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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 36.7 years (captivity) Observations: Demographic studies in captivity suggested these are slow ageing animals (Ricklefs and Scheuerlein 2001). Some anecdotal evidence indicates these animals may live up to 60 years.
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Trophic Strategy

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All flamingos eat by sweeping their heads side to side, close to the water’s surface to obtain their food. The slits on the top bill and the comb-like structures lining the bill, called lamellae, are used to filter organisms out from the water and mud. The bill is turned upside-down in the water. The water and algae are pumped in by a piston-like tongue, and then the tongue expels the water, capturing the algae and phytoplankton in the lamellae. This action occurs about three or four times a second. Chilean flamingos, like other flamingos, feed mainly on invertebrates that live in the bottom mud. These invertebrates include brine flies (Ephydra), shrimps (Artemia), and mollusks (Cerithium). However, their diet also contains some blue-green algae, diatoms, protozoans, aquatic plants, seeds, insect larvae, small worms, and any other organism found in alkaline water. Chilean flamingos feed in shallow water near the shoreline, or on mud banks, and sometimes obtain food by swimming or upending like ducks. Their tongue is very large and prevents them from swallowing large pieces of food. They can eat 10% of their weight in tiny particles each day.

Animal Foods: insects; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton

Plant Foods: algae; phytoplankton

Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Associations

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Chilean flamingos live near alkaline waters, where few large organisms are found. They have found a niche in which they are not frequently exposed to predators. The main predators of Chilean flamingos are humans, who would kill the flamingos for their plumage, food, or for sport. Currently hunting is not as practiced enough to put the species on the endangered list but these flamingos are losing their habitat due to human activities. In poor areas, their tongues are considered food.

Known Predators:

  • humans Homo sapiens
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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Morphology

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Adult Chilean flamingos, like all flamingos, have small heads, long necks in proportion to their bodies, bare faces, linear nostrils, pale yellow irises, long legs, and three webbed front toes, which help support them in mud. Their long necks are not the result of a multiplication of the vertebrae, since they have only 19 cervical vertebrae, but rather to the elongation of the vertebral column bones. The bill of Chilean flamingos consists of two main colors: the terminal half is black and the rest is white. The adults have bills specialized for filter feeding; the bills are bent in the middle, banana-shaped, with a small, lid-like upper mandible and a large, trough-like lower mandible. Lamellae, comb-like filtering structures, line both jaws, and the tongue is thick and fleshy. Like greater flamingos, the upper mandible of Chilean flamingos is “shallow keeled” and only partially covered with lamellae.

Like all adult flamingos, Chilean flamingos have pink plumage, but the plumage is mostly whitish with a faint pink tinge. In addition to the pink plumage, they have black primary and secondary wing feathers lined with bright crimson along the edge. At hatching, chicks have thick, light gray down, straight, pink bills, and swollen, pink legs, which turn black within a week. Older juveniles have gray plumage, with brown and pink markings, and black or gray legs and bills. Only after 2 to 3 years, do fledglings lose their gray feathers and gain the adult pink and crimson plumage.

Chilean flamingos have a wingspan of 127 to 153 cm, weigh between 2.5 and 3.5 kg, and are 79 to 145 cm tall. Flamingos molt once every breeding cycle and the only distinguishing feature between males and females is that males are slightly larger. Chilean flamingos in general are shorter than greater flamingos. All flamingos lack feathers on the lower part of the tibia (above the heel) and their legs are slightly bent. However, only Chilean flamingos have green-grayish to light blue colored legs with deep pink joints and toes. The legs are relatively shorter compared to those of other flamingos. Currently no information has been found about the metabolic rate of Chilean flamingos.

Range mass: 2500 to 3500 g.

Range length: 79 to 145 cm.

Range wingspan: 127 to 153 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Life Expectancy

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It is not unusual to find 50-year-old Chilean flamingos in the wild. In captivity, most have an average life span around 40 years. The oldest flamingo in captivity lived to be around 44 years. Not much information has been found about the lifespan of wild and captive Chilean flamingos.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
44 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
50 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
40 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
36.7 years.

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Habitat

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Chilean flamingos inhabit muddy, shallow alkaline and brackish lakes. They live in warm and tropical environments, and range from sea level, along the coast, to high altitudes up to 4,500m in the Andes. Because the waters and surrounding soils in the areas they live are alkaline (ph up to 10.5), most of the local area is barren of vegetation and desert-like.

Range elevation: 0 to 4,500 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; mountains

Aquatic Biomes: coastal ; brackish water

Other Habitat Features: estuarine

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Distribution

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Phoenicopterus chilensis, commonly known as the Chilean flamingo, is found in temperate South America from central Peru through the Andes and Uruguay to Tierra del Fuego.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Associations

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Chilean flamingos are usually at the top of the food chain in the alkaline aquatic systems they inhabit. They eat invertebrates and some algae. They compete with fish for the same food.

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Benefits

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Humans kill Chilean flamingos for plumage, food, and for sport. Some Andean miners consider the tongue of the Chilean flamingo to be a cure for tuberculosis. However, the main benefits that Chilean flamingos provide for humans are that they are a wondrous sight to see. Chilean flamingos also help regulate invertebrate populations in alkaline lakes.

Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism ; source of medicine or drug ; research and education

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of P.chilensis on humans.

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Conservation Status

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Wild Chilean flamingos are classified as vulnerable because of illegal egg-collecting, and loss of habitat as a result of human activity, such as mining, tourism, and hunting.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix ii

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Behavior

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During flight, Chilean flamingos communicate with each other by loud honking, grunting, or howling that is similar to geese, but deeper. During feeding they communicate with low, conversational, goose-like gabbles. Potential mates communicate by performing exaggerated daily preening and stretching. Parents locate their young in the crèche by recognizing the individual calls of their offspring. Like other flamingos, Chilean flamingos have a good sense of hearing, but they have a poor sense of smell. No information was found on social hierarchies in Chilean flamingos.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Untitled

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One source states that the oldest known fossil of a primitive flamingo dates back to about 10 million years ago, while another more recent source stated that flamingos evolved from a group that existed 30 millions ago, before many other avian orders had evolved. It is generally agreed that flamingos branched off into their present form during the Tertiary period. Scaniornis, found in the upper Cretaceous of Sweden, is considered a primitive flamingo. As seen in the fossil record, flamingos were not always confined to isolated pockets in the tropics. They once were widespread in Europe, North America, and Australasia.

Chilean flamingos have been hard to classify. They are sometimes classified as a suborder of storks (Ciconiiformes), but their egg-white proteins are similar to herons (Ardeidae). Based on behavior and feather lice they are most similar to waterfowl (Aneriformes), but they also share a resemblance to waders (Charadriiformes) and ducks because of their webbed feet. Because of their similarity to geese, flamingos were once called Kaj-i-surkh, meaning “Red Geese”

Chilean flamingos used to be classified as a subspecies of greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber), but based on their smaller size, lighter feather color, and behavioral differences, they were later classified as a separate species. In addition, some references place Chilean flamingos as a subspecies of Andean flamingos (Phoenicoparrus andinus).

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Reproduction

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All flamingos are monogamous and mating occurs in large groups, a minimum of 15 to 18 individuals is required for successful breeding. Mating among Chilean flamingos usually occurs in the water in the highlands of central and southern Peru, Chile (Tarpace to Magalanese), Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil. In Argentina they breed in the mountains. Their ritualized displays are often initiated by males, and their performances are more intense and protracted than are those of females. The relatively inconspicuous performances are similar to daily preening and stretching. The main difference is that, during mating, the preening is performed more stiffly. These displays are contagious among group members and are performed in typical sequences. For instance, a head-flagging is followed by wing-salute, which is when a bird spreads its wings to the side and folds them again. The general effect is a flash of black in a pink field. These displays may occur months before and after nesting.

In addition, it was found in zoo populations that good feather color is important for mating. Chilean flamingos will not successfully mate if they do not have enough carotenoids, which contain vitamin A-based pigments, in their diet to make their feathers the right shade of pink. If their diet lacks carotenoids, their plumage becomes white or almost white in color.

Mating System: monogamous

Chilean flamingos nest in large colonies, usually requiring between 15 and 18 birds for successful breeding. Similar to other flamingos, nesting is synchronized and is probably determined by the amount of food available for the laying female and the chicks. Both males and females build a cone-shaped nest mound out of mud and stone. Once the female lays the white egg, similar in size to a goose egg, both the male and the female incubate it for around 26 to 31 days. Clutch size is usually one egg; less than 1% of flamingos have a clutch size of two. After the chick hatches, it remains in the nest for the first couple of days, during which time it swallows the covering of its egg. The young are ptilopaeidic; they have thick down when they hatch. Because they are ptilopaedic, they are also classified as precocial birds even though they are reliant on their parents for feeding in the first several weeks after hatching.

After 5 to 8 days, the young move into large crèches that consist of up to 30,000 birds. After 7 to 10 days the young start to show typical feeding movements in water and can run fast, but the parents still feed the chick, recognizing their offspring from other chicks in the crèche by individual calls. Parental feeding continues until fledging, which occurs 65 to 70 days after hatching. At this time, the chick’s bill becomes hooked like the adult’s, thereby making the chick capable of independent feeding. Around this time, the young flamingos also become capable of flying. Over a period of two to three years, the fledgling gradually replaces its gray plumage with faint pink plumage. At this time, the offspring is capable of breeding. However, Chilean flamingos usually do not mate until they are 6 years old.

Breeding takes place year round, though Chilean flamingos usually build nest mounds in late spring. Some Chilean flamingos breed once yearly, though they can breed twice per year. However mating is erratic because it depends mainly upon rainfall and the amount of food available. As a result, in some years Chilean flamingos do not breed. For example, in Mar Chiquita, Argentina, researchers found that they bred only nine times during a 26 year period.

Breeding interval: Chilean flamingos can breed one to two times per year, depending on food availability.

Breeding season: Chilean flamingo breeding can occur at any time of year, but usually takes place in late spring.

Range eggs per season: 1 to 2.

Average eggs per season: 1.

Range time to hatching: 28 to 32 days.

Average time to hatching: 29 days.

Range fledging age: 65 to 70 days.

Average fledging age: 67 days.

Range time to independence: 65 to 70 days.

Average time to independence: 67 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous

When Chilean flamingos find a mate, both of them build a nest mound made of mud and stone. The cone-shaped nest mound is generally 15 to 18 inches high so that the chick is protected from both flooding and excessive heat at ground level. The diameter at the base is 15 to 30 inches and the top, which is hollowed out for the egg, is about 12 inches in diameter. Nest mounds are spaced about two neck-lengths apart. Both sexes pick up soft mud and stones within reach and place them beneath their bodies to form a circular pile. The nest is built by using the bill to draw mud toward the feet. The egg is incubated and fiercely protected by both sexes.

When the chick hatches, both sexes have a hormone called prolactin that causes the formation of “milk” in the crop gland. Milk is not produced until the crop is cleared of food. Crop milk is 8 to 9% protein, 15% fat, and has almost no carbohydrates. One percent of the milk consists of red blood cells. In addition, canthoaxanthin, a pigment that is responsible for the pink color in adult plumage, is present in the milk and gives the milk a bright red color. Canthaxanthin is stored in the liver and is not used in the down or the juvenile plumage. Over time, the canthoaxnthin concentration in crop milk decreases, and as a result, the color of the crop milk gradually becomes a pale straw color.

After a young bird leaves its nest, it joins other young flamingos in the large crèches. The parents continue feeding their young until the young fledglings are able to fly and have a bent beak, which usually is 65 to 70 days after the egg has hatched. After this time, the young is able to obtain adequate food on its own.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents

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Grinfeld, S. 2007. "Phoenicopterus chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phoenicopterus_chilensis.html
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Chilean flamingo

provided by wikipedia EN

The Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) is a species of large flamingo at 110–130 cm (43–51 in) closely related to the American flamingo and the greater flamingo, with which it was sometimes considered conspecific.[4] The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.

It breeds in South America from Ecuador and Peru to Chile and Argentina and east to Brazil; it has been introduced into the Netherlands. Like all flamingos, it lays a single chalky-white egg on a mud mound.

These flamingos are mainly restricted to salt lagoons and soda lakes but these areas are vulnerable to habitat loss and water pollution.

Description

Flock flying in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
A Chilean flamingo preening itself
One preening itself
Head of a Chilean flamingo at Durrell Wildlife Park (Jersey)

The plumage is pinker than the slightly larger greater flamingo, but less so than the Caribbean flamingo. It can be differentiated from these species by its grayish legs with pink joints (tibiotarsal articulation), and also by the larger amount of black on the bill (more than half). Young chicks may have no sign of pink coloring whatsoever, but instead remain gray or peach.[5]

Diet

The Chilean flamingo's bill is equipped with comb-like structures that enable it to filter food—mainly algae and plankton—from the water of the coastal mudflats, estuaries, lagoons, and salt lakes where it lives.[6]

Breeding

Chilean flamingos live in large flocks in the wild and require crowded conditions to stimulate breeding. During breeding season, males and females display a variety of behaviors to attract mates, including head flagging—swiveling their heads from side-to-side in tandem—and wing salutes, where the wings are repeatedly opened and closed. Flamingos in general have a poor record of successful breeding because they will delay reproduction until the environmental conditions are favorable for breeding.[7]

Males and females co-operate in building a pillar-shaped mud nest, and both incubate the egg laid by the female. Both parents also take turns incubating the egg.[7] Upon hatching, the chicks have gray plumage; they do not gain the typical pink adult coloration for 2–3 years. Both male and female flamingos can produce a nutritious fluid from glands in their crop to feed their young. Due to their diet, this crop milk is crimson in color.[6]

In captivity

The first flamingo hatched in a European zoo was a Chilean flamingo at Zoo Basel (Switzerland) in 1958.[8]

In 1988, a Chilean flamingo that lived in the Tracy Aviary in Salt Lake City, Utah, had mistakenly not received his routine wing clipping. The flamingo escaped,[9] and became a local legend in the greater Salt Lake area known as Pink Floyd the Flamingo. Pink Floyd came to Utah in the winters to eat the brine shrimp that live in the Great Salt Lake, and flew north to Idaho and Montana in the spring and summer. Pink Floyd became a popular tourist attraction and local icon until his disappearance and presumed death[10] after he flew north to Idaho one spring in 2005 and was never seen again.

Since there is such a decline in this species, breeding programs have been implemented in zoos to offset the decline of the wild stock numbers.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Phoenicopterus chilensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697365A132068236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697365A132068236.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "04 → Cᴏʟᴜᴍʙᴇᴀ : Pʜᴏᴇɴɪᴄᴏᴘᴛᴇʀɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Pᴏᴅɪᴄɪᴘᴇᴅɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Mᴇsɪᴛᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Pᴛᴇʀᴏᴄʟɪᴅɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Cᴏʟᴜᴍʙɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs". English Names of Birds. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  4. ^ Knox, A.G.; Collinson, M.; Helbig, A.G.; Parkin, D.P.; Sangster, G. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for British birds". Ibis. 144: 707–710. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919x.2002.00110.x.
  5. ^ "Photo". Zoo View. Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens. XXXVII (4): 1, back cover. 2004.
  6. ^ a b "Chilean Flamingo Fact Sheet, Lincoln Park Zoo"
  7. ^ a b c Farrell, Barry. "Breeding behavior in a flock of Chilean flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis) at Dublin zoo". Zoo Biology.
  8. ^ "Zoo celebrates 50 years of flamingo breeding and science". Basler Zeitung. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
  9. ^ "Utah's Wild Chilean Flamingo, Pink Floyd!"
  10. ^ "Feeling Blue About Pink Floyd". Deseret News. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

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Chilean flamingo: Brief Summary

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The Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) is a species of large flamingo at 110–130 cm (43–51 in) closely related to the American flamingo and the greater flamingo, with which it was sometimes considered conspecific. The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.

It breeds in South America from Ecuador and Peru to Chile and Argentina and east to Brazil; it has been introduced into the Netherlands. Like all flamingos, it lays a single chalky-white egg on a mud mound.

These flamingos are mainly restricted to salt lagoons and soda lakes but these areas are vulnerable to habitat loss and water pollution.

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