Canthidermis maculata és un peix teleosti de la família dels balístids i de l'ordre dels tetraodontiformes .[1]
Pot arribar als 50 cm de llargària total.[2]
Es troba a les costes del Pacífic Occidental (des de Hokkaido fins a la Polinèsia Francesa), del Pacífic Oriental (des de Mèxic fins al Perú, incloent-hi les Illes Galápagos), d'Atlàntic Occidental (des de Carolina del Nord i Bermuda fins a Sud-amèrica), de l'Atlàntic Oriental (Cap Verd i la costa occidental africana) i a les costes occidentals de l'Oceà Índic (Sud-àfrica i Reunió).[2]
Canthidermis maculata és un peix teleosti de la família dels balístids i de l'ordre dels tetraodontiformes .
Leubiem itam (nan Latèn: Canthidermis maculatus) nakeuh saboh jeunèh eungkôt kareueng lam kawan leubiem nyang na di la'ôt Acèh. Eungkôt nyoe kayém geudrop lé ureueng meula'ôt keu geupeubloe.[1]
Leubiem itam (nan Latèn: Canthidermis maculatus) nakeuh saboh jeunèh eungkôt kareueng lam kawan leubiem nyang na di la'ôt Acèh. Eungkôt nyoe kayém geudrop lé ureueng meula'ôt keu geupeubloe.
Canthidermis maculata, also known as rough triggerfish or spotted oceanic triggerfish, is a species of triggerfish native to the tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. Unlike most triggerfish, they are mostly pelagic.
In the Philippines, it is locally called as Tikos in the Cebuano language and is abundant in the Visayas and Mindanao island groups.
It range in the western Pacific Ocean ranges from the Gulf of Thailand north to the Yellow Sea and Japan.[1] The range in the Pacific Ocean extends to the Philippines, Indonesia, and all the way to Polynesia and Hawaii.[1] In the eastern Pacific Ocean, They are found from Mexico and around the Gulf of California down to Peru and the Galapagos Islands.[1] Around the Indian Ocean, it ranges from the Red Sea and eastern Africa to Seychelles, the Maldives, the Persian Gulf, India, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Sea, Australia, and Indonesia.[1] Populations in the Atlantic Ocean range from New York down to the Gulf of Mexico, the Bahamas, the Caribbean Sea and down to Brazil in the western side.[1] Around the eastern Atlantic Ocean, it ranges from the British Isles and the Bay of Biscay to Azores, the Canary Islands and western Africa.[1] Some populations are also found in South Africa.[1] The spotted oceanic triggerfish inhabits warm waters high in biodiversity, characterized by strong surface currents and upwelling systems (Lezama-Ochoa et al., 2016). It can be found on deep slopes right offshore, open water (Matsuura, 2001) and under fish aggregating devices (FADs) where they have been seen in groups of hundreds or thousands (Taquet et al., 2007).
The maximum length for this species is 50 centimetres (20 in) but usually grows up to 35 centimetres (14 in).[1] Adults and juveniles have different coloration.[1][2] Adults are blue grayish while juveniles are grayish black with white spots that fade over age.[2] Adults may be seen with dark blotches appearing on the face and pectoral fins during mating. These dark markings are also present on females hovering above their nests and may disappear within a few seconds once they ascend upwards in the water column, away from their nest (Clark et al., 2014). In this fish, the dorsal and anal fins are curved on the back. The dorsal fin of this species has from 23 to 27 rays.[2] The first dorsal fin’s rays are spinous, with the first two rays more like sharp thorns. The smaller second thorn props up the longer first thorn giving it the appearance of a trigger, after which the fish is named (Tupongov, 2015). Its anal fin has 20 to 27 rays.[2] Adults and juveniles also have different caudal fin shapes. Juveniles have rounded caudal fins and adults have concave ones.[2]
Canthidermis maculata are noted hosts of sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) in the Neotropical region (Morales-Serna et al., 2016). Additionally, they have been recorded as visitors of cleaning stations hosted by the black-nosed butterflyfish, Johnrandallia nigrirostris, and the Mexican hogfish, Bodianus diplotaenia, at Malpelo island in tropical eastern pacific (Quimbayo et al., 2016).
Spotted oceanic triggerfish display plasticity in their eating habits, being considered either a carnivorous or a planktivorous fish. Upon examination, they consume smaller fish, Halobates (sea skaters), members of the order “Siphonophores,” and smaller cartilaginous fish (Senta et al., 1993).
The oceanic triggerfish falls prey to large pelagic fish such as the Indo-Pacific Sailfish (Varghese et al., 2013), the dolphinfish (Mahi-mahi) (Oxenford et al., 1999), and sea birds such as Streaked Shearwaters which are found in Japan (Matsumoto et al., 2012). Additionally, eggs in nests that are not defended by a mother oceanic triggerfish are known to be preyed upon by smaller opportunistic fish such as the goatfish, Parupeneus multifasciatus, the checkerboard wrasse, Halichoeres hortulanus, as well as other triggerfish such as the orange-lined triggerfish, Balistapus undulates, and the titan triggerfish, Balistapus viridescens (Clark et al., 2014).
Canthidermis maculata are known to gather in large groups, hundreds and sometimes thousands (Taquet et al., 2007) and are frequently associated with FADs.[2] These aggregations may also include other species such as the sleek unicorn surgeonfish, Naso hexacanthus. Oceanic triggerfish are currently thought to move as a group, migrating together from the open ocean to shallower waters for nesting purposes, and returning together to the open ocean once nesting is complete. They are typically nonaggressive, shy, and easily scared away from their nests when confronted by bigger fish such as the titan triggerfish, and divers. It is likely, due to diver observations of courtship patterns, that only female oceanic triggerfish exhibit nest guarding behaviors and though easily scared away by larger fish, will defend their nest from smaller carnivorous fish such as goatfish and wrasse (Clark et al., 2014).
This fish species shows some importance to commercial fishing.[1] The spotted oceanic triggerfish, like other triggerfish, is sold at local markets in coastal Asian countries as a fish to be eaten. These triggerfish are not typically fished for specifically but rather are caught as by-catch in tuna purse seine fishing and on longlines (Sethi et al., 2011; Lezama-Ochoa et al., 2016, Matsuura, 2001). Additionally, the spotted oceanic triggerfish is sold in the aquarium trade.[1]
There have been reports of ciguatera poisoning in some humans that consumed the fish.[1]
Fishermen living in the town of Kinniya,[3] Sri Lanka, use this species in marine fish production.[4]
Once Canthidermis maculata has laid its nest of eggs, the eggs incubate for 33-36 hours. After incubation, the larvae hatch during the night and immediately swim towards the surface in a likely attempt to avoid discovery by potential predators. Once at the surface, wind and currents (Alevizon, 1976) are suspected to carry the larvae into the open ocean, thus explaining the uneven distribution of larvae and juveniles in the spotted oceanic triggerfish’s range (Clark et al., 2014). In the open ocean, larvae and juveniles aggregate around FADs such as Sargassum, floating seaweed, and other debris until adulthood (Clark et al., 2014).
Adults pair up and breed.[1]
Canthidermis maculata nesting is unlikely to be impacted by lunar cycle and has been determined to occur year-round. Eggs are deposited in sand and/or coral rubble, shallowly buried beneath the sand, and are both aerated and guarded by the mother. Frequently, many nests are located near one another, supporting the idea that these triggerfish nest as a group. It is unclear how often a female nests per year and whether or not it returns to the same nest or builds new nests in its habitat range. Additionally, nests have been found at depths ranging from 4 meters to over 45 meters, with the deeper nests being considered a defensive strategy against titan triggerfish (Clark et al., 2014) which nest at shallower depths and are known to be territorial when nesting (Randall et al., 1990).
The worldwide populations of Canthidermis maculata are considered stable and the IUCN considers this species of the conservation status: least concern.
Canthidermis maculata Canthidermis maculata, also known as rough triggerfish or spotted oceanic triggerfish, is a species of triggerfish native to the tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. Unlike most triggerfish, they are mostly pelagic.
In the Philippines, it is locally called as Tikos in the Cebuano language and is abundant in the Visayas and Mindanao island groups.
Canthidermis maculata es una especie de peces de la familia Balistidae en el orden de los Tetraodontiformes.
Pueden llegar alcanzar los 50 cm de longitud total.[1]
Se encuentra en las costas del Pacífico Occidental (desde Hokkaido hasta la Polinesia Francesa), del Pacífico Oriental (desde México hasta el Perú, incluyendo las Islas Galápagos), de Atlántico Occidental (desde Carolina del Norte y Bermuda hasta Sudamérica), del Atlántico Oriental (Cabo Verde y la costa occidental africana) y en las costas occidentales del Océano Índico (Sudáfrica y Reunión ).
Canthidermis maculata es una especie de peces de la familia Balistidae en el orden de los Tetraodontiformes.
Canthidermis maculata Canthidermis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Balistidae familian.
Canthidermis maculata Canthidermis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Balistidae familian.
Canthidermis maculata is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van trekkervissen (Balistidae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1786 door Bloch.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Canthidermis maculata, thường được gọi là cá bò nhám, là một loài cá biển thuộc chi Canthidermis trong họ Cá nóc gai. Loài này được mô tả lần đầu tiên vào năm 1786.
C. maculata có phạm vi phân bố rất rộng rãi, ở khắp vùng biển nhiệt đới và ôn đới toàn thế giới. Tại khu vực Ấn Độ Dương - Thái Bình Dương, loài này được biết đến tại Biển Đỏ, men dọc theo Đông Phi đến Nam Phi, kể cả Madagascar, đảo Reunion, băng qua Maldives, trải dài về phía đông tới Indonesia và đông bắc nước Úc, đến tận Polynesia thuộc Pháp; phía bắc đến Hokkaido, Nhật Bản. Ở phía đông Thái Bình Dương, được tìm thấy từ Puerto Vallarta, Mexico đến Huacho, Peru, bao gồm cả quần đảo Galapagos. Ở phía đông Đại Tây Dương, được tìm thấy từ phía nam Ireland đến Maroc, bao gồm Azores, quần đảo Canaria, Cape Verde; dọc theo Tây Phi đến Namibia, bao gồm cả các đảo giữa Đại Tây Dương. Chưa được ghi nhận từ Địa Trung Hải. Ở phía tây Đại Tây Dương, được tìm thấy từ Bắc Carolina dọc theo bờ biển Hoa Kỳ, kể cả Bermuda, Bahamas, khắp vịnh Mexico và biển Caribe, và dọc theo bờ tây Nam Mỹ đến Brazil, bao gồm đảo Trinidad[1][2].
C. maculata sinh sống ở tầng mặt gần như trong suốt cuộc đời của nó, ở độ sâu 110 m trở lại. Cá trưởng thành bơi về những khu vực nước nông để đẻ trứng. Cá con thường sống trong các đám tảo mơ[1][2].
C. maculata trưởng thành dài khoảng 50 cm. Thân của C. maculata có màu xanh xám, trắng ở nửa thân dưới. Thân và các vây có nhiều đốm trắng, nhạt hơn khi trưởng thành. Vây lưng và vây hậu môn nhô cao và cong về phía sau[2].
Số ngạnh ở vây lưng: 3; Số vây tia mềm ở vây lưng: 23 - 25; Số ngạnh ở vây hậu môn: 0; Số vây tia mềm ở vây hậu môn: 20 - 22[2].
Thức ăn của C. maculata là những loài giáp xác nhỏ và động vật phù du. C. maculata trường thành thường bơi theo đàn và được đánh bắt bằng lưới[1][2].
Canthidermis maculata, thường được gọi là cá bò nhám, là một loài cá biển thuộc chi Canthidermis trong họ Cá nóc gai. Loài này được mô tả lần đầu tiên vào năm 1786.
疣鱗魨，又稱綠擬鱗魨、大鱗皮剝魨，俗名黑砲彈、斑點砲彈、疣板機魨是輻鰭魚綱魨形目鱗魨亞目鱗魨科的其中一種。
本魚分布於全球熱帶海域。
水深2~30公尺。
本魚體呈深藍色，眼睛前方有一縱溝，背鰭兩個，第一背鰭位於鰓孔上方，第一背鰭第一棘粗短，第二棘細長；第二背鰭及臀鰭的前方軟條特別延長，尾鰭截形，上下葉較突出，體橢圓，齒白色，具缺刻。體披骨質鱗片，尾柄具具小棘列。幼魚體高較高，第二背鰭及尾鰭鰭條不延長，尾截形，體呈藍色，頭及體側有許多小於眼徑的白點散布。體色隨年齡而有所改變。體長可達50公分。
可食用，但肉可能有累積熱帶魚毒，可能會引起食物中毒，故多作為觀賞魚。
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