangrove areas, the fish moving into deeper water as they age (Ref. 27260, 28202).In the Gulf of Carpentaria, L. nebulosus associates with L. laticaudis usually in depths of greater than 30 m (Ref. 28202).
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Inhabit coral reefs, coralline lagoons, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, flat sand bottoms, and coastal rock areas. Adults solitary or in small schools; juveniles form large schools in shallow, sheltered sandy areas, also harbors where seagrasses, algae or sponge habitats are found at various depths. Feed on echinoderms, mollusks and crustaceans, and to some extent on polychaetes and fish. The reproductive nature of spangled emperors is uncertain, although they also may be protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 27260, 55367). However, recent study classified juvenile hermaphroditism for this species wherein transition from ovary to testis occurs before ovarian maturation, hence, no true sex-reversal in the sense of protogynous hermaphroditism is observed (Ref. 107020). May have a coppery or iodine taste or smell in the Indian Ocean (Ref. 2295, 11888). It has been shown that this species can survive for long periods in salinities as low as 10 parts per thousand and therefore it is a potential estuarine aquaculture species (Ref. 2295). Taken by handline, traps, trawls, seines, and gill nets. Marketed mostly fresh. Very important commercial and sport fish in some countries (Ref. 68703).
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
分布
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於印度-西太平洋區，西起波斯灣、紅海，東至薩摩亞，北至日本南部，南至澳洲北部。台灣分布於四週沿海及澎湖海域。
利用
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
漁期全年都有，可利用延繩釣、手釣等漁法捕獲，屬於較大型的食用魚，肉味可口，適合油煎或碳烤，魚太大時，肉質較粗，以煮味噌湯較佳。
描述
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體延長而呈長橢圓形。吻中長而略尖，吻上緣與上頜間的角度為50°-68°。眼間隔凸起。眼大，位於近於頭背側，但隨著成長而漸分離。口端位；兩頜具犬齒及絨毛狀齒，後方側齒呈圓形而有犬齒尖或臼齒但呈塊狀；上頜骨上緣平滑或稍呈鋸齒狀。頰部無鱗；胸鰭基部內側具鱗；側線鱗數46-48；側線上鱗列數5.5；側線下鱗列數16-17。背鰭單一，不具深刻，具硬棘X，軟條9，第IV或V棘最長；臀鰭硬棘III，軟條8，第1軟條通常最長，但等於或短於軟條部之基底長；胸鰭軟條13；尾鰭分叉，兩葉先端尖型。體側呈淺灰褐色，腹部顏色較淡，眼下有3條放射狀之藍線，各鱗片上均有一藍色小點；體側有時具多條暗色橫條；幼小個體體側有若干黃色縱帶及在胸鰭基部上方，側線下方具一四方形黑斑，這些黃帶與黑斑將隨著魚之成長而逐漸消失。各鰭淡黃色或淡色；背鰭具紅緣。
棲地
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
主要棲息於沿岸珊瑚礁、岩礁區外緣、沼澤區、紅樹林區或海藻床區，主要分布的深度在10-75公尺。獨居或成小群活動，主要以軟體動物、甲殼類及小魚為食。
Lethrinus nebulosus
provided by wikipedia EN
Lethrinus nebulosus is a species of emperor fish.[1] Common names include spangled emperor, green snapper, morwong, north-west snapper, sand bream, sand snapper, sixteen-pounder, Sharie, Sheri and yellow sweetlip.
Description
This species commonly grows to approximately 70 cm in length, however the largest individuals have been found to be 87 cm.[clarification needed] It is yellow to yellowish-brown or bronze in colour, the belly being lighter. It has scattered blue markings over the body. The cheeks have no scales and may have a vertical blue markings.[2] It has whitish or yellowish fins with a yellowish-edged dorsal fin.
Distribution
This fish occurs in the waters of East Africa to the southern parts of Japan. It also lives in Australian coastal waters, and has been recorded in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf[3] and New Caledonia,[4][5] where it is one of the major commercial fish.[4]
Habitat
Lethrinus nebulosus inhabits both marine and brackish waters at depths of between 10 and 75 metres.[3] It is a non-migratory species,[3] and is found on coral and rocky reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, as well as over sandy substrates.[2] Juveniles may be found in large schools.
Diet
This species feeds mainly on mollusks, echinoderms, and crustaceans. It also eats polychaetes and other fish, but less commonly.
As food
Lethrinus nebulosus is sought after by recreational fishers and is considered to be delicious.[4][6]
Parasites
As with most fish, Lethrinus nebulosus is the host of many species of parasites.[7] Monogeneans parasitic on the gills include the diplectanids Calydiscoides difficilis, Calydiscoides duplicostatus and Calydiscoides terpsichore,[8] an ancyrocephalid,[7] and an unidentified polyopisthocotylean.[7] The pharyngeal teeth harbour a species of the capsalid monogenean Encotyllabe[7] which is specialised to this special habitat. Copepods parasitic on the gills include three species of the hatschekiid Hatschekia including Hatschekia gracilis.[7] The digestive tract harbours the opecoelid Macvicaria macassarensis[7] and the zoogonid Diphterostomum tropicum.[9] In New Caledonia, where its parasites were studied, Lethrinus nebulosus has a total of eleven species of parasites.[7]
Distribution and population
Spangled Emperor are a very commonly found fish in many locations. They can be found around East Africa, Japan, Australia, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. They usually inhabit waters 20-300 meters deep, but can be found shallower, more commonly near structure.
Being a good eating fish, over exploitation of this species has significantly decreased the population especially in the Persian Gulf, where the development of Emirati fishing vessels has considerably decreased the amount of 'Sheri' or 'Sherry' caught. However, it is still being caught at near sustainable numbers, and its offshore populations remain of lower concern. Around 3000 tons of Lethrinus nebulosus is caught every year around the Persian Gulf.
Synonyms
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Lethrinus alboguttatus Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus anatarius Richardson, 1845
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Lethrinus aurolineatus MacLeay, 1882
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Lethrinus carinatus Weber, 1913
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Lethrinus centurio Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus choerorynchus Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
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Lethrinus cyanoxanthus Richardson, 1843
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Lethrinus devisianus Whitley, 1929
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Lethrinus erythrurus Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus esculentus Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus fasciatus Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus fraenatus Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus frenatus Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus gothofredi Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus guentheri Bleeker, 1873
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Lethrinus karwa Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus korely Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus maculatus Valenciennes, 1830
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Lethrinus perselectus Whitley, 1933
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Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908
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Sciaena nebulosa Forsskål, 1775
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Sparus choerorynchus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
References
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^ a b "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775)". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
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^ a b "Spangled Emperor Lethrinus nebulosus". Retrieved May 26, 2014.
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^ a b c "Lethrinus nebulosus, Spangled emperor : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
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^ a b c Laboute, P. & Grandperrin, R. (2000). Poissons de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Nouméa, New Caledonia: Éditions Catherine Ledru.
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^ Fricke, R., Kulbicki, M. & Wantiez, L. 2011: Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie), 4, 341–463.
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^ "Spangled Emperor Recreational Fishing". fish.wa.gov. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
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^ a b c d e f g Justine, J.-L., Beveridge, I., Boxshall, G. A., Bray, R. A., Moravec, F. & Whittington, I. D. 2010: An annotated list of fish parasites (Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected from Emperors and Emperor Bream (Lethrinidae) in New Caledonia further highlights parasite biodiversity estimates on coral reef fish. Zootaxa, 2691, 1-40. Open-Access PDF
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^ Rascalou, G. & Justine, J.-L. 2007: Three species of Calydiscoides (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from five Lethrinus spp. (Lethrinidae: Perciformes) off New Caledonia, with a description of Calydiscoides terpsichore sp. n. Folia Parasitologica, 54, 191-202.doi:10.14411/fp.2007.026
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^ Bray, RA.; Justine, J-L. (2014). "A review of the Zoogonidae (Digenea: Microphalloidea) from fishes of the waters around New Caledonia, with the description of Overstreetia cribbi n. sp". PeerJ. 2: e292. doi:10.7717/peerj.292. PMC 3961169. PMID 24688868.
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Lethrinus nebulosus: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Lethrinus nebulosus is a species of emperor fish. Common names include spangled emperor, green snapper, morwong, north-west snapper, sand bream, sand snapper, sixteen-pounder, Sharie, Sheri and yellow sweetlip.
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- Wikipedia authors and editors
Description
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Recorded from a temp. range of 26.0-29.0 °C (Ref. 4959). Inhabits nearshore and offshore coral reefs, coralline lagoons, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps and coastal sand and rock areas. Adults solitary or in small schools; juveniles form large schools in shallow, sheltered sandy areas. Feeds on echinoderms, molluscs and crustaceans, and to some extent on polychaetes and fish. May have a coppery or iodine taste or smell in the Indian Ocean (Ref. 2295). Also taken with handlines (Ref. 9775).
Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).
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