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Deepwater Humpback Shrimp

Solenocera necopina Burkenroad 1939

Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Solenocera necopina Burkenroad

Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad, 1936:122 [not Solenocera vioscai Burkenroad, 1934].

Solenocera necopina Burkenroad, 1939:7, figs. 1–4 [holotype: ♀, YPM 4565: type-locality: off Mobile Bay, Alabama, 29°16′N, 87°54′W, 229 m, Atlantis sta 2377].—Lindner and Anderson, 1941:186, fig. 1f.—Voss, 1955:9, fig. 5.—Springer and Bullis, 1956:8.—Bullis and Thompson, 1965:7.—Roberts and Pequegnat, 1970:28.—Pequegnat and Roberts, 1971:8.

MATERIAL.—UNITED STATES. North Carolina: 1 ♀, USNM, off Cape Lookout, 174–183 m, 13 March 1961, Silver Bay sta 2931.

Florida: 2 ♂, USNM, off Flagler Beach, 229 m, 19 August 1957, Combat sta 491. 1 ♂, USNM, off Coronada Beach, 274 m, 11 February 1965, Oregon sta 5246. 1 ♂, USNM, off Cocoa Beach, 165–192 m, 25 July 1964, Pillsbury sta 90. 1 ♂ 1 ♀, USNM, and 1 ♂, YPM, off Melbourne Beach, 183 m, 30 March 1940, Pelican sta 205–5. 1 ♂ 1 ♀, USNM, off Hobe Sound, 220–201 m, 30 June 1963, Gerda sta 173. 2 ♂ 1 ♀, USNM, off Miami Beach, 200 m, 31 May 1962, Gerda sta 21. 1 ♂ 1 ♀, USNM, off Biscayne Bay, 172–177 m, 7 July 1967, Gerda sta 823. 4 ♂3 ♀, USNM, off Biscayne Bay, 174–183 m, 22 November 1966, Gerda sta 812. 1 ♂ 1 ♀, USNM, off Sands Keys, 174–165 m, 22 November 1966, Gerda sta 810. 1 ♀, USNM, SW of Marquesas Keys, 165–160 m, 26 April 1969, Gerda sta 1083. 1 ♀, USNM, SW of Marquesas Keys, 188 m, 28 November 1964, Gerda sta 431. 1 ♀, USNM, SE of Dry Tortugas, 207–247 m, 25 January 1965, Gerda sta 460. 6 ♀, USNM, SW of Dry Tortugas, 348 m, 13 April 1954, Oregon sta 1005. 3 ♀, USNM, W of Englewood, 274–320 m, 3 April 1954, Oregon sta 954. 2 ♂ 1 ♀, USNM, W of Englewood, 274 m, 22 August 1970, Oregon II sta 11181. 9 ♂ 15 ♀, USNM, S of Cape San Bias, 203 m, 14 March 1885, Albatross sta 2402. 1 ♂ 2 ♀, USNM, SW of Cape San Bias, 260 m, 14 March 1885, Albatross sta 2401. 2 ♀, USNM, SW of Cape San Bias, 201 m, 18 February 1951, Oregon sta 273. 1 ♀, USNM, S of Destin, 366 m, 8 February 1970, Oregon II sta 10906.

Alabama: ♀, holotype, YPM 4565, off Mobile Bay, 229 m, 24 March 1935, Atlantis sta 2377.

BAHAMA ISLANDS. 1 ♂, USNM, S of Settlement Pt. Northwest Providence Channel, 412–421 m, 29 September 1967, Gerda sta 929. ♀, USNM, off Great Isaac I, 311–329 m, 2 March 1965, Gerda sta 509. 1 ♂, UMML, off Great Stirrup Cay, Berry Is, 198–223 m, 20 July 1965, Gerda sta 681. 1 ♂, USNM, Northwest Providence Channel, 311 m, 29 September 1967, Gerda sta 924. 8 ♂ 17 ♀, USNM, Santaren Channel, 384–366 m, 6 November 1960, Silver Bay sta 2468. 1 ♂, USNM, W of Bimini Is, 458–531 m, 30 January 1964, Gerda sta 242. 1 ♀, USNM, NW of Browns Cay, 329 m, 31 March 1964, Gerda sta 276. 1 ♂, USNM, W of Browns Cay, 348–256 m, 30 January 1964, Gerda sta 236. 1 ♀, USNM, Nicholas Channel, S of Anguila Is, 457 m, 12 December 1969, Oregon II sta 10862. 1 ♂ 1 ♀, YPM, Great Bahama Bank, 274–329 m, 11 March 1938, Atlantis 2282–D. 6 ♀, USNM, S of Great Inagua, 287 m, 13 December 1969, Oregon II sta 10851. 1 ♂ 3 ♀, USNM, S of Great Inagua, 329 m, 14 December 1969, Oregon II sta 10852. 3 ♀, USNM, S of Great Inagua, 311 m, 13 December 1969, Oregon II sta 10850.

CUBA. 1 ♀, USNM, off Las Villas, 516 m, 27 June 1970, Pillsbury sta 1171. 1 ♀, USNM, off Las Villas, 457 m, 16 July 1965, Oregon sta 1343. 1 ♂ 2 ♀, USNM, off Las Villas, 457 m, 15 July 1955, Oregon sta 1340. 1 ♀, USNM, off Camagüey, 366–402 m, 7 November 1961, Silver Bay sta 3511.

VIRGIN ISLANDS. 2 ♂, USNM, W of Whale Banks, 274 m, 4 March 1933, Johnson Smithsonian Deep Sea Exp. sta 100. 1 ♂ 1 ♀, USNM, NE of Gorda Sound, Virgin Gorda, 402 m, 26 September 1959, Oregon sta 2606.

LESSER ANTILLES. 2 ♂, USNM, Guadeloupe Passage, 360–421 m, 15 July 1969, Pillsbury sta 944. 1 ♀, USNM, S of Barbados, 320 m, 20 September 1964, Oregon sta 5018.

MEXICO (Western Caribbean). Quintana Roo: 2 ♂, USNM, SE of I Mujeres, 348–357 m, 6 May 1967, Pillsbury sta 580.

WESTERN CARIBBEAN. 1 ♂, USNM, NE of Banco Gorda, 219 m, 9 June 1964, Oregon sta 4933. 1 ♂, USNM, ESE of Banco Gorda, 249–256 m, 31 January 1971, Pillsbury sta 1357. 1 ♂ 2 ♀, USNM, NW of Quita Sueño Bank, 296–375 m, 31 January 1971, Pillsbury sta 1356. 3 ♂ 5 ♀, USNM, W of Quita Sueño Bank, 192–263 m, 31 January 1971, Pillsbury sta 1354. 2 ♀, USNM, W of Quita Sueño Bank, 201–207 m, 12 February 1967, Oregon sta 6460. 5 ♀, USNM, W of Isla de Providencia, 289–274 m, 4 February 1967, Oregon sta 6423. 1 ♀, USNM, SW of Isla de San Andrés, 201–219 m, 4 February 1967, Oregon sta 6424. 1 ♂, USNM, SW of Isla de San Andrés, 190–199 m, 6 February 1967, Oregon sta 6443. 6 ♀, USNM, E of Cayos de Albuquerque, 192 m, 7 February 1967, Oregon sta 6444.

BRITISH HONDURAS. 9 ♂ 11 ♀, USNM, off Belize, 329–274 m, 23 January 1967, Oregon sta 6404.

NICARAGUA. 1 ♂ 5 ♀. USNM, NE of Islas del Maíz, 192–198 m, 7 February 1967, Oregon sta 6448.

PANAMA. 1 ♀, USNM, Golfo de los Mosquitos, 366 m, 25 May 1962, Oregon sta 3584. 1 ♂ 10 ♀, USNM, off Punta Manzanillo, 421 m, 19 October 1965, Oregon sta 5740.

COLOMBIA. 2 ♀, USNM, off Isla de Barú, 366 m, 24 May 1964, Oregon sta 4881. 2 ♂ 5 ♀, USNM, off Ríohacha, 320–348 m, 31 May 1964, Oregon sta 4911. 5 ♀, USNM, NW of Cabo de la Vela, 375 m, 21 November 1970, Oregon II sta 11290. 2 ♂ 1 ♀, USNM, W of Cabo de la Vela, 357 m, 20 November 1970, Oregon II sta 11289.

VENEZUELA. 1 ♀, USNM, off San Juan de los Cayos, 366 m, 8 October 1963, Oregon sta 4434. 1 ♀, USNM, NW of Cabo Cordera, 234–280 m, 23 July 1968, Pillsbury sta 739. 2 ♀, USNM, NE of Los Testigos Is, 366–439 m, 24 September 1964, Oregon sta 5037.

URUGUAY. 2 ♂ 2 ♀, IOUSP, off Punta del Palmar, 146–160 m, 27 August 1968, M. Iwai.

DIAGNOSIS.—Rostral + epigastric teeth 5–8, usually 6. Anterior part of carapace naked; postrostral carina low or absent posterior to cervical sulcus, if present only slightly depressed at level of sulcus; pterygostomian spine with broad base, its dorsal margin joining carapace in gentle curve. Scaphocerite long, overreaching antennular peduncle by more than 10 percent of its own length. Petasma with ventrolateral lobule distally produced into subcircular to suboval lamella, considerably surpassing dorsomedian lobule. Thelycum with high median ridge on sternite XIII; paired protuberances on sternite XIV elongate, conical, convergent along entire length, or, occasionally, with apical portions strongly curved laterally.

DESCRIPTION.—Body glabrous (Figure 7) except for elongate patch of thickly set setae covering portion of rostrum dorsal to adrostral carina and continuing posteriorly from orbital margin to base of first rostral tooth; short brush of long setae on dorsal border of pterygostomian pit. Rostrum reaching almost as far as distal end of first antennular segment, horizontal or uptitlted, with dorsal margin straight, ventral margin markedly convex but almost straight subapically, forming gently tapering tip, or with subapical concavity giving rise to saber-shaped one; tip long, 0.3–0.5 length of rostrum. Rostral + epigastric teeth 5–8, mode 6 (percentage distribution: 5—15, 6—63, 7—20, 8—2; N =100), third tooth at level of orbital margin, epigastric at about posterior 0.45 of distance from orbital margin to level of dorsal extremity of cervical sulcus. Adrostral carina extending obliquely from orbital margin to about level of ultimate tooth; postrostral carina low, rounded, extending almost to posterior margin of carapace, although sometimes (mostly in young) only to level of cervical sulcus, and often depressed there. Orbital angle well marked, but orbital spine lacking; postorbital spine slender and long; antennal and hepatic spines relatively short; pterygostomian spine acute, with broad base, its dorsal margin joining carapace in gentle curve. Cervical sulcus rather broad; cervical carina sharp; hepatic sulcus almost horizontal posteriorly, merging with depressed area below hepatic spine, from there turning anteroventrally and ending at semicircular, pterygostomian pit; latter continuing with fine, anterior sulcus, parallel to anteroventral margin of carapace.

Antennular peduncle about 0.6 length of carapace; prosartema extending almost to distal margin of first segment; stylocerite relatively short to long, 0.55–0.75 of distance between its proximal end and base of distolateral spine, and produced into slender spine; antennular flagella relatively short (Figure 8), dorsal slightly longer than ventral; ratio of length of dorsal flagellum to that of carapace decreasing from range of 1.8 to 1.2 in shrimp with 9 mm c.l., to 1.1 in shrimp with 27 mm c.l.; terminal filaments long; distolateral spine slightly overreaching base of second antennular segment.

Scaphocerite very elongate, exceeding antennular peduncle by as much as 0.2 of its own length; lateral rib ending in very elongate spine, reaching, or almost reaching, distal margin of lamella; antennal flagella broken in all specimens examined.

Third maxilliped exceeding antennular peduncle by at least length of dactyl and propodus and, at most, by length of dactyl, propodus, and 0.2 that of carpus; first pereopod reaching distal end of carpocerite, or surpassing it by as much as length of propodus; second pereopod surpassing antennular peduncle by tip of dactyl, but by as much as length of entire propodus; third pereopod exceeding antennular peduncle by length of propodus and 0.1–0.4 that of carpus; fourth pereopod extending to about mid-length of third antennular segment, or exceeding peduncle by length of dactyl; fifth pereopod overreaching antennular peduncle by dactyl and 0.2–0.7 length of propodus. Spines on basis and ischium of first pereopod long and strongly pointed; second pereopod with sharp, slender spine on basis. Coxa of fourth pereopod in females produced posteromesially into short subrectangular plate, its excavated posterior margin articulating with lateral concavity before hornlike projection of posterior part of sternite XIII; coxa of fifth pereopod bearing spine on anteromesial margin in females (sometimes barely perceptible or absent), and on anterolateral margin in males.

Abdomen with high and sharp middorsal carina from fourth through sixth somite; low, rounded carina on posterior 0.65 of third somite usually present in large specimens; posterodorsal margin of third to fifth somites with median incision; sixth somite bearing sharp spine at posterior end of carina, and pair of posteroventral, small spines. Telson with median sulcus moderately deep anteriorly, increasingly shallower posteriorly, becoming indistinct before base of terminal portion; fixed lateral spines relatively long, their length 0.7–1.1 basal width of terminal portion of telson; terminal portion length 2.50–2.75 times width at base; tip reaching distal 0.2 length of mesial ramus of uropod; lateral ramus overreaching mesial by about 0.2 of its own length.

Petasma (Figure 9A, B) with lateral lobe and ventromedian lobule considerably surpassing dorsomedian lobule distally; dorsolateral and ventrolateral lobules separated by deep gap; distal part of ventromedian lobule roughly elongate trapezoidal, broadest distally, and armed with transversely arranged, marginal spinules; dorsolateral lobule bearing short, subtriangular terminal process, margined with spinules; distal part of ventrolateral lobule bearing subcircular to suboval lamella (occasionally produced distodorsally), armed with numerous spinules on distal and lateral margins; base of lamella delimited on outer surface by transverse, arcuate ridge, latter turning proximally on ventral (lateral) margin, and ending there in strong projection; ventral costa emarginate at about base of distal third, and bearing distally small, rounded, prominence; narrow notch present between prominence and projection of arcuate ridge; inner surface of costa with submarginal row of long, plumose setae proximal to emargination; row of similar setae present on both inner and outer surface of dorsolateral lobule, former longer, extending proximally onto ventrolateral lobule.

Appendix masculina (Figure 9C) and appendix interna (Figure 9D) essentially identical with those described for S. acuminata.

Thelycum (Figure 10) with paired protuberances on anterior part of sternite XIV setose, long, subconical (sometimes flattened dorsoventrally), or roughly subreniform, their disposition varying from convergent, often with distomesial surfaces meeting, to divergent, with tips strongly curved laterally; anterior part of sternite XIII with high, sharp, and setose median ridge produced into toothlike projection, overhanging, and closely appressed to, posterior margin of sternite XII; posterior extremity of sternite XIII with median emargination, and produced anterolaterally into hornlike projections.

COLOR.—According to Burkenroad (1936, under “Solenocera vioscai”): “An unpatterned translucent pale orange-red over-all, chiefly produced by small chromatophores. Eyes reddish-brown with greenish reflections. Gastric gland brownish-grey with light yellow-green flecks; gut red (as seen through the overlying tissues).”

The following color notes were made from living specimens caught during a 1969 cruise of Oregon II south of Great Inagua Island, Bahamas: Body translucent, with very pale salmon suffusion. Antennular peduncle and gnathal appendages dark pinkish orange. Second to fifth abdominal terga bearing transverse, opaque white arched marking parallel to posterior margin; base of telson and posterolateral projections of sixth abdominal tergum opaque white, together forming transverse band. Pereopods and pleopods pinkish orange; proximal podomere of uropod with white, median spot; lateral ramus with distalmost portion bearing roughly triangular white spot; mesial ramus with marginal, broad, white band.

SIZE.—Males, 9–17 mm c.l.; females 6–27 mm c.l.

GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC RANGES.—From southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, to south of Florida, and in the Gulf of Mexico, from Dry Tortugas to off the Rio Grande, Texas. Also in the Caribbean—through the West Indies and from Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, to Islas Los Testigos, Venezuela—and South Atlantic to Uruguay (Figure 18). The records cited above are the first from the Caribbean, where this species is not only present but, apparently, abundant, and the Atlantic of South America. The presence of S. necopina off the coast of Uruguay not only represents a southward extension of the range of the species of about 11,000 km, but demonstrates the presence of the genus considerably farther south along the western Atlantic that has been previously reported.

Solenocera necopina lives at depths of about 160 to 550 m, usually below 180 m.

SUBSTRATES.—The various bottoms on which the species has been reported have been described as: gray mud (Albatross sta 2402); green mud and broken shells (Albatross sta 2401); green mud and shells (Oregon sta 273); gray mud and shells (Oregon sta 954); green clay and mud (Oregon sta 1005); sand and shells (Oregon sta 2606); and fine mud, broken shells, dead coral, and broken seaurchin shells (Pillsbury sta 90).
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bibliographic citation
Perez Farfante, Isabel and Bullis, H. R. 1973. "Western Atlantic Shrimps of the Genus Solencera with Description of a New Species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-33. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.153

Depth range

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Shallow to deep-waters (e.g. 10-190 m)

Reference

Poupin, J. (2018). Les Crustacés décapodes des Petites Antilles: Avec de nouvelles observations pour Saint-Martin, la Guadeloupe et la Martinique. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 264 p. (Patrimoines naturels ; 77).

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Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Hard bottom (rock and rubbles)

Reference

Poupin, J. (2018). Les Crustacés décapodes des Petites Antilles: Avec de nouvelles observations pour Saint-Martin, la Guadeloupe et la Martinique. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 264 p. (Patrimoines naturels ; 77).

license
cc-by-4.0
copyright
WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
[email]